Criteria For Major Depression Research Articles

Depression in Taiwanese patients with Alzheimer's disease determined by the National Institutes of Mental Health Provisional Criteria

Depression is a common behavioral and psychological symptom of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aims of the present study were to determine the rate of depression in Taiwanese patients with AD using the National Institutes of Mental Health Provisional Criteria for Depression in AD (NIMH-dAD criteria) and to investigate the association of depression with other behavioral and psychological symptoms. A consecutive series of 302 AD patients registered in a dementia clinic were investigated in this study. All patients met the criteria of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association for probable AD. The rates of depression were determined according to the criteria of the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders for major depression (DSM-IV), the International Classification of Diseases-9-Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) for neurotic depression, the depression subscale of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), and the NIMH-dAD criteria. Depression severity was assessed using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. The rates of depression determined by the NIMH-dAD criteria were compared with the rates derived from each of the other instruments. Other behavioral and psychological symptoms were assessed using NPI. A behavioral neurologist or a geriatric psychiatrist interviewed all the patients. Using the NIMH-dAD criteria, it was found that 90 (29.8%) of the AD patients had depression, and all depressive symptoms in NIMH-dAD were significantly higher among depressed patients. Among other depression instruments, the frequency of depression was lowest using the DSM-IV major depression criteria (9.3%) and highest with the NPI depression subscale (54%). Behavioral and psychological symptoms determined with NPI were significantly higher among depressed patients in all domains except euphoria. This is the first study of depression in Taiwanese patients with AD using the NIMH-dAD criteria. Our findings suggest that comorbid depression is high in Taiwanese patients with AD. It is clinically important to note the high frequency of most behavioral and psychological symptoms among depressed AD patients.

The effects of child abuse and neglect on cognitive functioning in adulthood

AimsRecent research has revealed that early life trauma (ELS), including abuse (sexual and/or physical) and neglect, produce lasting changes in the CNS. We posited that cognitive deficits, often observed in psychiatric patients, result, in part, due to the neurobiological consequences of ELS. Additionally, we hypothesized that the nature and magnitude of cognitive deficits would differ according to the subtype of ELS experienced. MethodThe Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) was used to assess neurocognitive functioning in 93 subjects (60 with ELS and 33 without). In the patients with a history of ELS, 35% and 16.7%, respectively, met criteria for current major depression and PTSD. ResultsSignificant associations between ELS status and CANTAB measures of memory and executive and emotional functioning were found. ConclusionsThese data suggest that exposure to ELS results in a cascade of neurobiological changes associated with cognitive deficits in adulthood that vary according to the type of trauma experienced.

Depression and Severe Heart Failure: Benefits of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy

The relationship between depression and heart failure is neither coincidental nor trivial, since depression is a powerful predictor of re-hospitalization and mortality. We prospectively studied the prevalence and impact of depression on the clinical outcomes of patients attending for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). We specifically examined whether patients with depression have a different rate of response to CRT and whether CRT has an effect on depressive symptoms. Sixty-eight recipients of CRT systems were included. The depressive status was evaluated before implant and after 6 months by a structured diagnostic interview measuring Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) criteria of major depression and by a self-report questionnaire (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, CES-D). The CRT response was assessed at 6 months by a clinical composite score. At inclusion, DSM-IV criteria of major depression were identified in 41% of the population, while using the self-report questionnaire 65% were observed to have mild to major depressive symptoms (CES-D ≥ 16). Only 4 patients were taking antidepressants. At 6 months, 75% were considered responders to CRT. Response to CRT did not differ between those with and without depression at baseline. The rate of patients with depression at 6 months was significantly lower in responders to CRT compared with nonresponders. We found a high prevalence of depressive symptoms in patients receiving CRT systems. Patients with depression should not be excluded from CRT, because they demonstrate a similar rate of response than the persons without depression and the responders are less likely to be depressed at 6 months.

Prognostic factors, course, and outcome of depression among older primary care patients: The PROSPECT study

Objectives: We sought to examine whether there are patterns of evolving depression symptoms among older primary care patients that are related to prognostic factors and long-term clinical outcomes. Method: Primary care practices were randomly assigned to Usual Care or to an intervention consisting of a depression care manager offering algorithm-based depression care. In all, 599 adults 60 years and older meeting criteria for major depression or clinically significant minor depression were randomly selected. Longitudinal analysis via growth curve mixture modeling was carried out to classify patients according to the patterns of depression symptoms across 12 months. Depression diagnosis determined after a structured interview at 24 months was the long-term clinical outcome. Results: Three patterns of change in depression symptoms over 12 months were identified: high persistent course (19.1% of the sample), high declining course (14.4% of the sample), and low declining course (66.5% of the sample). Being in the intervention condition was more likely to be associated with a course of high and declining depression symptoms than high and persistent depression symptoms (OR = 2.53, 95% CI [1.01, 6.37]). Patients with a course of high and persistent depression symptoms were much more likely to have a diagnosis of major depression at 24 months compared with patients with a course of low and declining depression symptoms (adjusted OR = 16.46, 95% CI [7.75, 34.95]). Conclusion: Identification of patients at particularly high risk of persistent depression symptoms and poor long-term clinical outcomes is important for the development and delivery of interventions.

Depression Following Traumatic Brain Injury

It is important for clinicians to recognize major depression following traumatic brain injury (TBI) because of its association with poor global and psychosocial outcome, postconcussive symptoms and cognitive deficits. The purpose of this review is to provide an up-to-date selective review of the current understanding of epidemiology, risk factors and management of major depression following TBI. Many studies of prevalence of depression following TBI have not used accepted structured criteria for the diagnoses, but those that did found wide ranges of rates, from 17% to 61%. The risk factors for development of depression following TBI are poorly understood, but past psychiatric history, frontal lesions and atrophy, and family dysfunction have been shown in more than one study to play important roles. There are few controlled trials of the treatment of major depression in patients with TBI using accepted diagnostic criteria for major depression, as well as defined criteria for response and remission. As such, it is important for clinicians to use best practice guidelines for the treatment of major depression in the absence of TBI.

Vascular depression prevalence and epidemiology in the United States

ObjectiveTo examine and describe vascular depression epidemiology in the United States. MethodsCross-sectional data from a national probability sample of household resident adults (18-years and older; N = 16,423) living in the 48 coterminous United States were analyzed to calculate prevalence estimates of vascular depression, associated disability and treatment rates. In this study, vascular depression was defined as the presence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and CVD major risk factors (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and obesity) among adults 50-years and older who also met 12-month DSM-IV major depression criteria. ResultsWe estimated that about 3.4% or approximately 2.64 million American adults 50-years and older met our criteria for vascular depression. Among adults who met criteria for lifetime major depression, over one-in-five (22.1%) were considered to have the vascular depression subtype. Secondly, vascular depression was associated with significantly increased functional impairment relative to the non-depressed population and adults meeting criteria for major depression alone. Although depression care use was significantly higher among vascular depression respondents relative to those with major depression alone, practice guideline concordant therapy use was not. ConclusionsVascular depression appears to be an important public health problem that affects a large portion of the U.S. adult population with major depression, and that it is associated with excess functional impairment without concomitant better depression care.

P-775 - Changes of serum fatty acid composition in geriatric depression

Fatty acids (FA) - mainly polyunsaturated of omega 3 or omega 6 typus- may influence a wide range of psychic processes. In major depression, deficiencies of polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) have already been reported. Though the prevalence of depression in elderly persons ranges up to 18%, especially serum FA profiles of seniors have not yet been investigated. The present study aims to compare FA profiles of geriatric patients with depression and without clinical manifestation of neurodegenerative disorders on the one hand, and of mentally healthy elderly controls on the other hand. Serum FA compositions were determined in 37 mentally healthy individuals (13 men, 24 women; 68.08 ± 4.94 years old) and in 36 patients with geriatric depression (8 men, 28 women; 72.67 ± 6.48 years old). The Body-mass index (BMI) was calculated for all study participants. Geriatric depression was diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria for unipolar major depression (HAM depression score of patients was 18.13 ± 6.56). Geriatric depressive patients had lower total FAs (p < .01), mainly lower eicosapentaenoic acid (p < .01) but higher proportions of oleic acid (p < .01) in serum than control persons. BMI did not differ between both groups. In geriatric depression besides a lowering of total FAs, a decrease of eicosapentaenoic acid (omega 3) and an excess of oleic acid (monounsaturated) were detected. In further studies should be investigated, if these shifts observed in FA composition could be a useful instrument in distinguishing between geriatric depression and brain degenerative diseases.

P-935 - Augmentation of antidepressants with bright light therapyin patients with comorbid depression and borderline personality disorder

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is typically characterized by instability and impairmed behaviour, affectivity, interpersonal relations and lifestyle. The most common condition comorbid with BPD is a depressive episode. Depression is associated with severe disturbance of the circadian rhythms. This is apparent in depressive patients with BPD. Bright light may be an effective in treatment of seasonal affective disorder. Several studies have suggested antidepressant effects of phototherapy in non-seasonal depressive episodes. The treatment of comorbid depressive disorder and borderline personality disorder (BPD) is usually reported to be less successful than the treatment of patients without personality disorder. Studies describing the use of bright light in depressed patients with comorbid BPD have not been published so far. The aim of this open study was to assess the effectiveness of a 6-week combined therapy with the application of bright light (10,000 lux, 6:30 to 7:30 a.m. for 6 weeks) added to SSRIs in drug-resistant depressed patients with comorbid BPD who did not respond with improvement to 6-week administration of antidepressants. The study comprised 13 female patients who met the ICD-10 diagnostic criteria for research and the DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for major depression. The participants were regularly evaluated using the CGI, HAMD and MADRS scales and the BDI and BDI self-report inventories. According to all the assessment instruments, the application of bright white light leads to a significant improvement. However, the results must be interpreted with caution due to the open nature of the study. By IGA MZ CR NT 11047-4/2010

ECP03-02 - Mental health of european psychiatry trainees - results from the boss study

Psychiatrists of today are expected to be experts in prevention, diagnostics and treatments of mental illness; understand human genome and pharmacogentics, integrate it with psychotherapy and sociotherapy; and have great management and communication skills that would facilitate all previously listed. Crucial period to gain “superpowers” are residency training and early-career years. Even though choices made during this period can have long lasting consequences and strongly define ones professional pathway, majority of training programs worldwide does not include consultations or supervisions that would enable people to choose what best fits their personality and professional capacity. This can have significant implications on clinical performance and patient care, academic performance (in terms of research and publications), but also mental health and well being of residents are early career psychiatrists. The latter probably needs additional consideration since our study on this topic (The International Psychiatry Residents/Trainee Burnout Syndrome study) shows that European psychiatry residents suffer from moderate level of burnout syndrome, 5% meet criteria for major depression, 1% attempted suicide, while the number of those with serious suicidal ideation goes up to 20% in some countries. Our aim is to increase awareness of this issue and discuss prevention and treatment strategies.

The Vancouver At Home Study: Overview and Methods of a Housing First Trial Among Individuals Who are Homeless and Living with Mental Illness

Objectives: The Vancouver At Home (VAH) Study is part of a multi-site Canadian program of research that seeks policy relevant evidence surrounding service interventions for adults who are homeless and mentally ill. This paper provides an overview of the local VAH study design, including demographic and mental health characteristics of the baseline sample. Participants: Eligible participants included those aged 19 years or older, with a serious mental illness and who lacked a regular, fixed shelter or whose primary residence was a single room occupancy, rooming house, or hotel/motel. Participants were randomly assigned to a housing intervention or treatment as usual, based upon level of need. Setting: Individuals were recruited for participation through referrals from a wide variety of agencies throughout Vancouver. Intervention: Participants with high needs were randomized to Housing First with Assertive Community Treatment, Congregate Housing with on-site supports or treatment as usual. Participants with moderate needs were randomized to Housing First with Intensive Case Management or treatment as usual. Outcomes: A majority of individuals in the high needs group presented with psychotic disorder and substance dependence problems while a substantial minority met criteria for major depression. Among the moderate needs group, just over half of the sample met criteria for major depression and substance dependence with one-third of the group meeting criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder. Conclusion: The characteristics of the sample provide insight into the breadth and differential patterns of mental health problems facing homeless individuals and speak to the need for interventions that meet the broad service needs of this vulnerable population.

Depressive symptoms in Parkinson's disease

ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate the relationship between the presence and severity of depression and the degree of motor and functional disability in Parkinson's disease (PD). MethodsOne hundred twenty-two outpatients with PD were enrolled in a neurology department: 65 satisfied the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, Fourth Edition criteria for major depression, and 57 did not (PD-C). Depressive symptoms were assessed by means of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD), and the PD severity was assessed according to the Hoehn and Yahr System. Activities of daily living and motor symptoms were measured by the Unified PD Rating Scale (UPDRS), parts II and III. ResultsTwenty-nine patients had a mild depression (HRSD total score ranging between 8 and 17), 30 had a moderate depression (HRSD total score ranging between 18 and 24), and 6 had a severe depression (HRSD total score, ≥25). By comparing the 3 groups of patients, it emerged that those with a severe depression showed significantly higher scores at the UPDRS II, UPDRS III, and HY scales than did PD-C or patients with a mild depression. Moreover, patients with a moderate depression scored significantly higher on the UPDRS II, UPDRS III, and HY scales than did PD-C or those with a mild depression. ConclusionsOur findings suggest that depression and motor symptoms/well-being are highly intertwined in patients with PD.

Posttraumatic stress disorder and its comorbidity with depression and somatisation in the elderly – A German community-based study

Objectives: Even 60 years after World War II, the German elderly population is significantly more often affected by posttraumatic symptomatology compared to the younger cohorts. This study is addressing prevalence rates of posttraumatic symptomatology and its comorbidity with depression and somatisation. Methods: This study examines posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) according to DSM-IV, partial PTSD, depression and somatisation in a randomly selected sample of the German general population aged 60–85 years (N = 1.659) using self-rating instruments (Patient Health Questionnaire, PHQ; Post Traumatic Diagnostic Scale, PTDS). Results: One-month prevalence rate was 4.0% for DSM-IV PTSD; another 12.2% fulfilled the criteria of partial PTSD. A significant increase across the age groups was found for partial PTSD. 11.5% of the persons affected by posttraumatic symptomatology fulfil the criteria of a somatoform syndrome, 8.6% fulfil the criteria of major depression and 10.4% fulfil the criteria of other depressive syndromes according to the PHQ. A current posttraumatic symptomatology is associated with increased prevalence rates of somatoform and depressive disorders. Moreover, traumatic experiences without a current PTSD are associated with increased rates of somatoform disorders. Conclusion: Posttraumatic symptomatology is a common phenomenon in the German elderly population. Especially, subsyndromal disorders are very common and increasing across the age groups. Posttraumatic symptomatology is associated with an increased risk of depressive and somatoform disorders. As posttraumatic symptoms are often neglected in geriatric health care, future effort should address the recognition and treatment of posttraumatic symptoms in elderly patients.

Differential Age and Sex Effects in the Assessment of Major Depression: A Population-Based Twin Item Analysis of the DSM Criteria

A twin item factor analytic model was developed to test for the presence of noninvariant age, sex, and age by sex interaction effects on the individual DSM-III-R criteria for major depression (MD). Based on 1-year reports, six of the nine MD criteria and duration requirement were found to have covariate factor loading and/or threshold effects that significantly deviated from their corresponding factor level expectations. A significant age effect was found for the binary duration variable factor loading. The 'loss of interest', 'weight problems' and 'psychomotor problems' criteria all displayed forms of threshold only effects. 'Depressed mood', 'fatigue', and 'feeling worthless' had more complex patterns that included both factor loading and threshold effects. A significant factor age by sex interaction effect indicating an increasing female mean difference with age was found to be largely associated with the presence of differential threshold covariate effects. Disagreement between estimated factor scores and DSM-derived affected vs. unaffected classification was approximately 1.3%. Status on the duration requirement was found to be the one feature common to all discrepancies. The MD criteria set provided maximum information for calibrating MD factor scores in the scale region where discrepancies occurred. The dimensional modeling results are discussed in the broader context of epidemiological research and clinical assessment of major depression.

Internet-Based Treatment of Depression: A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Guided with Unguided Self-Help

Internet-delivered self-help for depression with therapist guidance has shown efficacy in several trials. Results from meta-analyses suggest that guidance is important and that self-help programs without support are less effective. However, there are no direct experimental comparisons between guided and unguided internet-based treatments for depression. The present study compared the benefits of a 10-week web-based unguided self-help treatment with the same intervention complemented with weekly therapist support via e-mail. A waiting-list control group was also included. Seventy-six individuals meeting the diagnostic criteria of major depression or dysthymia were randomly assigned to one of the three conditions. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) was used as the primary outcome measure. Secondary outcomes included general psychopathology, interpersonal problems, and quality of life. Sixty-nine participants (91%) completed the assessment at posttreatment and 59 (78%) at 6-month follow-up. Results showed significant symptom reductions in both treatment groups compared to the waiting-list control group. At posttreatment, between-group effect sizes on the BDI-II were d = .66 for unguided self-help versus waiting-list and d = 1.14 for guided self-help versus waiting-list controls. In the comparison of the two active treatments, small-to-moderate, but not statistically significant effects in favor of the guided condition were found on all measured dimensions. In both groups, treatment gains were maintained at 6-month follow-up. The findings provide evidence that internet-delivered treatments for depression can be effective whether support is added or not. However, all participants were interviewed in a structured diagnostic telephone interview before inclusion, which prohibits conclusions regarding unguided treatments that are without any human contact.

Guided self-help concreteness training as an intervention for major depression in primary care: a Phase II randomized controlled trial

BackgroundThe development of widely accessible, effective psychological interventions for depression is a priority. This randomized trial provides the first controlled data on an innovative cognitive bias modification (CBM) training guided self-help intervention for depression.MethodOne hundred and twenty-one consecutively recruited participants meeting criteria for current major depression were randomly allocated to treatment as usual (TAU) or to TAU plus concreteness training (CNT) guided self-help or to TAU plus relaxation training (RT) guided self-help. CNT involved repeated practice at mental exercises designed to switch patients from an unhelpful abstract thinking habit to a helpful concrete thinking habit, thereby targeting depressogenic cognitive processes (rumination, overgeneralization).ResultsThe addition of CNT to TAU significantly improved depressive symptoms at post-treatment [mean difference on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) 4.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.29–7.26], 3- and 6-month follow-ups, and for rumination and overgeneralization post-treatment. There was no difference in the reduction of symptoms between CNT and RT (mean difference on the HAMD 1.98, 95% CI −1.14 to 5.11), although CNT significantly reduced rumination and overgeneralization relative to RT post-treatment, suggesting a specific benefit on these cognitive processes.ConclusionsThis study provides preliminary evidence that CNT guided self-help may be a useful addition to TAU in treating major depression in primary care, although the effect was not significantly different from an existing active treatment (RT) matched for structural and common factors. Because of its relative brevity and distinct format, it may have value as an additional innovative approach to increase the accessibility of treatment choices for depression.

Estimating the economic benefits of eliminating job strain as a risk factor for depression

ObjectivesBuilding on previously-published population-attributable risk estimates of job strain-attributable (past year) depression of 13.2% for men and 17.2% for women, this study quantified the potential financial benefits of eliminating job...

Gambling, disordered gambling and their association with major depression and substance use: a web-based cohort and twin-sibling study

Relatively little is known about the environmental and genetic contributions to gambling frequency and disordered gambling (DG), the full continuum of gambling-related problems that includes pathological gambling (PG). A web-based sample (n=43,799 including both members of 609 twin and 303 sibling pairs) completed assessments of number of lifetime gambling episodes, DSM-IV criteria for PG, alcohol, nicotine and caffeine intake, and nicotine dependence (ND) and DSM-III-R criteria for lifetime major depression (MD). Twin modeling was performed using Mx. In the entire cohort, symptoms of DG indexed a single dimension of liability. Symptoms of DG were weakly related to caffeine intake and moderately related to MD, consumption of cigarettes and alcohol, and ND. In twin and sibling pairs, familial resemblance for number of times gambled resulted from both familial-environmental (c²=42%) and genetic factors (a²=32%). For symptoms of DG, resemblance resulted solely from genetic factors (a²=83%). Bivariate analyses indicated a low genetic correlation between symptoms of DG and MD (r(a)=+0.14) whereas genetic correlations with DG symptoms were substantially higher with use of alcohol, caffeine and nicotine, and ND (ranging from +0.29 to +0.80). The results were invariant across genders. Whereas gambling participation is determined by shared environmental and genetic factors, DG constitutes a single latent dimension that is largely genetically determined and more closely related to externalizing than internalizing behaviors. Because these findings are invariant across genders, they suggest that the etiological factors of DG are likely to be similar in men and women.

Is It Medication-Induced Psychosis or Prodromal Psychosis Unmasked by Medication?

Is It Medication-Induced Psychosis or Prodromal Psychosis Unmasked by Medication?

Telephone-Based Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Latino Patients Living in Rural Areas: A Randomized Pilot Study

Objective: This pilot study tested the effectiveness of culturally tailored, telephone-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for improving depression outcomes among Latino primary care patients living in rural settings. Methods: A total of 101 Latino patients at a rural family medical center who met criteria for probable major depression were randomly assigned to enhanced usual care or eight sessions of CBT delivered by phone by trained bilingual therapists from the community. Blinded study assistants assessed depression symptom severity, using the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (SCL) depression items and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and patient satisfaction after six weeks, three months, and six months. Mixed-effects models were used to estimate intervention effects over time. For cross-sectional analyses, attrition weights were used to account for missing data. Results: In intent-to-treat analyses, patients who received CBT by phone were more likely to experience improvement in depression scores over the six-month follow-up period compared with patients who received enhanced usual care (β=−.41, t=−2.36, df=219, p=.018, for the SCL; and β=−3.51, t=−2.49, df=221, p=.013, for the PHQ-9). A greater proportion of patients in the CBT group than in the group that received enhanced usual care achieved treatment response at three months (p=.017), as indicated by a 50% improvement in SCL depression score or a score <.75, and reported high satisfaction with treatment (p=.013). Conclusions: Although limited by small sample size, pilot results suggest culturally tailored, telephone-based CBT has the potential to enhance access to psychotherapy in an underserved Latino population with little access to mental health services. (Psychiatric Services 62:936–942, 2011)

Sleep disturbance in mild cognitive impairment: differential effects of current and remitted depression.

Naismith SL, Rogers NL, Lewis SJG, Diamond K, Terpening Z, Norrie L, Hickie IB. Sleep disturbance in mild cognitive impairment: differential effects of current and remitted depression.Objective:Although patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) commonly report sleep disturbance, the extent to which depressive symptoms contribute to this relationship is unclear. This study sought to delineate the contribution of current and remitted major depression (MD) to sleep disturbance in MCI.Methods:Seventy-seven patients meeting criteria for MCI (mean age = 66.6 ± 8.8 years) were grouped according to those withnohistory of depression (MCI,n= 33), those meeting criteria forcurrentMD [mild cognitive impairment and meeting criteria for current major depression (DEP-C),n= 14] and those withremittedMD [mild cognitive impairment and remitted major depression (DEP-R),n= 30]. Additionally, 17 healthy controls (CON) participated. Sleep was patient-rated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and included assessment of sleep quality, duration, efficiency, disturbances, medications, sleep onset latency and daytime dysfunction. Depression severity was clinician-rated using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.Results:Overall sleep disturbance was significantly greater in the DEP-C and DEP-R groups in comparison to the CON and MCI groups (p&lt; 0.001). Only 12% of CON reported sleep disturbance, compared to 30% of MCI, 63% of DEP-R and 86% of DEP-C. Sub-scale analysis showed that the sleep disturbance in depressive groups was most evident across the domains of sleep quality, sleep efficiency, sleep latency and daytime dysfunction.Conclusion:Sleep disturbance in MCI is strongly associated with a current or past diagnosis of MD. The finding that sleep complaints are still prominent in those with remitted depression, suggests that ‘trait' markers exist that may reflect underlying neurobiological changes within the sleep–wake system.