Criterion-related Validity Research Articles

Development and validation of a drug clinical trial participation feelings questionnaire for cancer patients.

The study was designed to develop and validate a new drug clinical trial participation feelings questionnaire (DCTPFQ) for cancer patients. Data collection and analysis involved a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. There were two phases to this study. Phase Ⅰ involved developing a questionnaire to establish a list of items to be included in the pool: A theoretical framework was constructed based on the transitions theory and the Roper-Logan-Tierney theory. After incorporating a theoretical framework, interviewing participants, and reviewing the literature, 44 items were generated. After a Delphi consultation and a pilot test, 36 items proceeded to item analysis and exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and a four-factor structure with 21 items was formed. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), test-retest reliability, criteria-related validity, and internal consistency tests were conducted in phase II to examine the psychometric properties. There were 21 items on the DCTPFQ, ranging from 1 (fully disagree) through 5 (fully agree). As a result of EFA and CFA, the four factors of DCTPFQ could be verified, including cognitive engagement, subjective experience, medical resources, and relatives and friends' support. Test-retest reliability of the DCTPFQ was 0.840, and Cronbach's alpha was 0.934. DCTPFQ is significantly correlated with the Fear of Progression Questionnaire-short form (r = 0.731, p < 0.05) and the Mishel's Uncertainty in Illness Scale (r = 0.714, p < 0.05). The DCTPFQ is a useful tool for measuring the drug clinical trial participation feelings among cancer patients.

The Modifying Effects of Response Style on the Criterion-Related Validity of a Curriculum-Based Measure

Curriculum-based measures (CBMs) such as Word Identification Fluency promote student achievement, but because they are timed and administered frequently, they are prone to variation in student response styles. To study the impact of WIF response styles, we created and examined the validity of a novel response style measure and examined the degree to which it moderated the validity of WIF growth slopes as a predictor of student outcomes. Students who moved quickly through the WIF (speeders) exhibited greater growth compared to non-speeders with similar WIF slopes on a criterion measure, and WIF growth explained the most variance in growth on the criterion measure among speeders. Response style was rather consistent within students and across students within teachers, suggesting that teachers’ instructions and testing practices may influence how students approach the tests. Implications of the findings for effective CBM testing are discussed.

Validation of the Wise Leadership Questionnaire (WLQ)

Purpose The purpose of this study was to validate the psychometric properties of the Wise Leadership Questionnaire (WLQ). Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from three independent samples from Canada, China and Morocco (n = 616). Factor analysis, first- and second-order confirmatory factor analyses, structural equation modeling and Bayesian approach were used. Findings Study 1 confirmed that the WLQ higher-order factor structure is the most adequate theoretical model to capture the four-factor structure of the wise leadership scale, namely, intellectual shrewdness, spurring action, moral conduct and cultivating humility which are essential for a leader to qualify as wise. Study 2 assessed and supported the criterion-related validity by approving that the higher-order wise leadership construct constituted a predictor of work outcomes such as followers’ subordinates’ performance and job satisfaction. Confirmatory factor analysis results yielded a second-order factor of the wise leadership construct with four first-order factors, namely, the four wise leadership dimensions. The correlations between the four first-order factors (i.e. dimensions) and the second-order factor of the wise leadership are positive and statistically significant in both the China and Morocco samples. They are, respectively, as follows: intellectual shrewdness (β = 0.74; 0.62, p &lt; 0.01), spurring action (β = 0.52; 0.76, p &lt; 0.01), moral conduct (β = 0.76; 0.62, p &lt; 0.01) and cultivating humility (β = 0.78; 0.69, p &lt; 0.01). Originality/value Results suggest that the new wise leadership construct is positively associated with followers’ subordinates’ job performance and job satisfaction directly and indirectly through supervisory support, emphasizing the added value and relevance of the WLQ.

Clinical validation of the nursing outcome "Swallowing status: pharyngeal phase" in patients with laryngeal cancer.

This study aimed to clinically validate the nursing outcome "Swallowing status: pharyngeal phase" (1013). A two-stage study was designed: (1) Chinese translation and cultural adaptation and (2) clinical validation. Internal consistency and interrater reliability tests were performed on 285 patients with laryngeal cancer, and an additional 130 patients were randomly selected from the 285 patients as an independent sample. Criterion-related validity tests were performed using the standardized swallowing assessment (SSA). Nursing outcome sensitivity was detected by scoring two time points. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients were 0.951 for the nursing outcome and 0.942-0.965 for each indicator. The interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values for each indicator ranged from 0.73 to 0.929. The scores of the nursing outcome were negatively correlated with the SSA scores (r = -0.555, p<0.01). With the exception of two indicators, there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between the total scores of the scale and its 11 indicator scores for the two time points. The results indicated that the nursing outcome "Swallowing status: pharyngeal phase" (1013) exhibited satisfactory psychometric properties and high sensitivity to change. The nursing outcome "Swallowing status: pharyngeal phase" (1013) demonstrated good reliability, validity, and sensitivity in patients with laryngeal cancer. The nursing outcome "Swallowing status: pharyngeal phase" (1013) can be used to assess swallowing function in patients with laryngeal cancer and provide guidance for the development of rehabilitation intervention plans and nursing care.

Pride in foreign language learning: a conceptual framework and empirical evidence

ABSTRACT Previous studies have found that pride is a frequent and important emotion in achievement contexts although it is under-researched in the second/foreign language (FL) context. Therefore, the aim of this research was to explore pride in the context of FL learning. For this purpose, we proposed a conceptual model of FL pride, drawing on previous theoretical frameworks, which distinguishes four types of pride: self-based, social comparison-based, praise-based, and help-based. Then, to test this model, we conducted two studies. In Study 1, we asked participants to recall events that they felt pride during the FL process. In Study 2, we developed and validated foreign language pride scale (FLPS). Results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated that FL pride is best represented by a higher-order model. We further investigated its criterion-related validity by examining the relations between FL pride and theoretically relevant constructs and found that it is related to several motivational, emotional, and outcome measures.

Though Forced, Still Valid: Examining the Psychometric Performance of Forced-Choice Measurement of Personality in Children and Adolescents.

Unveiling the roles personality plays during childhood and adolescence necessitates its accurate measurement, commonly using traditional Likert-type (LK) scales. However, this format is susceptible to various response biases, which can be particularly prevalent in children and adolescents, thus likely undermining measurement accuracy. Forced-choice (FC) scales appear to be a promising alternative because they are largely free from these biases by design. However, some argue that the FC format may not perform satisfactorily in children and adolescents due to its complexity. Little empirical evidence exists regarding the suitability of the FC format for children and adolescents. As such, the current study examined the psychometric performance of an FC measure of the Big Five personality factors in three children and adolescent samples: 5th to 6th graders (N = 428), 7th to 8th graders (N = 449), and 10th to 11th graders (N = 555). Across the three age groups, the FC scale demonstrated a better fit to the Big Five model and better discriminant validity in comparison to the LK counterpart. Personality scores from the FC scale also converged well with those from the LK scale and demonstrated high reliability as well as sizable criterion-related validity. Furthermore, the FC scale had more invariant statements than its LK counterpart across age groups. Overall, we found good evidence showing that FC measurement of personality is suitable for children and adolescents.

Criterion-Related Validity of the Sugar-Sweetened Beverage (SSB) Questionnaire Among Children and Adolescents in Malaysia.

Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are a major source of dietary sugar, and their consumption is on the rise among children and adolescents. Excessive sugar intake is a significant contributor to overweight, obesity, and non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The consumption of SSBs, particularly that of children and adolescents, has been of interest as of late, as they are implicated in affecting body weight status. Thus, the goal of this study was to determine the predictive criterion-related validity of the SSB questionnaire that was administered to children and adolescents to assess their SSB and non-SSB intake. A nationwide cross-sectional study involving 5211 respondents aged 7-17 years old and their parents was conducted. The self-administered Malay questionnaire was distributed to collect information on socioeconomic background, the frequency of eating out at restaurants or other food premises, the availability of SSBs at home, and SSB consumption patterns of children and adolescents within a week. The predictive criterion-related validity was determined by using six hypotheses that can differentiate between two independent sample means of SSB consumption based on age, gender, locality, monthly household income, frequency of eating out at restaurants or other food premises, and availability of SSBs at home. The independent samples t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to conduct the validation process. Five out of six hypotheses were accepted. Significant mean differences were observed between sociodemographic factors, such as age (t=-10.56, p<0.001), localities (t=-5.37, p<0.001), monthly household income (F=26.83, p<0.001), and SSB consumption. Behavioural factors, including eating out at restaurants or other food premises (t=9.93, p<0.001) and environmental factors such as the availability of SSBs at home (F=136.24, p<0.001) also showed a significant difference with SSB consumption. The SSB questionnaire demonstrated the ability to differentiate between groups. Thus, this SSB questionnaire appears to be valid to measure the SSB consumption of children and adolescents.

Can the dark core of personality be measured briefly, multidimensionally, and invariantly? The D25 measure

The dark core of personality is a recent construct that encompasses the malevolent, antagonistic, and aversive side of human nature that represents the common inner core of dark personality traits. The aim of the present study is to develop a short, multidimensional, and invariant version of the dark core of personality D70 measure. Two samples of participants were used in the current study (N = 570, M = 35.42 years, SD = 11.41, range = 18–69; N = 242, M = 30.19 years, SD = 12.78, range = 16–77). The new D25 measure was developed, consisting of five factors – Callousness, Deceitfulness, Vindictiveness, Narcissistic Entitlement, and Sadism. All the structural models examined obtained adequate fits (1-factor, 5-factor, 5-factor bifactor, 5-factor 2nd order), but the 5-factor 2nd order model was considered the best option. Internal consistency/reliability, as measured by the alpha and omega coefficients and more traditional indicators, was mainly good. Construct validity (e.g., with moral disengagement, low self-control, and empathy measures) and criterion-related validity (e.g., with justice-involvement variables) were demonstrated. Scalar measurement invariance across gender and age was established, with male participants and younger participants scoring significantly higher than female participants and older participants. The findings provide support for the use of the D25 as a valid and reliable short multidimensional measure of the dark core of personality construct.

The Media and Technology Usage and Attitudes Scale (MTUAS): Adaptation and Psychometric Analysis for University Students in Saudi Arabia

The aim of this study was to adapt an Arabic version of the Media and Technology Usage and Attitudes Scale (MTUAS) to the Saudi culture and examine the psychometric properties of the adapted version in a sample of 1,709 undergraduate students. Evidence of construct validity and internal consistency reliability was first compiled through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA and CFA) and Cronbach’s α coefficients. Multigroup CFA (MGCFA) was then conducted to test gender-related measurement invariance. The EFA yielded nine factors for the Usage scale and four factors for the Attitudes scale of the MTUAS, all of which were satisfactorily confirmed via CFA. Factors of the MTUAS exhibited adequate to good reliability and were gender invariant. Overall, the Arabic MTUAS displayed good psychometric properties in the Saudi undergraduate student population and was gender unbiased. Therefore, it can be used confidently across educational, public health, and marketing research in Saudi and Arabic contexts. Nevertheless, it is important to note that other psychometric properties, such as criterion-related validity, were not compiled in the present study, and the generalizability of the current findings might be restricted to the Saudi undergraduate student population. Hence, these limitations should be given more consideration in future studies by examining additional psychometric properties of the Arabic MTUAS and using comprehensive national data.

Translation and psychometric validation of the Korean version of the academic nurse self-efficacy scale for Korean bachelor-level nursing students

Abstract Objective This study aimed to translate the Academic Nurse Self-Efficacy scale (ANSE), assess its appropriateness for use in Korean nursing students, and evaluate the Korean Version of the Academic Nurse Self-Efficacy scale’s (K-ANSE) validity and reliability. Methods The data of 444 nursing college students at 10 universities across the country were collected from November 1, 2020 to June 8, 2021. The K-ANSE was analyzed utilizing SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 25.0 programs. The K-ANSE’s content validity, construct validity, convergent/discriminant validity, criterion-related validity, and reliability were evaluated. Results Internal emotion management, auto-regulatory behavior, external emotion management, and sociality were established. The Cronbach’s α for the overall scale was 0.87, and that of the 4 subscales ranged from 0.70 to 0.89. Conclusions The Korean version of the ANSE seems to be a valid and reliable instrument to measure Korean bachelor-level nursing students.

Night Physician-Nurse Collaboration: Developing the Scale of Physicians' Difficulties and Exploring Related Factors in Acute Care Hospitals.

Responding to inpatient deterioration is less favorable at night than during the day, and this may be related to barriers in collaboration between physicians and nurses. However, there had been no way to assess the problem. This study aimed to develop a scale for physicians to measure difficulties in nighttime collaboration with nurses in response to deteriorating inpatients and to identify factors associated with the developed scale scores. We developed a draft scale of Nighttime Collaboration Difficulties between Nurses and Physicians for Physicians (NCDNP-P) based on key informant interviews with physicians. Psychometric validations, including structural validity, criterion-related validity, and reliability tests, were conducted among physicians who worked on night duty or on call in acute-care hospitals in Japan using a cross-sectional web-based questionnaire. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed using independent variables including individual backgrounds, style of working at night, and facility characteristics. By performing exploratory factor analysis, we confirmed the structural validity of the NCDNP-P, consisting of seven items and two domains (Domain 1: Dissatisfaction with reporting, Domain 2: Barriers to working with nurses). Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega coefficients were 0.81-0.84 and 0.81-0.89, respectively. The criterion-related validity for interprofessional collaboration was confirmed. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the variables employment status, number of night shifts, frequency of nighttime calls about patients under another physician's charge, and handover between physicians before changing shifts were statistically significantly associated with NCDNP-P scores. We developed the NCDNP-P, confirming its reliability and validity. Identified factors reflect physicians' characteristics and the problems experienced working at night and may be associated with barriers in nighttime collaboration. The NCDNP-P can highlight issues in clinical settings and lead to the consideration of initiatives to address such issues.

Development of a Teacher Rating Scale for Giftedness (TRSG)

Abstract Introduction: Intellectual giftedness is an important student characteristic that teachers need to take into consideration when designing education programs and providing educational support to these students. Effective nomination and identification are the basis for further education. In nominating gifted students for special educational programs, teachers play an important role by providing information about superior characteristics of students. The purpose of this study is to develop a teacher rating scale (TRSG) for nominating the children to gifted education programs. Methods: In order to develop a teacher rating scale (TRSG) for nominating the children to gifted education programs, the present study involved three stages: item generation, instrument application and validity-reliability analyses. One hundred sixty-nine teachers participated in the study. To ensure the validity of the scale, its content, construct and criterion-related validity were examined, and to ensure its reliability, its Cronbach alpha value was calculated. For content validity, three experts on gifted education examined the items and the whole scale in terms of successful intelligence theory. After their approval of the content, construct validity was examined by confirmatory factor analysis. Results: The result of the analysis supported the three-factor structure of the scale having 17 items. According to the results of the research, it has been established that the TRSG is a valid and reliable instrument, and it may be used to nominate gifted children based on the evaluations of the teachers. Discussion: Sternberg (2018) defined three components. According to the theory of Sternberg (2018), giftedness involves analytical, practical and creative intelligences, and they are associated not only with each other but also with a G factor. In the analysis, each item was classified under a component of successful intelligence theory and the statistical examinations supported the anticipated associations among the items and the factors. Limitations: The sample size of the teachers was small. The limitations of this study are the use of convenience sampling and the inclusion of only 169 teachers in the sample. Another limitation is rating bias. Conclusions: The results on the validity and reliability supported the notion that the scale is appropriate to be used for nomination purposes by teachers in gifted education programs. Its limited number of items, quick application, and simple scoring procedures make it advantageous for use in various contexts.

Psychometric properties of automated video interview competency assessments.

Interviews are one of the most widely used selection methods, but their reliability and validity can vary substantially. Further, using human evaluators to rate an interview can be expensive and time consuming. Interview scoring models have been proposed as a mechanism for reliably, accurately, and efficiently scoring video-based interviews. Yet, there is a lack of clarity and consensus around their psychometric characteristics, primarily driven by a dearth of published empirical research. The goal of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of automated video interview competency assessments (AVI-CAs), which were designed to be highly generalizable (i.e., apply across job roles and organizations). The AVI-CAs developed demonstrated high levels of convergent validity (average r value of .66), moderate discriminant relationships (average r value of .58), good test-retest reliability (average r value of .72), and minimal levels of subgroup differences (Cohen's ds ≥ -.14). Further, criterion-related validity (uncorrected sample-weighted r¯ = .24) was demonstrated by applying these AVI-CAs to five organizational samples. Strengths, weaknesses, and future directions for building interview scoring models are also discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Development of the trainer skill evaluation scale for metacognitive training.

The purpose of this study is manifold: to develop a trainer skill rating scale for metacognitive training (MCT), to determine the difficulty level of the behavioral checklist, and to examine the reliability and validity of the MCT Trainer Skills Rating Scale. In Study 1, an MCT trainer skill behavior checklist was developed with expert staff members, and a questionnaire was administered to MCT trainers. Item categorization was identical to that used in previous studies. In Study 2, a video was used to conduct the survey. All subjects were given a 1-hour training session, instructed on evaluating the MCT Trainer Skills Rating Scale, and asked to rate their trainer skills on a mock video designed for beginners and a mock video designed for advanced trainers. In Study 1, responses from 49 respondents were obtained. The survey results showed that 72 items were classified similarly to previous studies. In Study 2, two pairs were randomly selected, and weighted kappa coefficients were calculated for the sub-items of the MCT Trainer Skills Rating Scale. High agreement was obtained with K = 0.71 and K = 0.73, indicating high reliability. High reliability was obtained for all eight items of the MCT Trainer Skills Rating Scale created in this study. In addition, the video evaluation scores for the advanced trainer were significantly higher than those for the beginner trainer, suggesting that discriminant validity was confirmed among the criterion-related validity. These results confirm that the scale has both high reliability and validity.

The Alliance Negotiation Scale - Therapist Version: Psychometric Properties in a Sample of Portuguese Psychologists.

The transtheoretical conceptualization of the working alliance and the resultant evaluation tools often overestimate the collaboration between therapist and client, while neglecting the negotiation process. The degree to which therapists and clients can negotiate disagreements regarding goals and tasks is an important indicator in establishing and maintaining the alliance. Even though the negotiation concept is not new, there is still a lack of reliable and parsimonious self-report measures of the construct. The purpose of this study was to translate, execute the cultural adaptation and, also, to perform a preliminary psychometric analysis of the Portuguese form of the therapist version of the Alliance Negotiation Scale (ANS-T_Pt). Data were collected online from 100 Portuguese psychologists. Two random sub-samples were used to conduct both exploratory factorial analysis and confirmatory factorial analysis. Convergent validity was assessed through comparison with the Portuguese version of the Working Alliance Inventory. The ANS-T_Pt showed a one-factorial structure, consistent with previous versions, and demonstrated adequate internal consistency. Evidence supporting criterion-related validity was found based on the correlations between ANS-T_Pt and WAI-T scores. The results showed moderate to large associations between the instruments. These results support the usefulness of the scale, construct's relevance and its transtheoretical nature. These results are a step forward for Portuguese therapists' and researchers' ability to evaluate the bond between client and therapist and to compare results from different countries.

Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling Analysis of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index 3.

Anxiety sensitivity is associated with the onset and progression of various emotional disorders. The Anxiety Sensitivity Index 3 (ASI-3) is a self-report scale for anxiety sensitivity. This study aims to resolve the ongoing controversy about the factorial structure of the ASI-3 using exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM), a newly advanced technique. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), ESEM, bifactor-CFA, and bifactor-ESEM were used to investigate the factorial structure of the ASI-3. Three hundred Korean college students (female = 195, age: 21.74 ± 2.34) filled out the ASI-3 and the Distress Intolerance Index. The bifactor-ESEM model exhibited a model fit superior to the 4 alternative models. The general factor showed higher loadings and reliability and explained common variance than the 3 specific factors in the bifactor-ESEM model. Most items reflected the global factor, but 6 items (Items 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 17) from the specific factors had insufficient loadings. Moreover, the global factor of the ASI-3 was associated with distress intolerance scores, indicating adequate criterion-related validity. The factorial structure of the ASI-3 is best described as a bifactor-ESEM model for Korean college students. Additionally, the bifactor-ESEM model of the ASI-3 includes a strong global factor that explains a large amount of the observed variance in the ASI-3 items.

Patient Self-Management Scale After Total Knee Arthroplasty (PSMS-TKA): Instrument Development and Cross-Sectional Validation Study

BackgroundEffective self-management after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) not only improves patients’ knee pain and physical function but also improves quality of life. However, there is no assessment tool that can be targeted to evaluate the self-management level of patients after TKA. This study aimed to develop and validate a scale to specifically assess the level of self-management in patients after TKA. MethodsThe study was conducted in 2 steps: (1) instrument development and (2) psychological tests (n = 428). For the instrument development portion, scale items were generated through a literature review and semi-structured interviews, then reviewed and revised by a panel of experts, and assessed for content validity and pilot testing. For the psychometric tests component, items were analyzed using corrected item-total scale correlations, the critical ratio method, and Cronbach’s α. Construct validity was evaluated using exploratory factor analysis and validation factor analysis. Criterion correlation validity was checked by calculating Pearson’s correlation coefficient using the Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale-8 and the scale developed in this study. Internal consistency reliability was evaluated using Cronbach’s α and fold-half reliability, and retest reliability was assessed using intragroup correlation coefficients. ResultsThe Patient Self-Management Scale after Total Knee Arthroplasty (PSMS-TKA) comprises 4 factors and 23 items that assess daily behavior management, disease information management, psychosocial management, and exercise rehabilitation management. Exploratory factor analysis and validation factor analysis yielded a stable 4-factor model for the 23 items. The PSMS-TKA demonstrated good criterion-related validity when using the Arthritis Self-Efficacy-8 as a criterion. The Cronbach’s α of the PSMS-TKA was 0.903, the split-half reliability was 0.934, and the test-retest reliability correlation coefficient was 0.887 (P < .01); thus, the reliability of the scale is good. ConclusionsThe PSMS-TKA developed in this study has good validity and reliability and can be used to assess the level of self-management in patients after TKA. The scale helps healthcare professionals understand the level of self-management of patients undergoing TKA.

Psychometric properties of a Mandarin Chinese version of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 among Chinese adolescents

In the present study, we explored the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Mandarin Chinese BAS-2 among adolescents residing in the Chinese mainland. Exploratory factor analysis in Study 1 (N = 790; 396 girls, 394 boys) supported the unidimensionality of the Mandarin Chinese BAS-2 among Chinese adolescents. Internal consistency reliability was upheld via McDonald’s omega. Convergent validity was supported by its moderate-to-strong relationships with body satisfaction, functionality satisfaction, self-esteem, life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect, while its small-to-moderate correlation with social desirability provided somewhat weaker discriminant validity support. Criterion-related validity was upheld by its inverse correlation with eating disorder symptomatology and positive correlation with intuitive eating. It explained unique variance in self-esteem (for girls and boys), eating disorder symptomatology (for girls), and intuitive eating (for boys) beyond age, body satisfaction, and functionality satisfaction, providing incremental validity evidence. A subsample of 134 girls and 114 boys completed the Mandarin Chinese BAS-2 again after three months, and test-retest reliability was upheld. The confirmatory factor analysis in Study 2 (N = 337; 192 girls, 145 boys) replicated the unidimensional structure and supported measurement invariance across gender. Collectively, the present study supported the unidimensionality, reliability, and validity of the Mandarin Chinese BAS-2′s scores among Chinese adolescents.

The Short Version of the Process-Oriented Emotion Regulation Measure for Children and Adolescents (POEM-CA)

Abstract: The development of appropriate emotion regulation (ER) strategies is crucial for the healthy development of children and adolescents. Therefore, the assessment of ER skills with economic and yet valid and reliable measures that help to identify ER problems at an early stage is desirable. In this study, the psychometric properties of the short version of the Process-Oriented Emotion Regulation Measure for Children and Adolescents (POEM-CA) were examined in a sample of children and adolescents aged 7 to 18 years in primary (Sample A: N = 362) and secondary school (Sample B: N = 472). The hypothesised factor structure was replicated in both samples and scale and item characteristics were appropriate. The criterion-related validity of the POEM-CA was examined regarding well-being in both samples. As expected, more functional and less dysfunctional ER was associated with higher well-being. Additionally, associations with psychosocial adjustment were tested in Sample B. Functional ER was negatively associated with externalizing problems and positively associated with prosocial behavior. Beyond, dysfunctional ER was associated with more internalizing and externalizing problems. The findings indicate that the POEM-CA is a valid and reliable, but also economic measure that can be useful in research and practice.

Developing and validating a Domain-specific Grit Scale for College Athletic Students

The aim of this study was to create and validate a ten-item Domain-specific Grit Scale for College Athletic Students (DGSCAS) to assess the level of grit among college athletic students. College athletic students from a single independent college located in a northern city in China (526 participants at time 1 and 589 participants at time 2) were assessed according to the scale. Various analyses were conducted in this study, including exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and measurement invariance analysis across different sex and birthplaces. The results of the EFA revealed two factors: consistency of interests and perseverance of effort. The CFA results demonstrated acceptable fit indices (x2 = 160.048, df = 34, x2/df = 4.707, CFI = 0.983, TLI = 0.978, SRMR = 0.021, and RMSEA = 0.079). The scale exhibited satisfactory convergent validity and discriminant validity. The significant correlation of these factors with the Grit scale provided strong evidence of criterion-related validity. Measurement invariance analysis indicated that the scale performed consistently across different sex and birthplaces. Three limitations and corresponding recommendations were discussed, including sample heterogeneity, the lack of a unified test result as a criterion for predictive validity, and the cross-sectional design of the study. In conclusion, the DGSCAS is a practical and validated instrument that can be used to assess the level of grit among college athletic students in an educational context.