Detailed Criteria Research Articles

Sensitive imaging of actinide materials in shielded radioactive waste

This paper reports on the development of a method for enhanced non-destructive assay (NDA) of radioactive waste using the novel technique neutron-gamma emission tomography (NGET). The technique relies on the detection of correlated fast neutrons and gamma rays emitted in spontaneous or induced fission. It is based on fast organic scintillators and enables sensitive detection and three-dimensional (3D) localization of the fission events. The technique is passive and does not require moving components. In this work, we apply the NGET technique to the category of radioactive waste which is often referred to as historic or legacy waste. This can include mixed wastes encased in shielded containers many decades ago, before the advent of detailed waste description criteria. These low or intermediate level wastes are often associated with lacking, limited or conflicting documentation. This poses a challenge when assigning the waste to the proper disposal route as well as in deciding whether the waste needs to undergo sorting and conditioning to fulfil waste acceptance criteria both with regards to safe interim storage and to its ultimate disposal. Actinides, such as isotopes of uranium and plutonium, with their typically long half-lives and decay chains are of special interest in this regard since they may challenge the long-term safety assessment in repositories predicated on mainly shorter half-life radionuclides if undetected. Accurate identification and localisation of actinides is also important from a safeguards perspective, especially since they are generally difficult to detect and localise by established passive means due to their relatively weak radiation emissions, in particular in shielded containments and in the presence of strong radiation fields from other radioactive materials. In this paper we present findings of measurements on shielded containments of long-lived radioactive waste performed at the Studsvik site in Sweden, as well as measurements on a laboratory assembly simulating a grouted waste drum. Similarities and differences between the novel NGET technique and a commercially available gamma imaging system are also briefly discussed.

Retrospective analysis of survival and safety of bevacizumab biosimilar and original drug combination chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer.

The advent of bevacizumab has considerably transformed the therapeutic landscape for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients devoid of specific genetic mutations. A pivotal milestone has been reached with the recent approval of a bevacizumab biosimilar, following rigorous phase III clinical investigations, poised to augment NSCLC therapeutic strategies. This retrospective analysis encompasses a large-scale study conducted between January 2021 and December 2023, involving 1058 NSCLC patients (metastatic or locally advanced stages). The research design entailed a comparative assessment of the safety and efficacy profiles of combined therapies using the original bevacizumab and its biosimilar, adhering to RECIST v1.1 criteria. Adverse event grading was standardized using the National Cancer Institute's CTCAE v5.0. Notably, the biosimilar demonstrated an objective response rate (ORR) of 29.79% in 606 patients, closely paralleling the 27.41% ORR observed in 452 patients receiving the original drug, with insignificant risk differences (-0.03) and a risk ratio of 0.987, affirming equivalence. Progression-free survival (PFS) was influenced by radiation status, treatment lines, and regimen combinations, while dosage intensity and genetic factors had negligible impacts. The incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) was slightly higher in the biosimilar group (75.11%) versus the original drug group (72.78%), with grade 3 or more severe TEAEs occurring in 23.6% and 18.5% of patients, respectively (Detailed criteria for the definition and assessment of TEAEs have been added to the Methods section, including the use of the National Cancer Institute's CTCAE v5.0 for grading). The study affirms that bevacizumab biosimilars offer equivalent therapeutic efficacy and a similar safety profile to the originator product in the management of locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC. The tolerability of the toxicity profile, coupled with the absence of unforeseen adverse reactions, underscores the viability of biosimilar bevacizumab as a valuable addition to NSCLC treatment regimens. These findings also imply potential benefits for a broader patient population beyond clinical trial confines through the adoption of biosimilar beta-adrenergic blocking agents.

Postoperative pathological findings and prognosis of early laryngeal and pharyngeal cancer treated with transoral surgery

ObjectiveTransoral surgery for early-stage pharyngeal and laryngeal cancer provides good local control and is less invasive than external incisions. Postoperative pathological findings are considered the most important indicators for determining postoperative treatment, but detailed criteria have not been established. In this study, we evaluated the impact of postoperative pathological findings on prognosis of patients undergoing transoral surgery. MethodsThis study included patients with oropharyngeal, hypopharyngeal, and supraglottic cancer who underwent transoral surgery at Gifu University Hospital from April 2016 to December 2023. Resection margins were pathologically evaluated with horizontal and vertical margins, and vascular invasion was evaluated in three categories: lymphatic invasion, venous invasion, and perineural invasion. The correlation between each postoperative pathological finding and prognosis was evaluated. ResultsA total of 70 cases were assessed in this study. Cases of horizontal margin positive were 38.6 %, and cases of vertical margin positive were 27.1 %. Prognoses were comparable to previous reports. Despite the high margin positive rate, the 5-year overall survival rate was 77.1 %. The 5-year disease-specific survival rate was 89.7 %, and the 5-year local control rate was 85.3 %. Notably, when evaluated by margin direction, cases with positive horizontal margins had significantly worse prognoses. Although no significant correlation was found between vascular invasion and prognosis, cases of venous invasion tended to have a higher local recurrence rate. ConclusionThis study suggests that transoral surgery has good prognosis despite a high positive-margin rate. However, detailed criteria for additional treatment have not been developed, and further case accumulation is required. Intriguingly, positive horizontal margins are correlated with significantly worse prognosis. This result may be related to a high risk of multiple cancers, and careful follow-up after surgery is recommended.

The IACOB project

Context. With the advent of large spectroscopic surveys, automated stellar parameter determination has become commonplace. Nevertheless, spectral classification still offers a quick and useful alternative for obtaining parameter estimates for large samples of spectra of varying quality. Aims. We present a new atlas of stellar spectra covering the B-type range, with the intention of providing detailed classification criteria valid for modern spectra and improving the grid of reliable standards. This new grid will be used in future works to provide classification criteria beyond the classical classification range and addressing, in particular, the use of Gaia/RVS spectra. Methods. We analysed historical standards by means of multiple high-resolution spectra, marking out problematic cases and complementing the grid with a new set of reliable comparators. We then elaborated on a new set of classification criteria based on high-quality R = 4000 spectra. Results. Our new classification grid is much thicker than any previous set of standards, presenting a high degree of self-consistency. Although it is based entirely on morphological criteria, the grid demonstrates a much better correlation with different physical parameters. Conclusions. The new grid can be used to study classification criteria in other spectral ranges, providing a valuable tool for the study of B-type stars that covers a very wide range of temperatures, luminosities, and stellar masses. The very process of classification also offers valuable insights into stellar evolution.

Detection and Interpretation of Clonal Hematopoiesis Variants during Routine Solid Tumor Next-Generation Sequencing: A Single-Institution Experience

Clonal hematopoiesis (CH) and Clonal Cytopenia of Undetermined Significance (CCUS) are recently recognized diagnostic entities that serve as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and myeloid malignancy. CH is an incidental finding and evaluation of the incidence of CH/CCUS associated mutations in solid tumor Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) samples was undertaken to better understand the prevalence of mutations in this population. A retrospective review of clinical sequencing data for solid tumor malignancies diagnosed February 2022-April 2023 on NGS data was performed. Cases were reviewed for variants in genes associated with CH/CCUS. Variant allele frequencies and other factors of the sequencing data were assessed for determining risk of CH/CCUS. 2,479 cases were evaluated during the study period. Of these, 29 cases demonstrated potential CH/CCUS associated mutations with a total of 33 variants identified. These were identified in a variety of tumor types, with gliomas being the most common. Significant cardiac histories were found in over half of cases identified and few cases had abnormal blood counts. Detailed criteria for flagging variants as suspicious for CH and recommend these criteria as future guidelines for reporting are described. These variants are incidental findings which require more extensive follow up or change in therapy management utilizing a single institutional cohort.

경찰 효과성 측정 및 타당성 연구

The purpose of this study is to identify and validate how police effectiveness, one of the key variables in procedural justice theory, is measured. Police effectiveness is an instrumental measure of whether the police are successful in deterring and solving crime, and some research suggests that the more positively citizens perceive police effectiveness, the more willing they are to cooperate with the police. However, unlike procedural fairness and police legitimacy, the effect of police effectiveness on the dependent variable, police cooperation, is not consistent. For this purpose, we reviewed domestic and foreign studies centered on the police effectiveness variable, and revised and modified the items used in Sunshine & Tyler(2003)'s study to verify their validity. The results of a survey of 539 adult men and women living in Seoul with Korean nationality from October to November 2022 were used in the study, and validity was verified through reliability analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis. The results of the analysis showed that the eight items used in the study are appropriate tools for measuring police effectiveness. This study is significant in that it validated the validity of a police effectiveness measurement tool, presented a unified standardized questionnaire in Korea, and explored the possibility of its utilization. On the other hand, since the performance of police activities as perceived by citizens is likely to differ by the field of police activities, this study suggests that it is necessary to prepare detailed criteria to appropriately measure it, as well as to conduct future studies such as repeated validation and further development of items with high validity and reliability.

Criteria for evaluation of modern architecture in Bosnia and Herzegovina to support its preservation

PurposeAs detailed criteria for evaluation of modern architecture do not yet exist in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H), the aim of this paper is to assist in their development by providing an analysis of the scope of those criteria in the related international documents. The research objective is to identify what values of modern architecture were historically and are currently considered significant to merit its preservation.Design/methodology/approachThe research methods include a review of relevant literature, collecting data from the B&H and international organisations criteria for evaluation of architectural heritage; a comparative analysis of the collected data to propose criteria for evaluation of modern architecture in B&H that are aligned with the evaluation criteria of UNESCO’s World Heritage List and with Docomomo’s criteria.FindingsThe above comparative analysis showed that such criteria could be developed by selecting relevant criteria from a long list of criteria for evaluation of built heritage in B&H, which currently do not consider architecture built after 1960.Practical implicationsThe proposed evaluation criteria will be tested on different typologies of modern architecture in B&H to enable wider discussion of stakeholders and relevant agencies on their applicability.Social implicationsThe proposed evaluation criteria will contribute to the promotion of architectural heritage of the 20th century in B&H.Originality/valueThere has been no previous research on how to develop criteria for evaluation of architectural heritage of the 20th century in B&H.

Multiple myeloma clinical trials exclude patients with the highest-risk disease: a systematic review of trial exclusion criteria.

Patients with certain subsets of multiple myeloma continue to have poor outcomes and are in need of novel treatment approaches. Strict eligibility criteria for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) limit access to clinical trials and limit the external validity of trial results for these patients. We systematically reviewed RCTs in newly diagnosed myeloma from 2006 to 2023 to ascertain the prevalence of 12 key exclusion criteria and trends over time. 80 RCTs were included. Exclusion criteria included: age in 43 (51%) trials; projected life expectancy in 20 (24%); performance status in 74 (87%); non-secretory and/or oligosecretory disease in 47 (55%), hepatic function in 64 (79%), renal function in 63 (74%), hematological thresholds in 50 (59%), prior malignancy in 68 (80%), and neuropathy in 50 (59%). For 53 trials which had detailed exclusion criteria available, plasma cell leukemia was excluded in 21 (40%), extramedullary disease in 5 (9%) and CNS disease in 13 (25%). The percentage of studies invoking each of these exclusion criteria did not significantly improve over time on univariate regression analysis, and exclusion criteria relating to neuropathy have worsened. The restrictive eligibility criteria of most myeloma RCTs perpetuate a cycle where limited data exists to treat challenging myeloma subtypes.

Performance of a Large‐Language Model in scoring construction management capstone design projects

AbstractGrading is one of the most relevant hurdles for instructors, diverting instructor's focus on the development of engaging learning activities, class preparation, and attending to students' questions. Institutions and instructors are continuously looking for alternatives to reduce educators' time required on grading, frequently, resulting in hiring teaching assistants whose inexperience and frequent rotation can lead to inconsistent and subjective evaluations. Large Language Models (LLMs) like GPT‐4 may alleviate grading challenges; however, research in this field is limited when dealing with assignments requiring specialized knowledge, complex critical thinking, subjective, and creative. This research investigates whether GPT‐4's scores correlate with human grading in a construction capstone project and how the use of criteria and rubrics in GPT influences this correlation. Projects were graded by two human graders and three training configurations in GPT‐4: no detailed criteria, paraphrased criteria, and explicit rubrics. Each configuration was tested through 10 iterations to evaluate GPT consistency. Results challenge GPT‐4's potential to grade argumentative assignments. GPT‐4's score correlates slightly better (although poor overall) with human evaluations when no additional information is provided, underscoring the poor impact of the specificity of training materials for GPT scoring in this type of assignment. Despite the LLMs' promises, their limitations include variability in consistency and reliance on statistical pattern analysis, which can lead to misleading evaluations along with privacy concerns when handling sensitive student data. Educators must carefully design grading guidelines to harness the full potential of LLMs in academic assessments, balancing AI's efficiency with the need for nuanced human judgment.

Research on classified prediction algorithm of platform customer value based on "tree" concept

The concept of "trees," representing decision trees, random forests, and XGBoost algorithms, has gained increasing attention in the field of classification prediction in recent years. These tree-based machine learning algorithms have been widely applied in the e-commerce sector. This paper discusses the decision tree, random forest, and XGBoost algorithms individually, and extracts useful classification rules from large volumes of online customer data to provide intelligent decision support for computer network customer management. The study finds that algorithms related to the "tree" concept can integrate a customers current value (such as purchasing behavior) with potential value (such as customer interest inferred from online reviews) through detailed classification criteria, thereby constructing a customer value measurement model. The evolution from decision trees to random forest and XGBoost algorithms has effectively promoted research on customer value hierarchy prediction, improving the efficiency of data mining in computer networks.

The Determination of Criticality for Ice Shapes Based on CCAR-25

Determining the criticality of ice shapes is a necessary condition for verifying compliance with icing airworthiness regulations. However, the clear, concise, and applicable criterion based on the geometric characteristics of ice shapes has not been clearly given out by current advisory circulars. To address this problem, this paper summarizes aerodynamic performance items and recommended ice shapes the latest version of CCAR-25 and corresponding advisory circulars for a variety of flight phases, including takeoff, holding, en route, DTO, etc., instead of the single phase of holding in the previous research. Based on the geometric classification of the ice shapes, the dominant parameters of various ice shapes are clarified by the correlation between the geometric parameters and aerodynamic effects. The geometric parameters to determine the criticality of specific ice shapes are defined as the roughness height and range for the roughness ice and the total projection height in the direction of lift for the horn ice. On this basis, the detailed determination criterion of critical ice shape geometries corresponding to different flight phases and aircraft components is formulated, which will provide an operational selection methodology for determining the geometries of critical ice shapes at the airworthiness certification stage.

Digital nomads: a systematic literature review and future research agenda

Purpose This study aims to address the need for robust conceptual foundations in the digital nomadism discourse through a systematic literature review (SLR). It delves into digital nomadism within sustainable tourism, providing valuable insights to foster community development. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a rigorous eight-step process that combines an SLR and a system dynamics approach. In the SLR phase, the authors use the theory, context, characteristics and methodology framework to identify key variables for a dynamic model of sustainable tourism through digital nomadism, following detailed search and selection criteria based on PRISMA guidelines. The second phase uses causal loop diagrams (CLDs) from the literature review to visualize relationships and inform future research directions. The CLD model is validated through literature-based and stakeholder interaction processes, focusing on the social, economic and environmental dimensions, resulting in the development of a robust conceptual model. Findings This study identified 28 theories, including agency–structure theory, travel career ladder theory, stakeholder theory and grounded theory, among others. Semi-structured interviews were the primary research method. Major themes explored encompass community interactions, work lifestyles, cultural aspects, financial considerations, infrastructure and policy. The proposed conceptual model aims to scrutinize relationships across economic, environmental and social dimensions, providing a foundation for investigating and promoting sustainable tourism. Research limitations/implications Policy implications involve refining taxation policies to maintain tax bases, promoting collaborative economic models and enforcing environmental regulations. Additionally, integrating community planning infrastructure and implementing demographic strategies to manage potential population shifts are crucial. Policies supporting education, skill transfer, health and well-being initiatives contribute significantly to fostering sustainable tourism practices and enhancing community vitality. Originality/value To the best of authors’ knowledge, this study is the first in the digital nomadism space to propose a conceptual model for sustainable tourism adoption.

A new fire damage index to assess the vulnerability of immovable cultural heritage

The recurrent occurrence of devastating fires in cultural heritage constructions highlights the need for more studies focusing on the assessment of their fire vulnerability to support the development of adequate mitigation measures. To address the limitations of existing methods, this article introduces the Potential Fire Damage Index (PFDI) as a new approach. The PFDI is an indicator-based method that integrates twenty-one Fire Vulnerability Indicators (FVIs) into four categories with varying weights. The method is applicable to various types of heritage constructions and independent of national fire safety codes, which makes it a versatile tool for assessing fire vulnerability and estimating potential damage that can impact the cultural values of these structures. The article emphasizes the significance of the PFDI for preliminary identification of critical points in heritage constructions requiring vulnerability reduction measures, paving the way for subsequent more rigorous fire safety engineering analyses. The detailed criteria for assessing the FVIs are presented, and a case study illustrates the PFDI's applicability. The case study analyses a historic church in Portugal and evaluates its current conditions, as well as the impact of implementing certain measures to reduce fire vulnerability. To evaluate the robustness of the PFDI, its results were also compared with those of a well-established method in the literature.

Numerical simulation of fabric cold pad-batch winding and quality assessment of fabric in roll

Proper fabric winding quality is crucial for achieving desired finishing effects in cold pad-batch dyeing. In this work, a detailed 3D finite element model and assessment criteria were established to analyze the influences of winding pattern, pick-up, and tension function on fabric winding quality, revealed the complex relationship between winding process and fabric roll shape. Material viscoelasticity’s time-dependent effects on stress distribution were considered. Results show that employing a following roller effectively suppresses tangential creases and axial streaks but increases seam imprints and reduces fabric roundness. Increasing pick-up improves winding quality by reducing creases, streaks, and compression deformations. However, it also elevates internal radial stress, hindering control over seam imprints. Winding with variable tension, conicity coefficient α and power index i have significant impacts on coiling quality. In addition, increasing α or decreasing i effectively enhances winding quality, with the power function performing better in tension adjustment and overall winding quality.

Axial Disease in Psoriatic Arthritis: A Challenging Domain in Clinical Practice.

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting about one-third of individuals with psoriasis. Defining axial involvement in PsA (axPsA) remains debated. While rheumatologists guide clinical practice, consensus on axPsA is still lacking. This paper explores historical and upcoming definitions from the Axial Involvement in Psoriatic Arthritis (AXIS) study, which aims to establish a validated axPsA definition. Epidemiological data reveal diverse axPsA prevalence rates, emphasizing its complex relationship with peripheral arthritis and enthesitis. Unique genetic, clinical, and radiological features differentiate axPsA from ankylosing spondylitis (AS), necessitating refined classification criteria. The recommendations from the Assessment of Spondylarthritis international Society (ASAS) provide valuable guidance due to the limited direct evidence. Emerging therapies, including interleukin-23 (IL-23) inhibitors or Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, are under investigation for axPsA. Currently, secukinumab, an interleukin-17 (IL-17) inhibitor, is an evidence-based option for axPsA management. However, given the variability in individual patient responses and disease manifestations, personalized, evidence-based treatment approaches remain essential for optimizing patient outcomes. In the final section, two real-life cases illustrate the challenges in managing axPsA, emphasizing the importance of tailored therapies. Achieving precision in defining axPsA remains a formidable task, making detailed criteria essential for effective strategies and improving patient outcomes.

An integrated framework for waterfront development to recognize nature-based solutions (NBS) in urban areas: evaluating the condition of two projects in Bangladesh

ABSTRACT Nature-based solutions (NBS) often suggest improving the degraded urban environment through the implementation of projects for revitalizing water bodies and adjacent areas. Among various concepts of developing waterfront urban spaces, ‘water sensitive urban design (WSUD)’ asks for integrated design and management of urban water resources and water cycle, following a holistic approach. This research proposes a framework that assimilates the components of WSUD with the concept of ‘integrated urban water management (IUWM)’ that mainly focuses on governance, management, and stakeholders' engagement. This integrated approach emphasizes the need for developing a holistic framework for the management of planning and design of waterfront development projects. The framework includes detailed criteria for water sensitive approach and acts as a holistic checklist for evaluating or designing waterfront development projects. Such comprehensive guidelines that includes planning, governance, and design challenges are rare in the current body of literature. To test the framework, the research conducts a comparative study among two waterfront projects in Bangladesh and through a scored evaluation based on the proposed framework, reveals the lack of water sensitive planning, design and management processes of the projects, which has narrowed down the scope and the opportunities of practicing NBS through reviving lost urban waterbodies.

Self-rotation-eversion of an anisotropic-friction-surface torus

Recent experiments have revealed a new end-to-end ribbon spiral structure capable of demonstrating two interconnected periodic zero-energy-mode self-rotation-eversion in reaction to constant temperature or constant light sources, yet its fabrication is challenging due to its intricate nature. Differently, this paper develops a light-fueled self-rotating and everting liquid crystal elastomer torus on an isotropic frictional plane, by imparting anisotropic frictional properties to the surface of the torus. Based on a mature dynamic liquid crystal elastomer model, we constructed the theoretical model of the torus system. The torus is capable of absorbing the illumination energy to counteract damping dissipation and produce zero-energy-mode self-eversion-rotation. Theoretical findings demonstrate that the angular velocity of self-eversion is influenced by light intensity, light penetration depth, gravitational acceleration and anisotropic friction surface. Moreover, there is a proportional relationship between the self-rotation and self-eversion angular velocities, which is determined by the anisotropic frictional surface. The detailed criterion for the self-rotation direction is also established. Theoretical findings exhibit several similar phenomena to experimental observations. This paper proposes a new simple strategy that utilizes anisotropic friction surface to control self-eversion-rotation, which has guiding significance for the application of soft robots, active devices, and energy harvesters.

Development of Automatic Balancing Application forFashion Company Using Artificial Intelligence

Industrial companies aim to minimise production costs and improve product quality by analysing work organisation levels. Workshop scheduling and line balancing are essential in realising production plans, particularly in the fashion industry. Balancing systems must optimise precise criteria while sticking to constraints. Preserving balance needs precise parameters that align theoretical and practical production results. Manual methods overlook the balancing process, where managers rely on experience to prove balance and adjust parameters as needed. This article presents a creative automatic balancing application for fashion companies, leveraging artificial intelligence’s (AI) power. It focuses on utilising ant colony algorithms for optimal balancing. The results show the significance of these algorithms in attaining optimal balancing in production systems. The article highlights outstanding balancing results achieved through this approach, providing alignment with detailed criteria and constraints. The algorithm reliably distributes tasks among operators, improving overall productivity. Therefore, ant colony algorithms are perfect for manufacturers pursuing cost reduction, improved product quality and facilitated production processes. This article introduces an AI-based automatic balancing application for fashion companies. The ant colony algorithms achieve optimal balancing, improve inventory management and enhance productivity.

Establishing Criteria for Tumor Necrosis as Prognostic Indicator in Colorectal Cancer.

Tumor necrosis has been reported to represent an independent prognostic factor in colorectal cancer, but its evaluation methods have not been described in sufficient detail to introduce tumor necrosis evaluation into clinical use. To study the potential of tumor necrosis as a prognostic indicator in colorectal cancer, criteria for 3 methods for its evaluation were defined: the average percentage method (tumor necrosis percentage of the whole tumor), the hotspot method (tumor necrosis percentage in a single hotspot), and the linear method (the diameter of the single largest necrotic focus). Cox regression models were used to calculate cancer-specific mortality hazard ratios (HRs) for tumor necrosis categories in 2 colorectal cancer cohorts with more than 1800 cases. For reproducibility assessment, 30 cases were evaluated by 9 investigators, and Spearman's rank correlation coefficients and Cohen's kappa coefficients were calculated. We found that all 3 methods predicted colorectal cancer-specific survival independent of other prognostic parameters, including disease stage, lymphovascular invasion, and tumor budding. The greatest multivariable HRs were observed for the average percentage method (cohort 1: HR for ≥ 40% vs. <3% 3.03, 95% CI, 1.93-4.78; cohort 2: HR for ≥ 40% vs. < 3% 2.97; 95% CI, 1.63-5.40). All 3 methods had high reproducibility, with the linear method showing the highest mean Spearman's correlation coefficient (0.91) and Cohen's kappa (0.70). In conclusion, detailed criteria for tumor necrosis evaluation were established. All 3 methods showed good reproducibility and predictive ability. The findings pave the way for the use of tumor necrosis as a prognostic factor in colorectal cancer.

Pioneering Online Assessment Solutions: Empirical Experiences from Educational Practitioners

The emergence of E-learning has shaped the university's new pedagogical, environment to guarantee business continuity in worse pandemics. Assessment is an end process of learning however, measuring it to globally accepted standards is still a nightmare in universities. It is not clear whether the assessment spells out the tasks posed to learners? illustrate an observable demonstration of the learners’ ability? or have a detailed scoring criterion? no wonder stake holders still doubt assessment online. The research examined qualitative literature regarding the innovative strategies for online educational assessment sustainable and scalable. To gather empirical qualitative data on this subject, a systematic review of literature was undertaken. The study responded to one major research question. “What are the experiences of educational practitioners reported in empirical qualitative research studies pertaining innovative strategies for online educational assessment?” We conducted a qualitative review of the scientific literature published between 2010 and 2022 using the PRISMA framework, thematic analysis was employed to generate themes and patterns. Education databases, like ERIC were used for the article search. Search phrases utilized for this systematic review included “Strategies for online assessment” and “Assessment of E-learning.” 16 articles were included in the analysis for this study. findings point to the Asynchronous Online Discussion, E-portfolios, Distance Project based assessment, Online proctored Exams, Online non-proctored exams as sustainable strategies. The study demonstrates a potential solution to online assessment in universities and restores confidence among educational partners and funders.