Crisis Of Governance Research Articles

Transformation of Modern Chinese Maritime Strategy: A Study on Zheng Guanyings Maritime Defense Thought and Practice

In the mid-19th century, the Qing Dynasty faced continuous internal and external challenges, leading to a severe crisis in governance. Geographically, China is a typical maritime-continental composite country, and its extensive coastline poses a significant challenge to maritime security. However, after several invasions by foreign powers from the sea, the already weak late Qing maritime defense rapidly deteriorated. Numerous intellectuals dedicated themselves to the pursuit of strong maritime power and comprehensive maritime defense, among whom Zheng Guanying was prominent. As one of the pioneers of modernization reforms, Zheng Guanying had a deep understanding of the Qing courts maritime defense work. His long-term engagement in the self-strengthening movement enabled him to absorb various experiences in maritime defense from both domestic and foreign sources, thereby forming a complete and systematic maritime defense ideology through continuous practice. qq It possesses significant relevance even today.

An Empirical Analysis of Influencing Factors of Government Decision-Making on Public Crisis

As the times and the world are changing in an unprecedented way, public security issues have become increasingly linked, transnational, and diverse, causing huge impacts on the global economy and society, as well as posing great challenges to the government in dealing with public crisis decision-making. This study aims to determine the factors affecting the government's crisis decision-making and analyze the interrelationship among the factors affecting the government's crisis decision-making and the performance of its crisis decision-making. The questionnaire was developed and used to collect data from 400 samples of various groups, including government department personnel, scientific research institute practitioners, university lecturers, the public, and university students, both online and face-to-face. The structural equation model (SEM) is used to evaluate the structural relationships of the relevant variables, including the crisis decision-making body, crisis decision-making procedure, crisis decision-making performance, the decision environment, and value identification. It is found that the diversified decision-making subject and decision-making environment have a positive and significant impact on the public crisis decision-making process, value identification, and decision-making performance, respectively. This study has contributed to the following issues. Firstly, it developed new measurement tools and indicators for better evaluating the quality and effect of public crisis decision-making and exploring the influence of different factors on the crisis decision-making of the government. Secondly, it employed cross-industry and cross-cultural comparative research to find commonalities and differences and provide targeted recommendations. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2024-08-02-03 Full Text: PDF

A systematic review of public policy implementation during the Covid‐19 pandemic: Current topics and future directions

AbstractThe Covid‐19 pandemic greatly impacted global public policy implementation. There is a lack of research synthesizing the lessons learned during Covid‐19 from a policy perspective. A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines to examine the literature on public policy implementation during the Covid‐19 pandemic in order to gain comprehensive insights into current topics and future directions. Five clusters of topics were identified: lessons from science, crisis governance, behavior and mental health, beyond the crisis, and frontlines and trust. Extensive collaboration among public health departments emerged as a significant research theme. Thirty recommendations for future research were identified, including the examination of frontline worker behavior, the use of just tech in policy implementation, and the investigation of policies driving improvements in global public health. The findings indicate that current research on public policy implementation during the Covid‐19 pandemic extends beyond health and economic crisis‐related policies. However, further studies in a post‐pandemic context are needed to validate the identified topics and future directions.

Governance crises and resilience of authoritarian populism: 2023 Turkish elections from the perspective of Hirschman’s ‘exit, voice, and loyalty’

ABSTRACT The May 2023 elections in Turkey are puzzling because public support for President Erdoğan did not erode despite political-economic failures of considerable magnitude. The economy was ailing, the government’s performance in containing natural disasters was dismal, and oscillations in foreign policy were perplexing. Yet, Erdoğan managed to win elections once again, giving him the mandate to continue ruling the country over the next five years. What explains this political outcome in the face of ‘multiple governance crises’? We adopt Albert O. Hirschman’s ‘exit, voice, and loyalty’ framework to explain the multiple but interrelated sources of the resilience of authoritarian populism in Turkey. We suggest the ‘exit, voice, and loyalty’ equilibrium in the 2023 Turkish elections requires an integrated analysis along two dimensions, each interacting with and mutually reinforcing the other: the economy-identity nexus and the domestic-external nexus.

The effect of government-public relationships on residents’ support in mega sport events: a moderating effect of government crisis response

ABSTRACT The study seeks to investigate the role of host governments’ policy public relations and crisis response strategies in shaping residents’ support for mega sport events. Specifically, the research focuses on the moderation effects of crisis response strategies on the relationships between the government-public relationships (GPR) dimensions (i.e., control mutuality, trust, and satisfaction) and residents’ support. The research targeted residents of Tokyo, a host city for the 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Online surveys were disseminated via an international survey company between 23rd to 29th October 2020, obtaining 500 complete responses. Then, a two-step approach was utilised to ensure the tenability of the hypothesised model: CFA for testing the measurement model and SEM for testing the hypothetical relationships. There was a positive association between perceived control mutuality and satisfaction with residents’ support for the mega sport event. The study reaffirmed the importance of control mutuality and satisfaction as GPR indicators for residents’ support, introducing this concept into the mega sport event context. In addition, the relationship between control mutuality and residents’ support was moderated by their perception of the appropriateness of crisis response. Based on the results, theoretical and practical implications were presented.

The contingent macro

This paper investigates how internet memes are complex and stratified objects, going beyond the standardized definition of ‘image macro’ habitually employed by scholars. To this end, we take the 2019 Italian government crisis as a case study and analyze a dataset of related 1.269 memes using a combination of computational and qualitative methodologies. Our analysis shows the emergence, proliferation, and fading of popular templates, which remix images and text from the political crisis and occasionally serve as frames for other events: the Contingent Macro. Together with less standardized memetic instances, we found that Contingent Macros concur to create metaphoric narratives, which develop as the event unfolds. Besides formalizing the concept of Contingent Macro, this work provides scholars with a methodological toolkit for the analysis of event-related meme production, which can capture the fluidity of memes. Overall, the article concurs to underline the need for a clear, context-specific definition of memes, tailored to specific social, cultural, and research contexts.

The Formation of American Historiography of the New Deal (1930s – early 1960s)

The article analyzes the formation of American historiography of the New Deal based on a comprehensive study of scientific and journalistic literature. The initial assessments of the New Deal date back to the presidential campaign of 1932 when it was still a preliminary theoretical reform program. During the political debates of the 1930s, opponents of F. Roosevelt criticized the New Deal because, in their opinion, it did not align with American traditions, operated with un-American approaches to public administration, etc. These assessments were significantly influenced by the international situation related to the crisis of capitalism and democratic governance in Europe. Political opponents, referring to experience overseas, unjustly regarded the New Deal as a manifestation of one of the European radical “isms”. The author of the article found that such assessments did not find a wide response in society, and the scientific works of researchers who defended similar theses were on the margins of historical debates around the New Deal.
 The publication of their memoirs by most members of F. Roosevelt’s cabinet and his advisers, as well as the opening of access to the President’s library in Hyde Park, contributed to the formation of the first scientific assessments of the New Deal in the late 1940s. The historiography of the New Course had its “founding fathers”, to whom the author of this article includes – Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., B. Rauch, R. Hofstadter, F. Freidel, J. Burns, and W. Leuchtenburg. These researchers established a scientific basis that remains valid to this day, despite various attempts to revise it. They established certain historiographical trends and approaches to research and interpretation of this period in the 1950s. The author determined that the 1950s were marked by a debate between two schools of historical thought – Progressive and Consensus, regarding what the New Deal was – a continuation of the reform movement of previous decades, a turning point, or a revolution in American life and politics. In the research, the author considered and analyzed the main arguments and counterarguments of each of the schools.

Rallying around the vaccine: how state-level risk perceptions and nationalism motivate public acceptance of immunization program

This article presents new arguments on the role of trust in the government and nationalist sentiments in fostering policy-compliant behaviors. In July and September 2020, we launched two waves of a COVID-related survey in China with stratified quota sampling, and formed a longitudinal panel dataset of 822 responses. Based on the data, we examined how risk perceptions and nationalist sentiments jointly elicited trust in government agencies and, consequently, support for the state-sponsored immunization program. We argue that increasing concern about the risk to the state posed by the pandemic motivated Chinese citizens to rally around the government and comply with its vaccination drives. Nationalist sentiments simultaneously elevated risk perceptions, reinforcing their impact on trust in the government. Our findings contribute to the literature on crisis governance, offering new evidence on how trust in the government and nationalist sentiment may influence the dynamic interplay between risk perceptions and policy compliance.

Latin America in the 21st Century Disputes for Democracy. Political Economy of Inequality

In this work we analyze the relationship between the dispute over democracy and the political economy of inequality in Latin America in the 21st century. We examine the different economic and political models that have been implemented, their impact on inequality and the consequences for democracy. Democracy in Latin America has experienced fluctuations in the 21st century, with advances and setbacks. Economic inequality, a historical problem in the region, has been considered a factor that threatens democratic stability. To address the proposed objectives, we implement a research methodology that combines: bibliographic review and comparative analysis of cases where we study the experiences of different countries in the region that have implemented left-wing governments, with emphasis on the public policies applied and their results in matter of redistribution. Preliminary findings: The research revealed a robust correlation between economic disparity and democratic fragility in Latin America. Countries with higher levels of disparity are more likely to experience political instability, social protests, and governance crises. In conclusion, economic disparity constitutes a threat to democracy in Latin America. It is necessary to implement public policies that reduce disparity and promote social inclusion to strengthen democracy in the region.

The Making of India’s Resilient Opposition in the 1970s

This article seeks to focus on the changing nature of India’s parliamentary opposition in the 1970s. The article argues that, unlike the previous decades, the Opposition in India was resilient, even if not organised in the face of the authoritarian tendencies of Indira Gandhi pre- and during the Emergency. The analytical framework helps to understand the reasons for the growing opposition’s resilience. The manifestation of this resilience can be traced to the programmes and actions of the opposition parties undertaken in the 1970s inside and outside the parliament as the crisis of democratic governance deepened, as explained in this article. This article attempts to make sense of parliamentary opposition in the 1970s, unlike any other existing study that either focused on the Congress, party system, or emergency per se. This article brings the spotlight on the Opposition as a category that lacks constitutional safeguards, thereby missing the ‘equality of conditions’ in a democratic framework. An emphasis is given to analytically understanding the political processes that played a significant role in the government–opposition relationship. The study has been conducted with the help of primary archival materials, newspaper reportings, memoirs, commentaries and governmental records such as parliamentary debates, along with existing academic works (though scarcely) on the making and functioning of the Opposition in India. The analytical approach in studying this particular moment in the political history of India helps us to understand the primacy, effectiveness, limitations and failures of democratic governance from the Opposition’s standpoint.

Water trading markets: Facilitating financial flows through the hydro-social cycle?

The world is facing a global water crisis, a crisis that is increasingly framed as a crisis of water governance. As water activists have successfully problematised neoliberal water governance, the question about what is going to come next remains. While current governance proposals appear somewhat similar to what came before, one key shift is the increasing articulation of water governance to circuits of global finance, seen through a growth in financial investors in the water sector but also the way that water and water services and infrastructures are being rendered legible for inclusion into financial markets – the first water futures market being one example. This article explores the water futures market in dialogue with three long-standing water trading markets (Australia, USA and Chile) in order to untangle the processes involved in, and barriers to, the financialization of water resources. The argument put forward is that although material barriers to the expansion of a water futures market exist, this does not mean that water resources remain immune to these processes. Instead, logics of crisis, risk management, and questions of financing appear to characterise this shifting terrain of global water governance across the hydro-social cycle. Moreover, when explored as a hydro-social cycle the financialization of these nodes are not singular “one-offs” but may instead feed into, facilitate, or conversely hinder further financialization across the hydro-social cycle.

The intercommunal relations in Cyprus during the COVID-19 pandemic: Towards a fait accompli policy?

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has hit many regions, including the Eastern Mediterranean. It has profoundly affected Cypriot communities and caused political, economic, and social consequences. The profile article aims to investigate the relationship between the pandemic threat on the island and decisions made by the Greek and Turkish Cypriot administrations. What aspects and to what extent has the pandemic affected relations between the two Cypriot communities? How have these changes influenced the bilateral dialogue and political decisions made by the Greek and Turkish Cypriot administrations? Is the pandemic conducive to developing cooperation, or does it extend existing divisions? The profile article argues a relationship between the emergence of the pandemic and the re-isolation of both Cypriot communities, which is one of its consequences, and the initiatives to resolve the Cypriot conflict by sanctioning the existence of two independent states. Such a change is noticeable, especially in the Turkish Cypriots, owing to the presidential election, the government crisis, and interference by Turkish authorities.

Anti-war forces of the FRG in 2022–2023: is their alliance possible?

A few years ago it was believed that the anti-war movement, which represented a real force in the era of nuclear confrontation between two military blocs, was not adequate to counter new threats – local wars and Islamic terrorism. The revival of the movement in the spring of 2022 was met with hostility by the political authorities of Germany and the mainstream media, despite its initial apparent inoffensiveness to the official course of the government in the Ukrainian crisis. However, in 2022, anti-war public initiatives began, which in February 2023 turned into a mass demonstration for peace, and also intensified the so-called “Easter marches”. These events showed that the anti-war movement has broad electoral potential and could turn into a political force or at least into an alliance of certain forces on a common anti-war platform. The analysis of modern German anti-war forces is presented and the possibilities of their situational alliance with supporters of left and right populism are investigated. The purpose of the study is to determine the domestic political relevance of such unions. It is concluded that today such a temporary union is fragile and it can be destroyed. The relevance of the study is due to the importance of anti-war themes for the identity of modern Germany, as well as the geopolitical significance of this nation in the balance of forces of the modern West.

Why populist rule sustains during times of crisis: COVID-19, democracy and the state in Indonesia

This article explains why populist rule persists during the challenging times of COVID-19, yet democratic order is unfavourably affected. The authors observe the recent debates on the state government's crisis response and performance, which argue for democracy over populism in managing critical moments. Populists did not do well since they had taken simplistic and anti-science actions on COVID-19. Nonetheless, populism remains popular and populist leaders continue to stay in office. We offer an analysis of the case of Indonesia under the presidency of Joko Widodo (Jokowi). Our research draws upon Michael Mann's theory of the state to uncover the underlying social realities enabling populist regime sustainability. The main argument is that the complex and dynamic state–society power relations shape the ground on which populist rule survives the crisis, but democracy declines. Jokowi's Indonesia confirms this claim.

Populism and the scales of statehood. Localism and populist attitudes in Western Europe

AbstractThe rise of populism in Western Europe is often portrayed as a reaction to globalisation and supra-national integration processes. However, the domestic-international divide is only one aspect of the scalar organisation of government. In this article, we explore the relationship between populist attitudes and orientations towards state scales more generally. Drawing on a representative survey of 4033 citizens in Britain, France, Germany and Switzerland, we show that populist attitudes are linked to preferences for those state territories viewed as ‘closer to the people’ not only in a metaphorical but also in a scalar sense. The results suggest that the rise of populism should not only be considered a response to a crisis of party government in a context of globalisation but also as a response to a crisis of national statehood.

NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING EMPLOYING SENTIMENT ANALYSIS ON THE PUBLIC VOICE OF FILIPINOS DURING CRISIS SITUATIONS

Aims: This Natural Language Processing study examined the sentiments of Filipinos in crisis situations using Twitter data. The goal was to identify the prevalent emotional tone, categorize sentiments, and explore variations across different types of crises. Study design: Qualitative Research using Natural Language Processing Place and Duration of Study: Philippines, 2019 - 2023 Methodology: There were 10,000 tweets that narrate the public voice of Filipinos during crisis situations that were analyzed using sentiment analysis. They were mined using Apify Easy Twitter Search Scraper. Results were analyzed using Orange Software and Plutchik’s Emotional Wheel via Box Plot. Results: Results show that the dominant public voice is neutral, this is followed by positive and negative tones. This means that Filipinos mainly share information, describe their situations, and seek clarifications during crises. It is further revealed that joy was the most dominant emotion, followed by sadness, trust, surprise, fear, disgust, anticipation, and anger. This means that even in crisis, Filipinos wish peoples safety, pray for the situation and give jokes to lighten the mood. The order of dominant emotions or tone for earthquake, inflation, and typhoon followed a pattern of neutral, positive and negative. The pandemic stood out, featuring a dominant neutral tone, followed by negative and then positive. Conclusion: These Findings Offer Valuable Insights for Refining Government Crisis Response Strategies. Additionally, This Underscores the Significance Of Recognizing And Understanding Emotions In Communication, Providing Valuable Guidance For Educators And Students. KEYWORDS: Education, applied linguistics, natural language processing, sentiment analysis,public voice, emotional tone, Philippines

Leadership Failures and Governance Crisis: Analyzing the Presidency of Gotabaya Rajapaksa in Sri Lanka

This research paper examines the leadership failures and governance crises during Gotabaya Rajapaksa’s presidency in Sri Lanka, culminating in mass protests and his resignation in 2022. Despite being elected with overwhelming public support and promises of strong leadership, Rajapaksa’s administration faced significant challenges that ultimately undermined his governance. The study identifies key issues such as economic mismanagement, which led to a severe financial crisis; political centralization that eroded democratic institutions; and the erosion of public trust exacerbated by inadequate responses to both the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent economic turmoil. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the research incorporates quantitative surveys to assess public sentiment and qualitative interviews to gather insights from stakeholders, providing a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics surrounding Rajapaksa’s presidency. By synthesizing findings from these analyses, the paper discusses broader implications for leadership failures in similar political contexts and emphasizes the need for transparency, accountability, and inclusiveness in governance. The conclusion outlines actionable recommendations aimed at enhancing future governance strategies in Sri Lanka, suggesting that addressing these challenges is essential for rebuilding public trust and ensuring effective governance in the post-crisis landscape. This research contributes to the understanding of the complexities of governance in developing democracies, offering valuable lessons for leaders and policymakers navigating similar crises.

Multiscale non-linear tale risk spillover effect from oil to stocks – The case of East European emerging markets

This paper investigates the multiscale non-linear risk transmission effect from Brent oil to eleven European emerging stock markets. Dynamic extreme risk time series are created using the FIAPARCH-CVaR approach. The MODWT transformation is applied to make three wavelet details that represent different time horizons. In the final step, the MODWT time series are fitted into the Markov switching model to examine the spillover phenomenon. The results indicate that the Czech and Hungarian stock markets endure the spillover effect in crisis regime in the short term, probably because these markets are among the most efficient emerging European markets. On the other hand, a relatively high spillover effect is found in a peaceful rather than a crisis regime in the case of Poland. This is probably because the Polish index lists almost 300 stocks, which means that oil shocks disperse to a large number of different industry sectors. In small and less developed markets, such as Estonia, Slovenia, Bulgaria, and Croatia, a high spillover effect exists in a tranquil regime because these countries have high oil consumption per capita. Lithuania and Latvia do not report the spillover effect in the short run, while this is true for all time horizons in the case of Slovakia.

Comparative stability analysis of Indonesian banks: Markov Switching-Dynamic Regression for Islamic and conventional sectors.

The banking industry necessitates implementing an early warning system to effectively identify the factors that impact bank managers and enable them to make informed decisions, thereby mitigating systemic risk. Identifying factors that influence banks in times of stability and crisis is crucial, as it ultimately contributes to developing an improved early warning system. This study undertakes a comparative analysis of the stability of Indonesian Islamic and conventional banking across distinct economic regimes-crisis and stability. We analyze monthly banking data from December 2007 to November 2022 using the Markov Switching Dynamic Regression technique. The study focuses on conducting a comparative analysis between Islamic banks, represented by Islamic Commercial Bank (ICB) and Islamic Rural Bank (IRB), and conventional banks, represented by the Conventional Commercial Bank (CCB) and Conventional Rural Bank (CRB). The findings reveal that both Islamic and conventional banks exhibit a higher probability of being in a stable regime than a crisis regime. Notably, Islamic banks demonstrate a greater propensity to remain in a stable regime than their conventional counterparts. However, in a crisis regime, the likelihood of recovery for Sharia-compliant institutions is lower than for conventional banks. Furthermore, our analysis indicates that larger banks exhibit higher stability than their smaller counterparts regarding assets and size. This study pioneers a comprehensive comparison of the Z-score, employed as a proxy for stability, between two distinct classifications of Indonesian banks: Sharia (ICB and IRB) and conventional (CCB and CRB). The result is expected to improve our awareness of the elements that affect the stability of Islamic and conventional banking in Indonesia, leading to a deeper comprehension of their dynamics.

Tomas BALKELIS, Andrea GRIFFANTE, eds. The Shaken Lands. Violence and the Crisis of Governance in East Central Europe, 1914–1923

Tomas BALKELIS, Andrea GRIFFANTE, eds. The Shaken Lands. Violence and the Crisis of Governance in East Central Europe, 1914–1923