Compensation Criteria Research Articles

Quantitative health impact assessment of construction noise exposure on the nearby region for noise barrier optimization

As construction noise has become one of the most harmful pollutants for nearby residents, it is essential to quantify the health impacts of noise exposure to reduce them and reduce the number of resident disputes. Accordingly, this study aims to propose a method to assess the quantitative health impact of construction noise exposure on nearby residents and optimize noise barriers based on this health impact. To this end, the health impact of construction noise exposure on nearby residents was quantified as a health damage cost by estimating the environmental burden of disease (EBD) and its economic value based on noise simulations. The results show that the estimated health damage cost reflects the health impact of construction noise exposure on nearby residents within a feasible range of compensation costs compared with the existing compensation criteria. In addition, the optimal noise barrier heights reduce the health damage cost on a nearby region by 8.8% (USD 7213), and the barrier installation cost is also reduced by 0.7% (USD 1409). The proposed method can help the general contractor establish a noise mitigation plan to reduce the health impact of construction noise exposure on nearby residents as well as to prevent additional expenses for disputes or compensations. Furthermore, it can help the government reduce the social cost of solving disputes related to construction noise by providing a quantitative metric for compensation criteria based on the health impact of construction noise exposure.

Adopting Criteria for Determining the Value of Compensation for Workers in the Construction Sector in Iraq As a Result of Work Accidents

Safety programs are a humanitarian message developed by government bodies to protect the human race from various accidents and injuries as well as protecting all property from machinery, equipment and various materials. Despite the interest of the countries of the world and especially the developed countries in the subject of occupational health and safety, this topic did not receive the attention required by the higher departments in most of our construction sites. This research aims to adopt criteria to determine the value of compensation of workers in the construction sector in Iraq as a result of work accidents. In this research several means were used to verify the value of compensation for workers in the construction sector in Iraq, such as using the questionnaire as a means of determining compensation criteria for injuries resulting from work accidents. The sample of the research was selected from engineers with experience in implementing construction projects and employees working in other specialties such as (judiciary, law and health), Where (31) persons who are directly related to the subject of the research. Some statistical methods (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, relative importance, truthfulness test, and stability) were carried out, through which the data were processed, and the results were interpreted accordingly. The value of financial compensation was extracted for the injuries suffered by workers as a result of work accidents (Working days) and according to criteria extracted based on the results of the questionnaire, in order to prepare stable standards of compensation that can be relied upon at any time and place, and for all construction projects in all Iraqi provinces. This research concludes that the lack of a clear system for compensating work injuries in construction projects and the adoption of compensation for personal and several considerations (regional and tribal) and others.

Surface electronic structure, thermodynamic stability of Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3 (001) surfaces and their relevance to A-site cation ordering in bulk phases: A first-principles study

Surface electronic structure and energetics of (001) surfaces of relaxor ferroelectric Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3 (NBT) are explored theoretically within the framework of ab-initio density functional theory. In particular, polar and nonpolar surfaces of tetragonal NBT with bulk P4mm and P4bm symmetries are explored. For P4mm symmetry, (NaO)-, (BiO)+ and (TiO2)0 terminated surfaces and for P4bm symmetry, (Na1/2Bi1/2O)0 and (TiO2)0 -terminated surfaces are considered. The surface electronic structures for different terminations are found to differ with respect to bulk and with each other due to different polarity compensation mechanisms. In case of (BiO)+ and (NaO)- terminated surfaces, the Fermi level shifts slightly above the conduction band minimum (CBM) and below the valence band minimum (VBM) respectively. The resulting localized surface gap states near the VBM and CBM provides sufficient positive and negative charge required for compensation in agreement with the polarity compensation criteria. Furthermore, localized surface states are also formed at energies (~12 eV) deep in the gap below the VBM. The relative thermodynamic stability, reconstructions and relaxations of NBT surfaces may be expected to be correlated with the formation of these deep energy localized surface states. The magnitudes of surface relaxations are found to depend strongly on the nominal charges of the surfaces. The surface energies of polar NaO, BiO and nonpolar TiO2 terminations are found to be significantly larger than that of nonpolar Na1/2Bi1/2O termination. Thus the arrangement of nonpolar-nonpolar planes forming the sequence –Na1/2Bi1/2O–TiO2–Na1/2Bi1/2O–TiO2- may be expected to be more favourable than the sequence of polar-nonpolar planes -NaO-TiO2-BiO-TiO2-NaO-. This favourable arrangement of nonpolar planes may likely influence the degree of A-site cation ordering in Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3 which in turn may influence the degree of coexistence of R3C and CC phases of NBT at the room temperature.

A New and Faster Method to Assess Vestibular Compensation: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Characterize the state of vestibular compensation of subjects diagnosed with acute unilateral vestibulopathy (AUV) of peripheral origin according to the temporal organization pattern of the refixation saccades (Perez and Rey (PR) score). Retrospective cross-sectional study using previously collected clinical data from a tertiary referral center. Following the vestibular compensation criteria defined by Eisenman, we used the video head impulse test as the main vestibular function test and compared the results with other traditional tests: rotatory chair test (ROT), caloric test, videonystagmography, clinical situation (CLIN), and the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) questionnaire from 28 subjects (17 men, 11 women), average age 60.21 years, who were in a compensated and noncompensated vestibular situation. We used the PR score to measure the differences between the study groups. A cluster was developed to define a cutoff point that objectively distinguishes the vestibular compensation status. Significant differences in the PR score were found in the state of vestibular compensation in the ROT test (P = .01), DHI (P = .04), and CLIN (P = .023). The vestibular compensation criteria that groups the original variables (PR-CLUSTER) cutoff point was 55 (P = .019). The PR score is a measure of temporal organization of the refixation saccades that enables us to distinguish clearly and objectively the vestibular situation of subjects with AUV. We suggest its clinical application. NA Laryngoscope, 2020.

Human arm weight compensation in rehabilitation robotics: efficacy of three distinct methods

BackgroundArm weight compensation with rehabilitation robots for stroke patients has been successfully used to increase the active range of motion and reduce the effects of pathological muscle synergies. However, the differences in structure, performance, and control algorithms among the existing robotic platforms make it hard to effectively assess and compare human arm weight relief. In this paper, we introduce criteria for ideal arm weight compensation, and furthermore, we propose and analyze three distinct arm weight compensation methods (Average, Full, Equilibrium) in the arm rehabilitation exoskeleton ’ARMin’. The effect of the best performing method was validated in chronic stroke subjects to increase the active range of motion in three dimensional space.MethodsAll three methods are based on arm models that are generalizable for use in different robotic devices and allow individualized adaptation to the subject by model parameters. The first method Average uses anthropometric tables to determine subject-specific parameters. The parameters for the second method Full are estimated based on force sensor data in predefined resting poses. The third method Equilibrium estimates parameters by optimizing an equilibrium of force/torque equations in a predefined resting pose. The parameters for all three methods were first determined and optimized for temporal and spatial estimation sensitivity. Then, the three methods were compared in a randomized single-center study with respect to the remaining electromyography (EMG) activity of 31 healthy participants who performed five arm poses covering the full range of motion with the exoskeleton robot. The best method was chosen for feasibility tests with three stroke patients. In detail, the influence of arm weight compensation on the three dimensional workspace was assessed by measuring of the horizontal workspace at three different height levels in stroke patients.ResultsAll three arm weight compensation methods reduced the mean EMG activity of healthy subjects to at least 49% compared with the no compensation reference. The Equilibrium method outperformed the Average and the Full methods with a highly significant reduction in mean EMG activity by 19% and 28% respectively. However, upon direct comparison, each method has its own individual advantages such as in set-up time, cost, or required technology. The horizontal workspace assessment in poststroke patients with the Equilibrium method revealed potential workspace size-dependence of arm height, while weight compensation helped maximize the workspace as much as possible.ConclusionDifferent arm weight compensation methods were developed according to initially defined criteria. The methods were then analyzed with respect to their sensitivity and required technology. In general, weight compensation performance improved with the level of technology, but increased cost and calibration efforts. This study reports a systematic way to analyze the efficacy of different weight compensation methods using EMG. Additionally, the feasibility of the best method, Equilibrium, was shown by testing with three stroke patients. In this test, a height dependence of the workspace size also seemed to be present, which further highlights the importance of patient-specific weight compensation, particularly for training at different arm heights.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov,NCT02720341. Registered 25 March 2016

Criteria for diagnosis and attribution of an occupational musculoskeletal disease.

Background:Criteria for diagnosis and compensation of occupational musculoskeletal diseases varies widely between countries as demonstrated by the large differences between countries with comparable economics and social systems (for example, within the European Union). Several countries have a list of occupational diseases and sometimes these lists include diagnostic and attribution criteria, but these criteria are usually not very specific, and they may also be very different.Objectives:The aim of this paper is to explicitly define what are the information needed for an evidence-based diagnosis and attribution of an occupational musculoskeletal disease.Methods:Based on the general framework of evidence-based medicine, a review is presented of the information required to define: - when a musculoskeletal disease is present, according to the best available techniques; - how to define a relevant exposure to biomechanical risk factors, according to the best available techniques.Results:Criteria are presented to combine information regarding the diagnosis of a musculoskeletal disease and exposure to biomechanical risk factors for an evidence-based attribution of the disease to the occupational exposure. The criteria use a probabilistic model that combine epidemiologic and medical findings, workplace exposure assessment, and non-occupational factors evaluation.Discussion:The use of the proposed criteria may improve the process of diagnosis and attribution of an occupational musculoskeletal disease. In addition, it makes possible to associate a probability rank to the attribution and, ultimately, it may improve the overall quality of the decisional process of the occupational physician.

A Complex Algorithm for Solving a Kind of Stochastic Programming

Considering that the probability distribution of random variables in stochastic programming usually has incomplete information due to a perfect sample data in many real applications, this paper discusses a class of two-stage stochastic programming problems modeling with maximum minimum expectation compensation criterion (MaxEMin) under the probability distribution having linear partial information (LPI). In view of the nondifferentiability of this kind of stochastic programming modeling, an improved complex algorithm is designed and analyzed. This algorithm can effectively solve the nondifferentiable stochastic programming problem under LPI through the variable polyhedron iteration. The calculation and discussion of numerical examples show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Improvement on National Crisis and Emergency Management through a Core System: Lessons of the African Swine Fever Disaster

The purpose of this study is to seek the problem and improvement on the national crisis and emergency management system in Korea through the core system. Based on the lesson of the ASF disaster, this study analyzed the five major elements of the core system : value, institution, leadership, devotion, and expertise. This article suggests recommendations for improving the national crisis and emergency management in Korea as follows; (①value) promoting animal welfare certification policies to spread respect for life, following the method of killing with pre-trainingt, (②prevention) establishing a defense system with North Korea through international organizations, (③preparedness) unification of the crisis warning level in the manual and guidelines, and to raise the crisis warning level when ASF occurs in neighboring countries, (④response) promptly holding Animal Disease Control Council involving livestock farmers to seek expert advice and establish regulations on the extent of preventative killings. (⑤recovery) establishing compensation criteria, including the upper and lower limits for killing compensation, and supporting livelihood security funds before re-entry, (⑥leadership) change of national crisis management system to operate Central disaster and safety Countermeasure Headquarters in social disaster management agencies, (⑦devotion) strengthening disaster capacity of citizens and establishing a cooperative system among governments, corporations and civil society, (⑧expertise) modernization and specialization of livestock farms, expansion of inspection agencies and inspection personnel, expansion of vaccine research institutions and research personnel.

Vibration Reduction of an Overhung Rotor Supported by an Active Magnetic Bearing Using a Decoupling Control System

Overhung rotors are important for use in industrial turbo-machines. The effects of a lateral force can increase as a result of the rotor weight, misalignment, or the operating speed of the suspension system for which the rotor is carrying a transmission connection. In this paper, the reduction of vibration in supported lateral directions by varying control is discussed in a radial active magnetic bearing system (AMBS). An experimental test was conducted on the orbital response of an overhung rotor supported by an AMBS, to provide an alternative for improving precision. To simplify the system design, decoupling was achieved using a PID controller and harmonic disturbance compensator (HDC), which improved the rotating performance of an overhung active magnetic bearing (AMB) rotor system, using a frequency response function (FRF) approach and a description of the overhung rotor during normal operational conditions at unique frequencies. The experimental results show that the precision rotation, due to harmonic excitation of the shaft orbit, can be removed in real time using compensation signals using trigonometry. The compensation criteria for the changed run-up and coast-down consistently helped to maintain the rotational center in a central position. A reduction of up to 55% in vibration amplitude on average was achieved under appropriate conditions, and the significance of the overhung rotor symptoms faults were investigated.

The specific activity of proteins involved in iron metabolism depends on compensation of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objective. We aimed to analyze the alterations of activity of iron metabolism members i.e. ceruloplasmin (Cp) and transferrin (Tf), in relation to the percentage of glycated hemoglobin. The latter is one of biochemical criteria of chronic hyperglycemia compensation in case of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
 Materials and methods. Concentration and activity of Cp and Tf, concentration of iron, copper and lipoprotein cholesterol were measured by biochemical methods in blood serum samples obtained from healthy donors and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus divided in three groups according to glycated hemoglobin level.
 Results. The significant decrease in serum copper, ferroxidase activity of Cp and iron-binding capacity of Tf, as well as an increase of Tf concentration, in groups with compensated and uncompensated type 2 diabetes mellitus was found.
 Conclusion. Our data demonstrate a statistical link between the degree of type 2 diabetes mellitus compensation and alteration of iron metabolism members’ activity. Thus, an increase of hyperglycemia is associated with a decrease of both Cp ferroxidase activity and the degree of Tf saturation with iron. These alterations may explain the efficiency of treatment with iron chelators of such type 2 diabetes mellitus complications as trophic ulcers. The said disease condition is directly connected with the changes in iron efflux.

VALIDITY AND TIME OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS ARISING FROM COMPENSATION IN IRAN AND BRITISH LAW

Three ways to enforce the same obligation are to terminate and pay damages in respect of the guarantee of contravening contractual obligations in common legal systems, although the primacy of these compensatory methods varies from one to another in each system. In England, four types of damages are foreseen for breach of contractual obligations: compensatory or remedial damages, recovery or restitution, nominal damages, and punitive damages. Recovery damage is assessed with two predicted damages and repossessing damages. The moral damage is also in the category of compensatory damages, but it has its own rules. In Iranian law, the law expresses some conditions, barriers, and forms of damages. Items such as loss, existence of causality, certainty, predictability, and directness as other conditions involved in creating the right to claim damages are raised by legal theory. Applied issues such as the compensation criteria are also not a specific place in the legal system of Iran. Limitations on damages, including unlikeness, discounting theory, the involvement of the injured party in Cairo's rights in England, have been developed to identify each of the criteria and criteria for evaluation; in the Iranian legal system, Cairo's power is explicitly stated in the law. And other cases have been raised more and more in legal theory. The incomplete and disproportionate expression of the rules governing the compensation of Iranian law as well as the necessity of achieving a comprehensive military system in this regard, taking advantage of the theoretical and practical experience of the English law, is an essential requirement for the present study

GLIMEPIRIDE — ASSISTANT TESTED BY TIME

The article highlights the current approaches to the treatment and criteria for compensation of diabetes, based on new international recommendations. Much attention is paid to nutrition, lifestyle modification, education and patient self-control, as the basis for successful treatment of diabetes. A review of clinical studies in which were studied the glucose lowering ability of glimepiride, the effect on insulin resistance, the processes of atherogenesis, and the protective effect on the vascular wall were presented.

Clinical and anamnestic characteristic of patients with arterial hypertension comorbid with hypothyroidism

Aim. To investigate clinical and anamnestic characteristic of patients with arterial hypertension (AH) comorbid with hypothyroidism.Methods. We examined 50 patients with AH comorbid with hypothyroidism. Patients were divided into 2 groups. Group I consisted of 25 patients with AH comorbid with compensated hypothyroidism, group II – 25 patients with AH comorbid with decompensated hypothyroidism. Criterion of compensation was thyroid-stimulating hormone level <4,4 mMU/l. Control group included 30 patients with AH without thyroid gland dysfunction.Results. Office diastolic blood pressure (DBP) level was significantly higher in patients with hypothyroidism than in control group (р=0,005 and р=0,0002 for groups І and ІІ, respectively). Just 56 % of patients with AH comorbid with hypothyroidism and 83,3 % of patients with AH without thyroid gland dysfunction received antihypertensive treatment (р=0,01). Lipid metabolism impairment was significantly more pronounced in group II than in group I (р=0,001 for total cholesterol (TC); р=0,002 for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC); р=0,015 for atherogenicity coefficient) and in control group (р=0,01 for TC; р=0,042 for LDLC).Conclusions. In case of comorbid hypothyroidism, patients with AH have significantly higher office DBP level. Those patients are significantly less likely to receive antihypertensive treatment and they have significantly more pronounced impairment of blood lipid spectrum.

A Study on the Standard of Compensation in the U.S.

우리나라의 전체 국토면적 중 외국인이 보유한 국내 토지의 면적은 241.4㎢로 이는 전체 국토면적 10,0364㎢의 0.2% 수준에 달하는 것으로 미국(52%), 중국(7.8%), 일본(7.6%), 유럽(7.4%)의 순으로 많이 보유하고 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 외국인(교포 포함)의 국내 토지의 보유비율은 최근 정체기에 있기는 하지만 2016년까지는 그 비율이 지속적인 증가 추세에 있었다. 이러한 가운데 미국에 거주하고 있는 한 교포가 “국내에 보유하고 있는 토지의 수용에 따른 보상금이 시장가격에 미치지 아니 한다”고 주장하면서 서울시 지방토지수용위원회와 중앙토지수용위원회에서 두 차례에 걸쳐 상향 산정된 보상금을 거부하고 작년 9월 한미 자유무역협정(FTA)를 근거로 투자자국가소송(ISD) 중재의향서를 제출한 바 있는데, 이 교포는 “위원회에서 산정한 보상금은 시장가격에 훨씬 미치지 못하는 것”으로 한･미 자유무역협정(FTA) 제11.6조(수용 및 보상)에서 규정하고 있는 “공정한 시장가격”에 해당하지 않는다고 하여 이를 근거로 중재의향서를 제출한 것이다. 하지만, 우리나라의 경우에는 수용에 있어 그 보상 기준이 되는 것은 ‘공시지가’이기 때문에 이러한 ‘공시지가’가 한･미 자유무역협정(FTA) 규정상의 “공정한 시장가격”에 해당하는 것인지에 대해서는 정확하게 일치하지 않을 수 있기 때문에 미국의 “공정한 시장가격”이라는 것이 우리나라의 손실보상 기준에 부합하는 것인지 아닌지에 대한 검토가 요구된다 할 것이다. 이처럼 국내 토지에 대한 외국인의 보유비율이 증가하는 상황에서 토지수용에 따른 보상과 관련하여 해외 투자협정상 분쟁가능성을 예방하고 대응방안을 고려할 필요가 있다 할 것인바, 이를 위하여 최근 사례에서와 같이 당장에 이해관계가 얽혀있는 한･미 자유무역협정(FTA)와 관련하여 분쟁을 예방하고 공익사업을 원활하게 추진할 수 있도록 “국제기준에 부합하는 현실적 보상기준의 수립”을 위한 노력이 필요하다 할 것이다. 이에 본 논문은 미국의 손실보상제도에 관한 연구를 통해 미국에서 의미하는 “공정한 시장가격”은 무엇인지 그리고 우리나라의 손실보상 기준은 미국에서 말하는 “공정한 시장가격”에 부합하는 것인지에 대해 검토함으로써 현재 진행 중인 또는 향후 발생 가능한 투자자 국가소송(ISD) 관련 분쟁에 대비할 수 있도록 우리나라의 보상제도의 개선방향에 대해 검토하고자 한다.Of the total land area of Korea, 241.4km2 is owned by foreigners, 0.2% of the total land area of 10,0364km2, followed by the United States (52%), China (7.8%), Japan (7.6%), and Europe (7.4%). The ratio of foreigners (including ethnic Koreans) to land holdings in Korea has been on a steady rise until 2016, although it has been stagnant recently. Meanwhile, a Korean resident in the U.S. rejected the raised compensation on two occasions by the Seoul Metropolitan Government s Local Land Index Committee and the Central Land Index Service Commission, claiming that the compensation for the acceptance of land held in the country falls short of the market price, and the gyopo submitted a letter of intent in September last year to mediate an investor-state dispute settlement based on the Korea-U.S. free trade agreement. However, in the case of Korea, it will be required to review whether the U.S. fair market price meets the nation s loss compensation standard because it is public land that is the standard for compensation in acceptance, which may not exactly coincide with whether such a fair market price under the Korea-U.S. free trade agreement rules. In this situation, efforts will be made to establish realistic compensation standards in accordance with international standards to prevent disputes and smoothly pursue public service projects in connection with the Korea-U.S. free trade agreement, as in recent cases, instead of the need to consider measures to prevent and cope with possible conflicts in the foreign investment agreement regarding compensation for land expropriation. In response, this paper seeks to review the improvement direction of the nation s compensation system so that it can prepare for ongoing or possible investor-state dispute settlement (ISD) disputes by reviewing what is meant in the United States by means of a fair market price and whether the nation s loss compensation criteria conform to what the U.S. calls a fair market price.

EARLY TERMINATION COMPENSATION UNDER DEMAND UNCERTAINTY IN PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP PROJECTS

In the early termination of public-private partnership (PPP) projects, compensation is considered a core issue that greatly affects the interests of the government and the private sector. To address the early termination that is frequently caused by government default or voluntary buyback, this paper proposes an ex-ante compensation mechanism using the cumulative probability that a given demand could be realized to determine early termination compensation under demand uncertainty. By splitting the compensation into two parts, the base compensation could be the minimum compensation for the private sector, while the additional compensation is considered a reasonable allocation of future booming demand. The predetermined compensation criterion ensures a smooth transfer of the early terminated project, which not only benefits the government from being overcharged, but also enables the private sector to gain a reasonable compensation for the remaining concession period.

A Novel Non-Linear Control for Three-Phase Five-Level Cascaded H-Bridge Inverter Based Shunt Active Power Filter

Abstract Cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter (CHB-MLI) based shunt active power filter (SAPF) provides a cost-worthy and realistic solution for mitigating current related power quality problems in case of medium-voltage and high-power grid. Mitigation of current harmonic component, reactive power minimization and power factor correction depend on accuracy of control technique applied to the CHB-MLI based SAPF unit. Switching technique dynamics is not considered by most of the researchers while designing control techniques applied to SAPF unit and hence it is assumed linear in order to make system simpler. A limited amount of literature is available which considers the non-linearity of CHB-MLI switching pattern while designing control theory for MLI based SAPF. Therefore, a novel non-linear control is proposed in this paper to enhance system steady-state and dynamic performance. This non-linear control is based on dynamic mathematical modeling of five-level CHB-MLI tied SAPF. Stability of proposed control strategy applied to CHB-MLI based SAPF is rigorously checked by using Lyapunov’s direct method. Proportional-Integral controller is used for stabilizing DC-link voltages to its proper reference value. This proposed control exhibits excellent dynamic performance and compensation criteria in comparison to conventional control techniques available in the literature. The effectiveness of the proposed control theory is tested rigorously in MATLAB/Simulink and verified through hardware prototype under steady-state and transient operating conditions. Rigorous analysis from hardware and simulation results confirms that source current waveform is in compliance with IEEE-519 standard defined THD limit.

Subradiological silicosis.

The purpose of this commentary is to bring the neglected phenomenon of subradiological silicosis and its implications to the attention of readers. We define subradiological silicosis as silicosis detectable on pathological examination of lung tissue but not visible radiologically. For extent of the phenomenon, we draw on a study using a large South African autopsy database of deceased miners and chest radiographs taken in life. At an International Labour Organization threshold of >1/0 only 43% of all pathologically detected cases were detected on chest radiograph, and only 62% of those classified on pathology as "moderate or marked" silicosis. Subradiological silicosis has a number of implications for research and practice: for dose-response studies of silicosis; for studies of the relationship between silica and conditions such as tuberculosis, lung cancer, and autoimmune disease, including the mechanistic role of fibrogenesis; for prognostication in silica exposed workers; and for workers' compensation criteria.

Comparison on Eco-Compensation between the Domestic and International Studies

Because it offers an effective means to alleviate current ecological problems and a way to coordinate sustainable economic and social development with protection of the environment, eco-compensation has become a subject of interest to scholars and governments all over the world. A great many studies have been carried out and eco-compensation schemes have been put into practice; there have been many fruitful results. Based on a review of related research and practices, this paper attempts first to discuss domestic and international eco-compensation research and practices in terms of the meaning of eco-compensation and its components (stakeholders, compensation criteria, compensation modes, compensation approaches, compensation funds, and compensation effects). Next, taking into consideration the above discussion, the paper looks at the differences between Chinese and international eco-compensation measures. Finally, existing problems with eco-compensation research and practices in China are summarized and some suggestions are put forward.

Residents’ Perceptions of Impending Forced Relocation in Urban China

Residents’ Perceptions of Impending Forced Relocation in Urban China

Changes in Child Care Compensation Criteria by the German Constitutional Court

Changes in Child Care Compensation Criteria by the German Constitutional Court