Differential Criteria Research Articles

Blood monocyte fraction and computed tomography attenuation value of bone marrow in fever of unknown origin: A retrospective analysis for differentiating adult-onset Still's disease and intravascular large B-cell lymphoma.

To investigate the factors affecting laboratory data and computed tomography (CT) attenuation values of L1 trabecular and femoral bone marrow, potential markers for differentiating between adult-onset Still's disease and intravascular large B-cell lymphoma. We conducted a retrospective observational study on patients diagnosed with adult-onset Still's disease or intravascular large B-cell lymphoma. Clinical and laboratory data, and CT attenuation values of the bone marrow were compared. An exploratory analysis was conducted to identify factors useful for discriminating between the two groups. 30 patients with adult-onset Still's disease and 14 with intravascular large B-cell lymphoma were included; among them, 17 and 14 patients, respectively, underwent plain CT. No significant differences in CT attenuation values were noted; however, significant differences in various clinical and laboratory data, including neutrophil counts and soluble interleukin 2 receptor levels, were observed. Exploratory analysis of the monocyte fraction, guided by previous reports, suggested a cutoff of ≥ 9.65% for intravascular large B-cell lymphoma, with a sensitivity of 64.3% and specificity of 96.7%. This study suggests that, besides neutrophil counts and soluble interleukin 2 receptor levels, monocyte fractionation is a useful differentiation criterion between adult-onset Still's disease and intravascular large B-cell lymphoma.

Clinical case of malignant endometrioid-associated neoplasia of a postoperative scar

Malignant endometrioid-associated neoplasias are malignant tumors wich develop as a result of malignant transformation of endometrioid heterotopias outside the uterus. The mechanisms of their transformation are diverse, and oncological risks are known only for ovarian and breast cancer.The article presents a rare clinical case of malignant endometrioid-associated neoplasia of a postoperative scar in a 67-year-old woman. Differential criteria and prognostic factors of the disease course are considered. The literature data on this issue were analyzed. Literature search was carried out in PubMed, eLIBRARY.RU databases over the past 5 years was performed for the search words: malignant endometrioid-associated neoplasia, endometrioid cancer of postoperative scar.Malignant endometrioid-associated neoplasia of the postoperative scar is a rare malignant tumor that develops from endometrioid heterotopia in women who have undergone surgery on the pelvic organs. Oncological look-out and timely routing of such patients to a specialized level can increase the effectiveness of treatment and improve the prognosis of such patients.

Morphometric Parameters as the New Differentiation Criteria of Histological Types of Mammary Gland Tumour in Dogs

Morphometric Parameters as the New Differentiation Criteria of Histological Types of Mammary Gland Tumour in Dogs

An ISAR target motion estimation algorithm based on a differential semblance criterion

An ISAR target motion estimation algorithm based on a differential semblance criterion

Human-animal relations in El Impenetrable National Park, an area of confluence of environmental conservation, tourism and livestock

Since 2011, in the area currently known as El Impenetrable National Park (Chaco, Argentina), certain animals were “protected” and became part of the attractions offered to tourists. This article aims to describe and analyze the relationships between humans and animals in the mentioned area, where environmental conservation and tourism converge with family livestock production. It is an ethnographic research carried out between 2021 and 2023 that encourages us to think about ways to reconcile conservation with human presence in the environment. The physical space of the park underwent changes linked to the productive activities’ humans carried out there. The environmental conservation promoted seeks to eradicate the harmful hunting of "wild animals". Although such animal condition (wild) reflects separation between humans and nature, it is relative (it does not apply to all humans or to all animals) and permeable (through the physical movement of animals and humans across park borders and through the similar treatment that locals give to animals). Finally, the promotion of experiences with animals within the park prioritizes the presence of some to the detriment of others. The criteria of animal differentiation reveal a territorial and animal strategy aimed at transforming sources of income generation.

EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION OF THE USE OF POLARISATION TOMOGRAPHY OF POLYCRYSTALLINE COMPONENT OF BLOOD FILMS IN THE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSTICS OF THE SEVERITY OF THE COURSE OF ABDOMINAL SEPSIS

Introduction. Assessment of the severity of enteric insufficiency in abdominal sepsis requires improvement, as a differentiated approach to the treatment of such patients depends on it. Therefore, the use of polarization tomography of the polycrystalline component of blood films is one of the promising directions for diagnosing the severity of the course of abdominal sepsis. Aim. To investigate in an experiment the method of polarization tomography of the polycrystalline component of blood films as a diagnostic criterion for determining the severity of the course of abdominal sepsis. Materials and methods. We modelled mild, moderate and severe peritonitis on 80 white non-linear rats of both sexes, weighing from 180 to 220 g, according to the methodology developed in the clinic. Samples of blood films from rats with different severity of peritonitis were used as objects of research using polarization tomography of the polycrystalline component of blood films and determination of distributions of phase parameters in pixels of a digital image. Results. The conducted experimental studies showed that the system of polarization mapping of the polycrystalline component of the blood films of laboratory rats clearly determines the degree of intoxication depending on the severity of abdominal sepsis, which is visualized by obtaining an album of maps of distributions of phase values of digital microscopic image points. The most diagnostically sensitive statistical criteria for differentiation of phase maps of microscopic images of blood films of rats from control group 1 and experimental groups 2-4 were found, which contributed to the determination of relationships between the distributions of statistical parameters of the 1st-4th orders, which characterize the phase maps depending on the severity of peritonitis. Conclusions. The transformation of the statistical structure of linear birefringence polarization tomograms of the blood of rats is associated with necrotic degradation (anemia) of optically anisotropic hemoglobin structures, as well as with a decrease in the number of optically active erythrocytes in the blood of rats changed as a result of abdominal sepsis, depending on the severity of its course. The balanced accuracy of differentiation of rats of the control and experimental groups, the intergroup differentiation of the course of abdominal sepsis depending on the degree of severity testify to the presence of the diagnostic ability of the polarization tomography method.

Ultrasound in the Management of Patients with Nonspecific Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Introduction: Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are included in the group of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and belong to the group of potentially disabling diseases with an unknown etiology.Study objective: Determine the most significant differential diagnostic ultrasound signs of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.Material and methods: Based on morphological data, the analysis of diagnostic and treatment results of 142 patients was performed. According to the nosological form and stage of the disease, the patients were divided into 3 groups and several subgroups: Group 1 (n = 84) — patients with UC; Group 2 (n = 58) — patients with CD; Group 3 (control) (n = 27) — somatically healthy volunteers. The main method of radiation diagnostics was ultrasound.Results: In primary diagnostics, the most informative ultrasound signs of IBD are: thickening and decreased echogenicity of the colon wall, loss of colon haustration, increased echogenicity of paracolic tissue, multiple blood flow loci in the colon wall during CDC — the sensitivity of signs in patients with UC was 94.5 %, specificity 97 %, in CD 94 % and 97 %, respectively (p < 0.001). The most significant differential diagnostic ultrasound criteria for CD are identified: local thickening of the colon wall by more than 10 mm, intestinal lumen narrowed by less than 3 mm, regional lymph nodes more than 10 mm; and ulcerative colitis — local thickening of the colon wall from 3 to 10 mm, dilated intestinal lumen (more than 15 mm), regional lymph nodes from 8 to 10 mm (p < 0.001). When conducting ROC analysis, the threshold value of the “wall thickness” criterion in the differential diagnosis of CD and UC, with the maximum specificity of the test was 10.5 mm (sensitivity 97 %, specificity — 100 %); “lumen diameter”— 13 mm (sensitivity 80.6 %, specificity — 97 %), respectively.Conclusions: The obtained results allow us to recommend transabdominal ultrasound of the intestine as the method of choice for timely non-invasive diagnosis of patients with the most common forms of IBD.

Food labelling and Chinese consumer preference for naturalness - A new way to differentiate grass-fed dairy products.

Due to the lack of recognized differentiation for grass-fed dairy products, producers of quality products have failed to capture consumer premium. This study investigates Chinese consumers' preference for the naturalness attributes of grass-fed dairy products as potential criteria for product differentiation of grass-fed milk. We examine how grazing conditions (e.g., pasture grazing), animal feed (e.g., fed grass), functional improvement (e.g., increase the content of CLA, Omega-3 and Vitamin B), and imagery property (healthy, natural, tasty, and sustainable) affects consumers' preference and willingness to pay. Interestingly, consumers reported higher premiums for grazing conditions, animal feed, and functional improvements compared with imagery property attributes. Contrary to the conventional belief that functional improvement attracts the highest consumer premium, we found that for the majority of respondents (who have high preference for naturalness), grazing conditions were the most important factor. This study provides evidence on consumer preferences for the sub-attributes of grass-fed products, and therefore develops a potential framework to differentiate grass-fed products using naturalness criteria.

Yahweh – the Typology of the Relational Divine in the Theological Horizon of the Old Testament

The Old Testament summarises not only a large segment of the history of humanity but also the configuration of the relationship between man and divinity. The religious phenomenology of the general spectrum of humanity reveals to us the fact that the experience of the sacred created the premises for a projection of this experience expressed under a cultic, doctrinal, and mystical aspect. Upon an objective survey of the religious field of humanity, where the differentiation criteria stand out as obvious, we can notice the fact that the Old Testament outlines a particular architecture of the relationship between Yahweh and man, namely based on God’s intention to enter a relational revelation with humanity, especially with the Jewish people. Our study explores this relational typology of the divine as it is highlighted throughout history and the theological developments in the Old Testament.

Comparison of institutions of obligation due to harm and unjustified enrichment in modern Russian civil law

Relevance. The study is devoted to comparing the institution of obligation due to harm (Chapter 59 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) and unjustified enrichment (Chapter 60 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) in modern Russian civil law from theoretical and practical positions using the only criterion of differentiation – the consequences of committed actions (inaction. The article focuses on the problem of choosing a particular claim and notes the ambiguity of judicial practice on this issue.The purpose of the article is to compare the institutions of obligation due to harm and unjustified enrichment (Chapters 59 and 60 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation), to determine possible improvements in legislation).Objectives: to determine the essence of tort and unjustified enrichment; to analyze various points of view on the relationship between tort and unjustified enrichment and the institution of obligations due to harm and unjustified enrichment; to identify and consider the problem of competition of claims; to propose a possible differentiation of institutions of obligation due to harm and unjustified enrichment.Methodology. In the preparation of the work, dialectical, formal-legal, comparative-legal methods of scientific cognition were used along with methods of description, analysis, and scientific abstraction.Results. As a result of the conducted research, it was recognized that the institutions defined in Chapters 59, 60 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation have difficulties in their differentiation, which creates the problem of competition of claims. The main criterion for their differentiation should be considered the consequences associated with the actions of a delinquent or unreasonably enriched person.Conclusions. It is concluded that the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation in a special Resolution clarifies the provisions of the norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on the distinctive features of unjustified enrichment and obligations arising from harm).

The impact of innovation and differentiation strategy on financial performance with emphasis on the role of risk management and intellectual capital

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of innovation and differentiation strategy on financial performance with a focus on the role of risk management and intellectual capital of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. Design/methodology/approach In this research, differentiation and innovation strategy criteria are the independent variables, performance criteria are the dependent variables and risk management effectiveness and intellectual capital are the moderating variables. The statistical population of this research includes all the companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange during the 10-year period, and 127 companies were selected as a statistical sample using the systematic elimination method. The research model fitting and hypothesis testing were carried out using structural equation modeling and SPSS, Smart PLS software. Findings The results of the hypothesis testing showed a positive and significant relationship between the innovation and differentiation strategy and the firm performance. In addition, effective management of risk and intellectual capital also had a significant and positive impact on this relationship. Research limitations/implications Given that this research was conducted at the Tehran Stock Exchange, it was difficult for the researchers to collect data. Also, since the Tehran Stock Exchange is a new market, a lot of research needs to be done in different areas of this market to identify the existing problems and shortcomings and to provide reasons for its growth and development. Practical implications According to the results of the research on the impact of intellectual capital and risk management on corporate performance and the impact of strategy on this relationship, this paper can expect to see an improvement in corporate performance and an increase in shareholder wealth as a result of applying the results of this research. Social implications Considering that corporate strategy, intellectual capital criteria and risk management to increase the financial performance of companies have informational content; therefore, according to the results of this research, an increase in the performance of listed companies is expected, and naturally, this increase in performance will lead to the prosperity of the economic sector, increase in job creation and as a result, improve the quality of social life. Originality/value In the Tehran Stock Exchange, by properly evaluating the financial performance criteria of companies and identifying the factors that increase intellectual capital and risk management, they provide the means to improve knowledge in this area of research.

The cellular-differential composition of the intestinal epithelium in various phases of inflammatory bowel diseases

BACKGROUND: The steady increase in the number of inflammatory bowel diseases and the absence of reliably significant diagnostic markers require the search for new morphological criteria for differential diagnosis. AIM: This study aimed to determine the cellular-differential composition of the intestinal epithelium in the phases of exacerbation and remission in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Tissue samples of 60 patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn’s disease, n=30; ulcerative colitis, n=30) and with irritable bowel syndrome (control group, n=15) were studied using histological, immunohistochemical, morphometric and statistical methods. RESULTS: Distinct features of the cellular-differential composition of the epithelium in the mucous membrane of the ileum, ascending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum were identified across these conditions, with differences observed during exacerbation and remission in inflammatory bowel diseases. The proportion of goblet cells in the epithelial lining varied by intestinal region and disease type and phase. Goblet cell differentiation: 25.0% more goblet cells of the superficial epithelium between the crypts of the ileum in acute Crohn’s disease compared with remission (p=0.0002); 42.9% more goblet cells in the superficial epithelium of the ascending colon compared with irritable bowel syndrome (p=0.0001); 23.0% more goblet cells crypt in the sigmoid colon compared with ulcerative colitis in the acute stage (p=0.0024). There were no significant differences in the differentiation of Paneth cells. There was a threefold increase in endocrinocytes in the sigmoid colon in acute Crohn’s disease compared with irritable bowel syndrome (p=0.0238). Nonepithelial differon cells: fewer interepithelial lymphocytes in Crohn’s disease in remission compared with Crohn’s disease in the acute stage by 2.4 times in the sigmoid colon, 4.0 times in the rectum (p 0,0001); compared with irritable bowel syndrome by 4.8 times in the ileum, 2.7 times in the ascending intestine, 4.0 times in the sigmoid colon (p 0,05); 8.0 times in the rectum compared with ulcerative colitis in remission (p=0,0004). Additionally, the study found proliferative activity of crypt cells (mainly goblet-shaped) increased by 4.2 times in the sigmoid colon in acute Crohn’s disease compared with acute ulcerative colitis (p=0,0016). CONCLUSIONS: Morphometric parameters of the cellular-differential composition of the intestinal epithelium can serve as potential differential diagnostic criteria. Acute Crohn’s disease is characterized by a higher proliferation index in the sigmoid colon compared with acute ulcerative colitis, while Crohn’s disease in remission shows a lower number of interepithelial lymphocytes in the rectum compared with ulcerative colitis in remission.

Abstract 077: Bilateral medial medullary infarction mimicking Guillain‐Barré Syndrome (GBS): Case report and qualitative systematic review

Purpose To summarize the medical literature related to the diagnosis of bilateral medial medullary infarction (MMI) mimicking GBS. Methods We identified all published case studies in five databases until February 2024. We performed a narrative synthesis to develop differential criteria on the included cases. A case report is also presented. Results We present the case of a patient with asymmetric and progressive motor weakness, bulbar dysfunction, albuminocytologic dissociation in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and negative brain CT scan in the acute stage. He was initially diagnosed with Guillain‐Barré Syndrome (GBS), treated with immunoglobulin without a favorable response, finally the diagnosis of MMI was made with re‐evaluation during the evolution and confirmed by brain magnetic resonance imaging. A systematic review of the literature of MMI case reports was carried out, focusing on an initial diagnosis of Guillain‐Barré Syndrome. We selected 8 studies (9 patients) of bilateral MMI with problems in the timely diagnosis and initial diagnosis of GBS. The most frequent clinical onset was respiratory problems (44.4%). The finding in CSF and nerve conduction studies were normal or negative in 60% of the cases. The delay occurred in the early stages of diagnosis in all cases. The use of immunosuppressive therapy was given in only one case. A discussion of the case report and the diagnostic challenges reported in the literature was made. Conclusion It is recommended to consider MMI for differential diagnosis in patients with symptoms of acute progressive quadriparesis and bulbar dysfunction, therefore a thorough assessment of the clinical presentation is necessary.

Impact of modality and mode of questioning and testing on memory reports

IntroductionIndividuals' memories are assessed in multiple contexts; however, depending on the context, how an individual is questioned may impact the quantity and quality of the details reported. One goal of this study is to investigate how the modality of questioning (individuals talk or write about an event) impacts memory reports. Additionally, being tested on previously learned information improves memory for that information compared to re-studying it. Consequently, another goal is to examine how questioning impacts memory reports compared to a second exposure. We utilized open-ended and pointed questions (true and false).MethodParticipants watched a short video and were questioned (Experiment 1: In-Person; Experiment 2: Virtual) about its contents immediately, 1 week, and 1 month later.ResultsThe current study found that writing leads to better quality memory reports than speaking, and the benefit is present 1 week later. Additionally, we found that writing mitigates an anticipated testing benefit, although this depended on whether a pointed or open-ended question was asked. Restudying (vs. immediate testing) led to better performance for the false pointed questions. However, the better performance operated differently depending on whether participants wrote or spoke following restudying, perhaps due to a differential criterion shift between the Restudy-Written and the Restudy-Spoken conditions.DiscussionWe conclude that the impact of the modality of questioning is influenced in several ways by the types of questions asked, which bears significance for many domains because one modality (or a combination) may be more suitable for producing more accurate memory reports as a function of different domains.

Characterizing the chemical composition of red coloring matter samples from the Altamira cave using synchrotron µXRF imaging

The chemical in situ study of red coloring matter from Paleolithic cave art is challenging because the same trace elements can be present both in the matter and in the calcitic support, and the two present a heterogeneous composition. In this study, thirteen red iron oxide-based coloring matter samples obtained at drip points coming from eight locations within the Techo de los Polícromos, Altamira cave (Spain), have been analyzed by highly sensitive synchrotron-induced micro-X-ray fluorescence (SR-µXRF). Our analyses improved the characterization of red Paleolithic pigments by establishing characteristic trace element patterns, additionally facilitating a comparison of the distinct representations within the cave. Furthermore, new differentiation criteria between the composition of the calcitic walls and that of the red coloring matter could be established, helping to improve future non-invasive analyses.

Congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (clinical cases)

Congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium is a benign pigmented formation on the globe fundus, which has a characteristic appearance during ophthalmoscopy and is not prone to significant growth as well as malignancy. Nevertheless, one of the forms of congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium is associated with familial adenomatous polyposis, therefore, for timely follow-up examination of patients, it is necessary to know the differential diagnostic criteria of various forms of this disease. The article presents three clinical cases and as well as summarizes information about various forms of congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium.

The incremental value of histogram analysis in the differentiation between hyperdense cysts and solid renal masses on unenhanced CT images.

To investigate the utility of voxel histogram analysis (HA) for differentiating hyperdense renal cysts from small solid masses on unenhanced CT scans. A retrospective analysis of 99 hyperdense cystic lesions and 28 solid malignant lesions was conducted using a radiological database (from 2015 to 2021) and a pathological database (from 2010 to 2020). The study investigated the distribution of voxel attenuation values using percentiles to establish reliable criteria for differentiation after drawing a region of interest (ROI) in the centre of the lesions. The standard of reference was a histopathological diagnosis for malignant masses and contrast-enhanced CT or MRI for cysts. HA provided higher diagnostic accuracy than the conventional mean attenuation value of 70 Hounsfield Units (HU). For the 75th and 90th percentiles ± 1 standard deviation, accuracies of 77.2% (95% confidence interval 68.9%-84.2%) for the 75th and 68.5% (59.7%-76.4%) for the 90th were found, versus 37.0% (28.6%-46.0%) for the 70 HU threshold criterion. A Gaussian distribution of voxel attenuation values was observed in 88.9% of the lesions, suggesting that it is feasible to calculate these parameters from a single measurement. The study underscores the potential of HA as a valuable tool for characterizing hyperdense cysts on unenhanced CT by using the same ROI for measuring lesion attenuation. HA could offer additional value beyond the 70 HU criterion and possibly influence clinical decisions. Multi-institutional studies are necessary for external validation to confirm its generalizability and more extensive applicability. (1) A single measurement on unenhanced CT images, using mean attenuation and standard deviation, accurately reflects the voxel distribution of both cystic and solid masses, allowing for the application of histogram analysis. (2) The 75th percentile threshold of 65 HU or higher could potentially increase sensitivity in diagnosing hyperdense cysts, compared to the 70 HU mean attenuation threshold, without compromising specificity.

Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis fatal case was mistaken as a debut of schizophrenia: the devil is in the psychopathological details

The article presents the clinical case of the patient Victor, 42 years old, who was admitted to a psychiatric hospital in an acute psychotic state with schizophreniform symptoms. His illness progressed rapidly, and at different stages, epileptic paroxysms and disorders of consciousness joined the symptoms typical of schizophrenia. It was then that the question arose of the need to revise the diagnosis of schizophrenia, to carry out a targeted neurological examination and to correct of the treatment regimen. Victor’s case, which ended in death, raises questions for psychiatrists about finding significant differential diagnostic criteria for distinguishing schizophrenia from schizophrenia-like psychoses. To avoid mistakes, it is proposed to rely on the so-called. “diagnostic clues” and “red flags” in identifying the psychopathology of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis.

Research of perceptual descriptors discriminating clarinet reeds of identical stiffness

From the musician's point of view, reeds considered as identical by the manufacturer (same cut, same strength and same brand) may exhibit large perceptual difference in terms of musical qualities. Past studies, carried out with clarinetists or saxophonists, have revealed that the reeds were mainly differentiated on the basis of their ``ease of playing'' which appears as the main perceptual descriptor of reed quality. This descriptor proved to be correlated with the reed stiffness measured at its tip in either static or dynamic conditions. The current study aims at discovering if other perceptual descriptors can be used to differentiate between reeds that would obtain similar ``ease of playing'' assessments (i.e. that exhibit the same stiffness). Firstly, the reeds are sorted on the basis of stiffness measurements carried out at the reed tip by using an artificial musician. Secondly, reeds of equivalent stiffness will be selected for perceptual assessment by professional clarinet players. As this selection process might result in subtle differences between reeds, the musicians will be asked to differentiate between them by using a three-interval three-alternative forced-choice (3I3AFC) response paradigm. In addition to this perceptual assessment, the subjects will be asked to verbally describe their criteria for reed differentiation.

Differential Diagnosis of Tuberculosis and Sarcoidosis by Immunological Features Using Machine Learning.

Despite the achievements of modern medicine, tuberculosis remains one of the leading causes of mortality globally. The difficulties in differential diagnosis have particular relevance in the case of suspicion of tuberculosis with other granulomatous diseases. The most similar clinical and radiologic changes are sarcoidosis. The aim of this study is to apply mathematical modeling to determine diagnostically significant immunological parameters and an algorithm for the differential diagnosis of tuberculosis and sarcoidosis. Materials and methods: The serum samples of patients with sarcoidosis (SD) (n = 29), patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) (n = 32) and the control group (n = 31) (healthy subjects) collected from 2017 to 2022 (the average age 43.4 ± 5.3 years) were examined. Circulating 'polarized' T-helper cell subsets were analyzed by multicolor flow cytometry. A symbolic regression method was used to find general mathematical relations between cell concentrations and diagnosis. The parameters of the selected model were finally fitted through multi-objective optimization applied to two conflicting indices: sensitivity to sarcoidosis and sensitivity to tuberculosis. Results: The difference in Bm2 and CD5-CD27- concentrations was found to be more significant for the differential diagnosis of sarcoidosis and tuberculosis than any individual concentrations: the combined feature Bm2 - [CD5-CD27-] differentiates sarcoidosis and tuberculosis with p < 0.00001 and AUC = 0.823. An algorithm for differential diagnosis was developed. It is based on the linear model with two variables: the first variable is the difference Bm2 - [CD5-CD27-] mentioned above, and the second is the naïve-Tregs concentration. The algorithm uses the model twice and returns "dubious" in 26.7% of cases for patients with sarcoidosis and in 16.1% of cases for patients with tuberculosis. For the remaining patients with one of these two diagnoses, its sensitivity to sarcoidosis is 90.5%, and its sensitivity to tuberculosis is 88.5%. Conclusions: A simple algorithm was developed that can distinguish, by certain immunological features, the cases in which sarcoidosis is likely to be present instead of tuberculosis. Such cases may be further investigated to rule out tuberculosis conclusively. The mathematical model underlying the algorithm is based on the analysis of "naive" T-regulatory cells and "naive" B-cells. This may be a promising approach for differential diagnosis between pulmonary sarcoidosis and pulmonary tuberculosis. The findings may be useful in the absence of clear differential diagnostic criteria between pulmonary tuberculosis and sarcoidosis.