Assessment Criteria Research Articles

Sustainable development of vernacular architecture: a systematic literature review

ABSTRACT The sustainable evolution of vernacular architecture effectively addresses climate change and environmental challenges, yet comprehensive reviews are scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the history and progression of vernacular architecture and address the requisite knowledge and methodologies for its sustainable development via a systematic literature review. A meticulous screening process of relevant articles was performed in two research databases (Scopus and Web of Science) using the keywords “Cave-dwelling,” “Kiln building,” “Historical architecture,” and “Vernacular architecture” that represents vernacular architecture and “Sustainable” and “Green building” for sustainability. A total of 36 articles published between 2019 and 2023 were then selected for the quantitative and qualitative analyses using the ATLAS.ti 23 software. The result revealed five major themes: 1) Cultural characteristics of vernacular architecture; 2) Structure of vernacular architecture; 3) Vernacular architecture environment; 4) Renewal and utilisation of vernacular architecture; and 5) Assessment criteria in vernacular architecture. In summary, the current research on vernacular architecture remains primarily focused on architectural studies, with minimal consideration from the user’s viewpoint. Thus, it is essential to enhance the comfort and functionality of vernacular architecture, preserve its local culture, and meet the users’ demands.

ANALISIS STUDI KELAYAKAN FINANSIAL PADA USAHA BENGKEL MOBIL & ALAT BERAT (STUDI KASUS: WARTO DIESEL SERVICE INJECTION PUMP – NOZZLE, DI SUMATERA SELATAN)

The study of financial feasibility is very related and cannot be separated from the business income of the Warto Diesel Service Injection Pump-Nozzle Car and Heavy Equipment Workshop in South Sumatra, it will be more dominant to be assessed whether it is feasible or not can be seen from the financial data during the running time. This study aims to see the financial feasibility of the business through investment appraisal in the Payback Period (PP) method, Accounting Rate of Return (ARR), Net Present Value (NPV), Profitability Index (PI). The research method used in this research is a qualitative method, the data used in this research is Primary data, namely data obtained through direct observation of the Warto Diesel Service Injection Pump-Nozzle Car and Heavy Equipment Workshop business. Data collection techniques are carried out by interview, observation and literature study. The results of research on the Warto Diesel Service Injection Pump-Nozzle Car and Heavy Equipment Workshop business for the last five years are; PP 0,78 years, ARR of 275.98%, NPV of Rp1,707,860,842, PI of 5.269. Based on the overall results of these methods, it shows that the financial feasibility of the Warto Diesel Service Injection Pump-Nozzle Car and Heavy Equipment Workshop business has met the feasibility assessment criteria

Examining Role of 1-Year Online College Can Improve Access to Higher Learning

Purpose: This study aims to address the diminishing access to top universities by investigating and proposing alternative solutions to allow for additional deserving students admittance into highly selective universities. Results: Admittance to top universities have been steadily declining over the past 20 years, which has only been exasperated recently due to the global pandemic. As college admission committees continue to modify their assessment criterions, this has caused some consternation among high schoolers who feel their chances of getting admitted to various schools fluctuate with every news release. Through literature review and analysis, this study examines the benefits and challenges of utilizing a 1-year online offering to help bolster admission rates. From research evidence, the benefits of a 1-year online structure are reduced cost to the student, enhanced networking, and study abroad opportunities while the benefit to the universities are increased inflow of tuition dollars and greater alumni base for potential future donation support. However, online learning presents numerous challenges, such as isolation and decreased motivation. This study addresses these issues by proposing schools pool their additional capital to fund offsite communal shared spaces for the very purpose of enabling face to face socialization and learning. Conclusion: The results conclude that setting up an online learning environment for 1-year (this study used sophomore year as an example) will allow additional students to be admitted. Students can still gain social connections while realizing significant financial savings off their college bill. Universities will generate incremental revenue which, in part, can fund initiatives such as scholarships, on-campus facilities, and shared offsite classroom spaces for remote students.

Evaluation of a new scoring system for assessing nerve invasion in resected pancreatic cancer: A single-center retrospective analysis

Nerve invasion (NI) is a characteristic feature of pancreatic cancer. Traditional dichotomous statements on the presence of NI are unreasonable because almost all cases exhibit NI when sufficient pathological sections are examined. The critical implications of NI in pancreatic cancer highlight the need for a more effective criterion. This study included 511 patients, who were categorized into a training group and a testing group at a ratio of 7:3. According to the traditional definition, NI was observed in 91.2 % of patients using five pathological slides in our study. The prevalence of NI increased as more pathological slides were used. The criterion of ‘two points of intraneural (endoneural) invasion in the case of four pathological slides’ has the highest receiver operating characteristic (ROC) score. Based on this new criterion, NI was proved to be an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) and was also correlated with tumor recurrence (P = 0.004). Interestingly, gemcitabine-based chemotherapy regimen is an independent favorable factor for patients with high NI. In the high NI group, patients who received a gemcitabine-based regimen exhibited a better prognosis than those who did not receive the gemcitabine-based regimen for OS (P = 0.000) and DFS (P = 0.001). In conclusion, this study establishes assessment criteria to evaluate the severity of NI in order to predict patient outcomes.

Imprecise Clinical Assessments and Inaccurate Grades: Family Medicine Clerkship Director Perspectives.

As application to residency programs becomes increasingly competitive, educational leaders face growing student concern about imprecise clinical assessments and clerkship grades. As part of a large annual survey of family medicine clerkship directors (FMCDs), 10 questions were disseminated in May 2023 about perceived levels of imprecise assessments by faculty. We aimed to determine to what extent respondents felt their institution's evaluation system propagated inaccurate grading. A total of 52% of 169 FMCDs responded to the survey. Of these, 7% of respondents were completely confident that their preceptors would give two students of identical competence the same clinical evaluation rating. FMCDs estimated that an average of 38% of their preceptors inaccurately rate student performance. Most clerkships use an Honors/High Pass/Pass/Fail grading system. We found that 51% of FMCDs prefer to use a different grading paradigm than they currently use. We asked FMCDs to estimate the percentage of students that expressed concern over inaccurate preceptor ratings. Grading systems with more tiers were associated with a higher percentage of concerned students. Clerkship grades are widely used by residency program directors to classify and differentiate student applicants. We identified a significant concern from FMCDs that clinical evaluation ratings can vary greatly. Given the high stakes and perceived inaccuracy of clerkship grading, we recommend continued investigation into the appropriate weighing and usage of clinical evaluations. Continued exploration is recommended to develop grading paradigms centered on criterion-based assessment.

Site selection of floating photovoltaic systems on hydropower reservoirs using fuzzy sine trigonometric decision-making model: Turkey as a case study

Floating photovoltaic systems are a promising option for renewable energy by mitigating the drawbacks of land-based photovoltaic systems. However, renewable energy systems are designed in a site-specific way, therefore, the performance of renewable energy alternatives substantially depends on the selected site characteristics. In this study, a comprehensive assessment was performed to identify the optimal hydroelectric power plant reservoir for floating photovoltaic system deployment in Turkey using the Geographical Information System and Multi-Criteria Decision Making method. A two-staged methodology was used to evaluate the results of questionnaires including several expert opinions. In the first stage, a nonlinear fuzzy Aczel-Alsina functions based Ordinal Priority Approach method was employed to weigh the fourteen sub-criteria based on technical, environmental, economic and social considerations. In the second stage, fuzzy sine Trigonometric based Additive Ratio Assessment method was used to rank the fifteen hydroelectric power plant reservoirs all across Turkey. Despite the global horizontal irradiation being the most important criterion, Sarıyar hydroelectric power plant reservoir, with one of the lowest global horizontal irradiation values among alternatives, was determined as the most suitable dam reservoir for floating photovoltaic installation in Turkey. Therefore, the findings of this study highlight the importance of comprehensive analysis that considers the several assessment criteria from fundamental aspects to achieve reliable site selection for floating photovoltaic systems.

Legal and Ethics Considerations in Capacity Evaluation for Medical Aid in Dying.

Evaluating decisional capacity for patients seeking medical aid in dying (MAID) raises challenging legal, logistical, and ethics questions. The existing literature on the subject has been shaped largely by early disagreements over whether effective capacity assessment for such patients is ever possible, which in turn stemmed from debates over the ethics of MAID itself. In attempting to establish meaningful criteria for assessments, many jurisdictions have sought either to apply or to adapt models of capacity evaluation designed for other forms of medical decision-making, such as the widely used "four skills" model, failing to account for the fundamental differences in kind between these other decisions and MAID. This article seeks to reexamine these questions with a focus on two logistical matters (the appropriate credentialing for the evaluator and the potential liability of the evaluator) and three clinical matters (level of understanding, clinical scrutiny and certainty, and impairment) in an effort to raise legal and ethics concerns that remain unresolved, even as MAID is permitted in an increasing number of jurisdictions.

A multi-task deep learning approach for real-time view classification and quality assessment of echocardiographic images

High-quality standard views in two-dimensional echocardiography are essential for accurate cardiovascular disease diagnosis and treatment decisions. However, the quality of echocardiographic images is highly dependent on the practitioner’s experience. Ensuring timely quality control of echocardiographic images in the clinical setting remains a significant challenge. In this study, we aimed to propose new quality assessment criteria and develop a multi-task deep learning model for real-time multi-view classification and image quality assessment (six standard views and “others”). A total of 170,311 echocardiographic images collected between 2015 and 2022 were utilized to develop and evaluate the model. On the test set, the model achieved an overall classification accuracy of 97.8% (95%CI 97.7–98.0) and a mean absolute error of 6.54 (95%CI 6.43–6.66). A single-frame inference time of 2.8 ms was achieved, meeting real-time requirements. We also analyzed pre-stored images from three distinct groups of echocardiographers (junior, senior, and expert) to evaluate the clinical feasibility of the model. Our multi-task model can provide objective, reproducible, and clinically significant view quality assessment results for echocardiographic images, potentially optimizing the clinical image acquisition process and improving AI-assisted diagnosis accuracy.

Efficacy of Homoeopathy in the Management of Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding: A Review

Background: Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) is a prevalent condition affecting women during their reproductive years. It is characterized by irregular or abnormal menstrual bleeding patterns and can significantly impact a woman's quality of life. Studies suggest it affects around 1 in 5 women during their reproductive years. Homoepathic approach can prove to be efficient in successfully treating and managing cases of DUB. Aims and Objectives: This study was aimed to critically evaluate the existing evidence on the efficacy of homoeopathy in treating DUB. Specific outcome parameters, therapeutic approach, criteria for assessment and treatment outcomes were noted and compared having variable impact in cases of DUB. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted through databases like PubMed and Google Scholar. Search criteria was focused on targeting analysis from randomized controlled trials (RCTs), clinical studies, observational studies and case reports. Results: 6 articles having an in depth relation to action of homeopathy on DUB were identified. It included one(01) randomized controlled trial, one(01) experimental study, one(01) prospective and observational study, one(01) prospective clinical study and two(02) case reports. All studies were obtained from peer-reviewed journals. Conclusion: This study aimed at contributing valuable insights into the current state of knowledge regarding homoeopathy's role in managing DUB and exploring the need for enhanced value based research in the field of homoeopathy.

Multifeature Fusion Method with Metaheuristic Optimization for Automated Voice Pathology Detection

Voice pathologies occur due to various factors, such as malfunction of the vocal cords. Computerized acoustic examination-based vocal pathology detection is crucial for early diagnosis, efficient follow-up, and improving problematic speech. Different acoustic measurements provide it. Executing this process requires expert monitoring and is not preferred by patients because it is time-consuming and costly. This paper is aimed at detecting metaheuristic-based automatic voice pathology. First, feature maps of ten common diseases, including cordectomy, dysphonia, front lateral partial resection, contact pachyderma, laryngitis, lukoplakia, pure breath, recurrent laryngeal paralysis, vocal fold polyp, and vox senilis, were obtained from the Zero-Crossing Rate (ZCR), Root-Mean-Square Energy (RMSE), and Mel-frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs) using a thousand voice signals from the Saarbruecken Voice Database (SVD) dataset. Hybridizations of different features obtained from the voices of the same diseases using these three methods were used to increase the model's performance. The Grey Wolf Optimizer (MELGWO) algorithm based on local search, evolutionary operator, and concatenated feature maps derived from various approaches was employed to minimize the number of features, implement the models faster, and produce the best result. The fitness values of the metaheuristic algorithms were then determined using supervised machine learning techniques such as Support Vector Machine (SVM) and K-nearest neighbors (KNN). The F1 score, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and other assessment criteria were compared with the experimental data. The best accuracy result was achieved with 99.50% from the SVM classifier using the feature maps optimized by the improved MELGWO algorithms.

Pharmacokinetic profiles of methylcobalamin in rats after multiple administration routes by a simple LC-MS/MS assay with a small volume of plasma

Methylcobalamin (MBL) is a vitamin B12 coenzyme and is effective for treating peripheral neuropathies. Little is known about pharmacokinetics (PK) of MBL in animals, we have developed a simple assay for MBL by using only 0.01 mL of plasma for PK of MBL in rats. Under minimal light exposure (<5 lx), MBL was extracted by a simple protein precipitation using methanol and detected by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. MBL in rat plasma at 20–10,000 ng/mL was quantified using only 0.01 mL of plasma. Relative error and relative standard deviation met the acceptance criteria in reproducibility assessments, indicating the robustness of the assay. PK of MBL was evaluated after intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous administration. PK of MBL was dose proportional at 5–20 mg/kg in both intramuscular and subcutaneous administrations. Bioavailability after the two dosing routes was complete (ca. 100 %). The incurred sample reanalysis also supported that the assay is robust. The established assay was successfully applied to PK studies in rats to find that MBL showed high bioavailability after intramuscular and subcutaneous administrations.

The safety and effectiveness of music medicine as an intervention for depression: A systematic evaluation and re-evaluation.

As the methodological quality and evidence level of the existing systematic reviews (SRs) on music as an intervention for depression have not been thoroughly evaluated, a systematic evaluation and re-evaluation (SERE) was conducted. Multiple databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, SinoMed, Wanfang, and the VIP database were searched for SRs and meta-analyses (MAs) on the effectiveness of music as an intervention for depression. The literature screening, evaluation of methodological quality, and assessment of evidence level were carried out by a team of researchers. The methodological quality was evaluated using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR 2) scale in accordance with the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria were utilized to assess the level of evidence. A total of 18 SRs were included in the analysis. The 2020 PRISMA guidelines were utilized to evaluate various aspects such as search terms, funding sources, statistical methods for missing values, subgroup and sensitivity analyses, certainty assessment, excluded literature citations, assessment of publication bias, protocol information, conflicts of interest, and data availability, which were rarely reported. The evaluation of the studies using the AMSTAR 2 scale revealed that one article was rated as high quality, six were rated as low quality, and 11 were rated as very low quality. Based on the GRADE criteria evaluation, the quality of the evidence was found to be inconsistent, with reports primarily consisting of medium-quality evidence. The methodological quality of SRs/MAs of music as an intervention in depression is generally poor, and the level of evidence is generally low.

Comparison of seismic assessment guidelines using a case study reinforced concrete wall building

There are several seismic assessment standards and guidelines available around the world that can be used to identify vulnerable buildings. The assessment procedures and criteria in these documents are different, and thus, the assessment outcomes for a particular building, if assessed using different standards, can also be different. In this study, provisions of the linear static and non-linear static analysis procedures of three prominent seismic assessment documents, the American Society of Civil Engineers /Structural Engineers Institute standard ASCE 41 (2017) [1], the New Zealand Seismic Assessment Guidelines (2017) [2], and the European Standard EN 1998-3 (2005) [3] (also known as Eurocode 8 Part-3 or EC8-3) are discussed and compared, highlighting some of their similarities and differences. A reinforced concrete (RC) wall building used in FEMA P-2006 (2018) [4] for demonstration of ASCE 41 provisions is taken as the case study building for comparison of the assessment provisions. The linear and non-linear static analysis procedures specified in the three documents are applied to the case study building and the assessment outcomes are compared. The assessment results are found to vary across the analysis methods and guidelines. However, the critical governing vulnerability for the building is found to be the same. It is observed that with the simplifying modelling assumptions, coupled with the inherent conservatism in the assessment using linear static analysis, a more conservative outcome is obtained using the linear static methods as compared to the non-linear static methods. Overall, EC8-3 provisions are found to be the most conservative of all three guidelines considered for the assessment of the example building.

Evaluation of cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients using machine learning techniques

Machine learning (ML) improves operations in many industries, including medicine. It affects the prognosis of several disorders, including heart disease. If predicted, it may provide doctors with new insights and allow them to treat each patient individually. If anticipated, it may provide medical practitioners with valuable information. Our team uses machine learning algorithms to study heart disease risk. This research will compare decision trees, AdaBoost, support vector machines, artificial neural networks (ANN), and customized ANN. The study will include this analysis. The given model will leverage the dataset of general information and medical test results. Our model uses particle swarm optimization (PSO) and k-nearest neighbors (KNN). Algorithm for feature selection. The model reduces dimensionality using evolutionary algorithms and neural networks. We compared the numerous assessment criteria to the current models, our model, and earlier models. Because of this, the suggested model's suitability was rated with the highest accuracy.

Model for Assessing Engineering Competencies of Logistics Specialists in Transport Organisations

Abstract In today’s dynamic, technology-driven, and diverse world of knowledge society, transport organisations should purposefully analyse and assess their operations since they often have to face problems emerging from the lack of knowledge and competencies of logistics specialists. The engineering competencies of logistics specialists are highly appreciated in transport systems. However, the selection of assessment criteria and determination of its importance is a difficult task for managers in this sector. Thus, it is reasonable to apply the multi-criteria methodologies, such as SAW, AHP, MOORA, and VIKOR, whilst determining the importance of criteria describing the competencies of logistics specialists in a transport organisation. Applying the multi-criteria methods provides prerequisites for an objective, precise, and the least time-consuming way to evaluate the engineering competencies of logistics specialists. The analysis of the results enables the most suitable decisions to utilise the significant potential of logistics specialists. The article examines the problem areas for evaluating the competencies of logistics specialists. The current paper presents the evaluation of logistics specialists’ competencies based on the methodology used to determine the importance of criteria (SAW and AHP methods). Additionally, further recommendations are suggested to effectively manage certain corrections on competencies in transport organisations under investigation.

The efficacy of orthokeratology lenses with smaller back optic zone diameter in myopia control. A meta-analysis.

This study was conducted to determine whether orthokeratology (OK) lenses with a smaller back optic zone diameter (BOZD) could exhibit stronger myopia control effects. A meta-analysis was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023408184). A comprehensive systematic database search was conducted, encompassing PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Ovid, CNKI and CBM, to identify relevant studies up to 25 March 2023. The primary inclusion criteria for this meta-analysis were studies that investigated the myopia control effect of OK lenses with a small optical treatment area (≤5 mm). To assess the quality of the retrieved articles, two researchers evaluated them using the Cochrane bias risk assessment criteria. The primary outcome measures were the changes in axial length (AL) and refractive error, using the weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to assess differences between small and traditional back optical treatment zone groups in terms of these outcomes. The analysis encompassed five eligible studies, with a 1 year duration. The average difference in AL between the groups was 0.12 mm (WMD = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.16, -0.09], p < 0.00001). Likewise, the average difference in refractive error between the two groups was 0.44 D (WMD = 0.44, 95% CI [0.30, 0.57], p < 0.00001). None of the studies reported severe adverse events. Current evidence suggests that OK lenses with smaller back optical treatment zone are more effective in preventing myopia progression than traditional lenses. However, a longer-term evaluation is warranted.

140 Retrospective Evaluation of Response Assessment Criteria in Patients with Glioblastoma

140 Retrospective Evaluation of Response Assessment Criteria in Patients with Glioblastoma

Genomic Diversity as a Key Conservation Criterion: Proof-of-Concept From Mammalian Whole-Genome Resequencing Data.

Many international, national, state, and local organizations prioritize the ranking of threatened and endangered species to help direct conservation efforts. For example, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) assesses the Green Status of species and publishes the influential Red List of threatened species. Unfortunately, such conservation yardsticks do not explicitly consider genetic or genomic diversity (GD), even though GD is positively associated with contemporary evolutionary fitness, individual viability, and with future evolutionary potential. To test whether populations of genome sequences could help improve conservation assessments, we estimated GD metrics from 82 publicly available mammalian datasets and examined their statistical association with attributes related to conservation. We also considered intrinsic biological factors, including trophic level and body mass, that could impact GD and quantified their relative influences. Our results identify key population GD metrics that are both reflective and predictive of IUCN conservation categories. Specifically, our analyses revealed that Watterson's theta (the population mutation rate) and autozygosity (a product of inbreeding) are associated with the current Red List categorization, likely because demographic declines that lead to "listing" decisions also reduce levels of standing genetic variation. We argue that by virtue of this relationship, conservation organizations like IUCN could leverage emerging genome sequence data to help categorize Red List threat rankings (especially in otherwise data-deficient species) and/or enhance Green Status assessments to establish a baseline for future population monitoring. Thus, our paper (1) outlines the theoretical and empirical justification for a new GD-based assessment criterion, (2) provides a bioinformatic pipeline for estimating GD from population genomic data, and (3) suggests an analytical framework that can be used to measure baseline GD while providing quantitative GD context for consideration by conservation authorities.

Evaluation of Business-Driven Reference Architecture for Big Data Analytics Implementation by Public Sector Organizations in Resource-Constrained Setting: A Case Study of Uganda

Big Data Analytics (BDA) is a new area at the nexus of agenda, public sector organizations, and government business. It may satisfy the growing need for trustworthy, cost-effective services in the public sector for better, more informed decision-making processes. BDA has been proposed on the planning schedules of several public sector organizations and the government. Therefore, from the previous work, using Uganda as a case study, specifically the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS), Ministry of Health (MoH), and Ministry of Education and Sports (MoES), this study aims to evaluate a designed Business-Driven Reference Architecture for Big Data Analytics Implementation (BRABDAI) in public sector organizations. Using a quantitative research method, the BRABDAI was analytically assessed using a structured walkthrough technique by 18 IT experts in the fields of data analysis, IT/IS management, and solution architecting. The assessment criterion was composed of three components: functionality, usability/applicability, and traceability. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software was used for data analysis. The findings showed that the BRABDAI was useful for resolving the key issues preventing the successful implementation of the BDA in public sector organization settings and that it was also understandable and traceable. To improve the usage and acceptability of BDA implementation in public sector organizations, the study advises more research on this topic.

Evaluation of Anxiety and Depression Among Orphan and Non-Orphan Adolescents in a Rural Residential School of Maharashtra

Abstract Background: Adolescence marks a critical stage of development characterized by profound physical, emotional, and social changes. This study explores the prevalence of anxiety and depression among orphan and non-orphan adolescents in a rural residential school setting, aiming to identify associated factors. Method: A community-based cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 100 adolescents (50 orphans and 50 non-orphans) aged 10-19 years in Warudi, Jalna from August 10 to October 10, 2022. Institutional ethical approval and written informed consent were obtained. Data collection included DSM-5 criteria for anxiety and depression assessment, using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). Additional parameters assessed were sleep disturbances, academic performance, social interactions, duration of stay in the residential school, and type of orphanhood. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 21, with qualitative parameters presented as percentages and the chi-square test used for comparisons (p&lt;0.05 considered significant). Result: The study revealed notable disparities in mental health outcomes between orphan and non-orphan adolescents. Orphans, predominantly categorized as double orphans (54%), exhibited higher prevalence rates of anxiety (46%) and depression (30%) compared to non-orphans (anxiety 14%, depression 12%). Factors such as prolonged stays in residential schools and the duration of orphanhood were significantly associated with heightened levels of anxiety and depression among orphans. Conclusion: Orphan adolescents residing in rural residential school face significantly elevated risks of anxiety and depression compared to their non-orphan peers. The findings highlight the urgent need for targeted psychological support and interventions tailored to the unique challenges of orphanhood, including the prolonged institutional care and the emotional impact of parental loss. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies to assess the effectiveness of interventions and track mental health trajectories over time.