Climate Change Crisis Research Articles

Study on Problems Associated with Climate Change Vulnerability Under Nuristan Circumstances

Nuristan is among the top 34 most prone and highly vulnerable province experiencing intense and worsening extreme temperature weather conditions and natural disasters, including floods, landslide, mining, deforestation, human health, droughts, storms, avalanches and earthquakes. These disasters destroyed ecosystems and force people to leave their homes, displacement and provoke conflict over scarce natural resources. The populations reliant on agriculture to survive, small changes to the climate have enormous impacts on growth times and yields, making food shortages more likely. These issues are increasing in frequency as a result of climate change and years of environmental degradation, eroding future resilience, exposing people to critical losses in livelihoods and assets. The province is face a major climate change crisis, including unrelenting deforestation, losses of vegetative cover, overgrazing, and land and pasture degradation. Once-thriving communities are now losing their livestock and livelihoods, which worsens economic hardship. Nuristan most vulnerable and least equipped prepared to deal with the consequences adapt to climate change. As they have limited capacity to adapt to the changing conditions, often using outdated techniques that are no longer suitable or effective. Success in adapting to climate change depend on the availability of necessary resources including financially, technical capacity and institutional capacity all are critical constraints for Nuristan and more adequate institutional capacity is key requirements

Optimal operation of electric-heat-gas-hydrogen integrated energy system considering source-load uncertainty

Faced with the threat of global climate change crisis, increasing the use of hydrogen-enriched compressed natural gas (HCNG) and the utilization rate of renewable energy can both reduce the carbon emissions of the integrated energy system (IES). This paper establishes an electric-heat-gas-hydrogen integrated energy system (EHGH-IES) framework considering source-load uncertainty, and the natural gas pipe network in the traditional IES is transformed into a HCNG pipe network with a certain hydrogen blending ratio. An optimal operation model of the EHGH-IES considering source-load uncertainty is proposed in this paper. The chance constrained programming method is adopted to deal with source-load uncertainty. We pay attention to comparing different confidence coefficient and hydrogen blending ratio in terms of the changes in the cost of the IES. The results show that the total cost of the EHGH-IES will increase by considering source-load uncertainty and using HCNG pipeline, but will bring some stability and environmental benefits to the IES by them.

Faith in Science: Religion and Climate Change Attitudes in the Middle East

Abstract The Middle East is facing many challenges because of climate change: extreme heat, recurring droughts, water salinization, and more. Yet little is known about how people in the region perceive the threat of climate change or about the factors associated with perceiving it as more or less of a threat. This study utilizes the Arab Barometer surveys and examines how religion influences climate change perceptions among 13,700 people across twelve countries. Contrary to arguments in the literature, Muslims tend to be less concerned about climate change compared to Christians. Yet all Middle Easterners with a strong sense of religiosity are more concerned about climate change relative to their counterparts. Political attitudes also matter. Religious Muslims who endorse Islamist government are less concerned than secular Muslims, suggesting a “culture war” on the issue. These findings show that religion exerts a nuanced and unexpected influence on how people evaluate the climate change crisis.

Creating pathways to just and sustainable food systems with citizen assemblies

Food systems affect and are affected by the interrelated crises of climate change, biodiversity loss, resource depletion and health, amongst others. Transforming to sustainable approaches is vital, yet entangled with uncertainties, complexity and a great value diversion with stakeholders. Deliberative processes such as citizen assemblies offer a valuable contribution to such a transformation, since the crises and their responses affect everyday life, and therefore inviting individual and collective action. Still, who is included and whose knowledge counts affects outcomes. Theoretically anchored in concepts of environmental justice, our study analyses three nation-wide citizens’ assemblies on climate change and food systems from Western Europe. It assesses (a) how citizens’ assemblies can incorporate a broad set of viewpoints and design more substantive political answers to current crises, and (b) whether citizens’ assemblies include environmental justice aspects to facilitate social change. The paper argues that systematic and methodologically reflected inclusion of various positionalities can inspire decision-making processes in that they incorporate procedural, recognition, and distributional justice to address problems of climate change or modern food systems. It concludes with offering further approaches to include more than scientific knowledge in deliberative processes for a just transformation towards sustainability.

BIL9 Promotes Both Plant Growth via BR Signaling and Drought Stress Resistance by Binding with the Transcription Factor HDG11.

Drought stress is a major threat leading to global plant and crop losses in the context of the climate change crisis. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant steroid hormones, and the BR signaling mechanism in plant development has been well elucidated. Nevertheless, the specific mechanisms of BR signaling in drought stress are still unclear. Here, we identify a novel Arabidopsis gene, BRZ INSENSITIVE LONG HYPOCOTYL 9 (BIL9), which promotes plant growth via BR signaling. Overexpression of BIL9 enhances drought and mannitol stress resistance and increases the expression of drought-responsive genes. BIL9 protein is induced by dehydration and interacts with the HD-Zip IV transcription factor HOMEODOMAIN GLABROUS 11 (HDG11), which is known to promote plant resistance to drought stress, in vitro and in vivo. BIL9 enhanced the transcriptional activity of HDG11 for drought-stress-resistant genes. BIL9 is a novel BR signaling factor that enhances both plant growth and plant drought resistance.

The impact of environmental policy on renewable energy innovation: A systematic literature review and research directions

AbstractRenewable energy innovations are imperative to tackle the climate change crisis. However, there is a gap in the literature regarding the effectiveness of environmental policies in promoting renewable energy innovations. To bridge this gap, we have adopted a systematic literature review process covering the period from 2005 to 2023. We identified and analysed 29 articles in our final sample. Further, we employ two levels of analysis (individual‐policy and policy‐mix levels) for analysing the extant research. Our findings show that fiscal incentives and emissions trading policies such as the European Union (EU) Emissions Trading System (ETS) consistently promote renewable energy innovations. In contrast, the effectiveness of feed‐in tariffs and quotas in supporting renewable energy innovations varies, reflecting diverse impacts across distinct regions and renewable energy technologies. Our analysis also suggests that combinations of various policy types can enhance innovation more effectively than individual policies. We contribute to the extant literature by developing a classificatory analysis of the effect of environmental policies on renewable energy innovations. Our review also provides research directions for future scholarship.

From computational screening to the synthesis of a promising OER catalyst.

The search for new materials can be laborious and expensive. Given the challenges that mankind faces today concerning the climate change crisis, the need to accelerate materials discovery for applications like water-splitting could be very relevant for a renewable economy. In this work, we introduce a computational framework to predict the activity of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts, in order to accelerate the discovery of materials that can facilitate water splitting. We use this framework to screen 6155 ternary-phase spinel oxides and have isolated 33 candidates which are predicted to have potentially high OER activity. We have also trained a machine learning model to predict the binding energies of the *O, *OH and *OOH intermediates calculated within this workflow to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between electronic structure descriptors and OER activity. Out of the 33 candidates predicted to have high OER activity, we have synthesized three compounds and characterized them using linear sweep voltammetry to gauge their performance in OER. From these three catalyst materials, we have identified a new material, Co2.5Ga0.5O4, that is competitive with benchmark OER catalysts in the literature with a low overpotential of 220 mV at 10 mA cm-2 and a Tafel slope at 56.0 mV dec-1. Given the vast size of chemical space as well as the success of this technique to date, we believe that further application of this computational framework based on the high-throughput virtual screening of materials can lead to the discovery of additional novel, high-performing OER catalysts.

The Role of Public and Private Interventions on the Evolution of Green Innovation in China

China's future economy is in jeopardy due to climate change, zero COVID policy, supply chain disruption, surging inflation, and the energy crisis due to Russia Ukraine war. Additionally, the government pledges to the Paris agreement and COP27: The UN Climate Change Conference to combat with climate change crisis through the reduction of carbon and greenhouse gases emission. In these uncertain conditions, climate pledges, and shifts to a greener economic system, it is essential to investigate the public and private interventions on the evolution of green innovation in China. Accordingly, we relied on public repositories, such as the World Bank, World Intellectual Property Organization, PatSnap, SIPR, China City Statistical Yearbook 2021, and the Peking University Digital Financial Inclusion Index of China from 2009 to 2021 in 280 Chinese cities, to investigate the role of public and private interventions in the growth of green innovation. Our findings indicate that one interquartile range increase in government intervention, imperative environment regulations, gross regional domestic product, investment in environmental pollution, actual foreign investment, market pull, and material increase the green innovation growth at the Chinese city level. At the same time, we did not find a significant relationship between energy and green innovation. Moreover, the study paves the path for policymakers to remodify and develop policies on the different authoritative levels, which can reshape the Chinese green economy in the long run.

Ecozoic Leadership: The Next Adjacent Possible for a Flourishing Earth Community

The age of the Anthropocene, climate change crisis, growing polarizations, and inequities call for a leadership that will enable movement from devastation and degradation to a flourishing earth community with organizations becoming integral members of the earth community. To this end, this paper suggests an ecozoic way of leading rooted in cosmic interdependence, power equity, and our biological reality of love. Our suggestion is based on the idea of the ecozoic by Thomas Berry, a cultural historian, and the concept of the adjacent possible from evolutionary biology. We propose that ecozoic leadership approach is the next adjacent possible to evolve into, in these troubled times. We explore ecozoic leadership in detail and put forward the metaskills required for such leadership. We discuss how ecozoic leadership is in line with the call for organizations driven by the notion of flourishing, thereby moving towards a new Eden and a post-materialistic society.

Re-evaluation of CO<sub>2</sub> storage capacity of depleted fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoir

<p>Confronting the dual crises of energy supply-demand imbalances and climate change, carbon neutrality emerges as a vital strategy for China in mitigating resource and environmental constraints, while fostering technological advancement and sustainable growth. In the context of extensive hydrocarbon exploitation, the CO<sub>2</sub> storage capacity within depleted oil fields could be significantly underestimated in comparison to the prevalent practice of saline aquifer sequestration. In this study, we employ both theoretical and computational models to investigate the temporal (from microseconds to millennia) and spatial (spanning pore, Darcy, and hybrid scales) dynamics of CO<sub>2</sub> trapping mechanisms in post-depletion carbonate reservoir with fractured-vuggy systems. The multiscale storage efficiency factor is obtained from simulation results and substituted into the existing analytical models for calculating CO<sub>2</sub> storage volume in field cases, reappraising the carbon sequestration potential of fracture-vuggy carbonate. Drawing from comparative results, we discern that depleted carbonate can dissolve and mineralize more CO<sub>2</sub> than saline layer, despite the storage volume can be considerably less. The annual storage capacity per well of two geological systems are comparable. Under unfavorable geological conditions, the minimum unit storage capacity of carbonate reservoir exceeds that of saline aquifer. The study's discoveries offer fresh perspectives on reliable and efficient CO<sub>2</sub> geological storage, contributing to the reduction of atmospheric carbon emissions and advancing the utilization of underground resources and global energy transformation.</p>

The impact of climate change and sustainability initiatives on forensic practice

The climate change crisis affects all aspects of our lives, and this includes national and global scientific endeavours. The forensic sciences are no different but are yet to engage meaningfully with this agenda or to consider what it means for future practice. This paper explores and discusses a range of impacts on forensic and crime scene practice derived from climate change and proposes the potential implications. The paper concludes by laying out a way forward and a programme of activity to support the forensic sciences to manage the implications of climate change and related sustainability initiatives on the criminal and medico-legal investigative community.

CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ETHICAL-LEGAL DISCOURSE ON CLIMATE CHANGE MANAGEMENT

This paper has focused on the historical development of ethical and legal thought on climate change. The study has aimed to historically locate ethical and legal basis on environmental with the urge to overcome climate change, to establish the advent of climate change reality and the management mechanism, and finally bring about the intersection between ethics and law on climate change management. The study has traced philosophical ideas on the environment from ancient and classical times through the medieval, renaissance, modern, and contemporary periods. It has also explored the African perspectives on environmental issues and considered climate change science’s legal and ethical dimensions from the 19th century to the present. Here various approaches to climate change management mechanisms such as anthropocentrism, ecocentrism, biocentrism, regenerative paradigms, climate justice, and holistic approaches have been discussed, thus placing into perspective what has been down. To achieve this goal, the study was guided by Husserl’s Phenomenological Method and theory which has analyzed the climate change discourse throughout the discourse. The discourse has culminated with bringing out clarity on the complex web of ideologies, power dynamics, and institutional structures that shape responses to the climate change crisis and create sustainable mechanisms.

Law and mitigation: A comparative analysis of Moroccan and Indian Legal systems

There has been international recognition of the burgeoning climate change crisis, with numerous conventions attempting to foster collaboration and cooperation between countries. However, it has been established that there exists a discrepancy, with certain countries historically polluting more, while other countries bear the brunt of these erratic changes with specific categories of people having to bear even more. Through this there arises a requirement to analyze the efforts countries make to alleviate climate change, especially their interaction with other nations in terms of forming alliances or adopting similar measures. The utopian ideation behind law is to provide a voice for the voiceless and to safeguard the interests of the masses. Though corruption and sheer inefficiency has riddled this powerful tool with deficits. The current rate of environmental degradation demarcates the failure of the law, as marginalized communities continue to face mass discrimination and struggle to mobilize to courts. It is important to understand the bodies involved in governance and the unique manner in which an issue gets addressed through the system. Only through this understanding can gaps be bridged and functional legislation enacted. Moreover, as there is a shift in global politics and a need to deconstruct Western hegemony, it is crucial to understand the Global South’s perspectives in dealing with the contention of climate change. In particular, countries like India and Morocco that are distinct but share certain common intricacies as developing countries with torrid pasts. This paper aspires to explore and examine Indian and Moroccan environmental acts or laws towards protection in juxtaposition to the surmounting levels of pollution.

Ecological Footprint and Willingness to Pay for Green Goods: Evidence from the Netherlands

Human consumption of scarce ecological resources is at the heart of the climate change crisis. Mitigating climate change will require changes in consumer behavior. Further, to respond effectively, policymakers need information on the environmental impact of individuals’ behaviors. In this paper, we study the effect of socio-demographic characteristics and personality traits on individuals’ environmental impact measured by their ecological footprint. We also investigate consumers’ willingness to pay for “green” goods. Using survey data from the Netherlands, first, we construct individuals’ ecological footprint. The survey also uses a 50-item personality scale developed by Goldberg (1992) to construct five personality traits. We find that individuals with higher personal income, less than a high school education, males, the employed, and people living in rural areas are associated with a higher EF. We also find that consumers’ WTP and demand are responsive to price increases in high-emitting goods and personality traits. We contribute to our understanding of the influence of socio-demographic and personality characteristics on the actual ecological footprint at the individual level. Further, we contribute to the economic literature on consumers’ WTP for “green” products as well as the ongoing discussion on using market-based solutions to tackle climate change.

한국의 에너지 소비와 경제성장의 탈동조화에 대한 분석

Purpose - This study analyzed the decoupling phenomenon between energy consumption and economic growth in Korea from 1990 to 2021. The main purpose of this study is to suggest policy implications for achieving a low-carbon society and decoupling that Korea must move forward in the face of the climate change crisis.
 Design/methodology/approach - This study investigated the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth by energy source and sector using the energy-EKC (EEKC) hypothesis which included the energy consumption on the traditional Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), and the impulse response function (IRF) model based on Bayesian vector auto-regression (BVAR).
 Findings - During the analysis period, the trend of decoupling of energy consumption and economic growth in Korea is confirmed starting from 1996. However, the decoupling tendency appeared differently depending on the differences in energy consumption by sources and fields. The results of the IRF model using data on energy consumption by source showed that the impact of GDP and renewable energy consumption resulted in an increase in energy consumption of bio and waste, but a decrease in energy consumption by sources, and the impact of trade dependence was found to increase the consumption of petroleum products.
 Research implications or Originality - According to the main results, efficient distribution by existing energy source is required through expansion of development of not only renewable energy but also alternative energy. Additionally, in order to increase the effectiveness of existing energy policies to achieve carbon neutrality, more detailed strategies by source and sector of energy consumption are needed.

남북 그린데탕트 추진을 위한 국내법제 정비 방안

This paper raises the necessity and utility of environmental cooperation in the context of the climate change crisis caused by environmental pollution and the strained North-South relations influenced by the US-China rivalry. It presents a plan for the domestic legal revision needed to facilitate this. Particularly, in the case of North and South Korea, where land and sea are interconnected, a joint response to climate change is necessary, and such cooperation can be mutually beneficial. Additionally, environmental improvement projects in North Korea can enhance the quality of life of its residents, offering a humanitarian aspect and potentially not conflicting with international sanctions against North Korea. In this regard, efforts for environmental cooperation are necessary for both Koreas, and there is a considerable possibility that North Korea will respond to these efforts. According to reports submitted to the UN and others, environmental pollution in North Korea is at a serious level, and there is observed intent to seek international support for its resolution. This situation implies that the resolution of environmental issues between North and South Korea can at least be achieved within the framework of multilateral international cooperation. The South Korean government has proposed the “Green Detente” policy as part of its North Korea policy to address the problems arising from climate change in North and South Korea and East Asia. The Green Detente can be understood as a process that aims for unification through reconciliation and cooperation by enhancing mutual benefits through cooperation in the environmental sector, which is a non-political field. In a situation where political exchanges are difficult, environmental cooperation has the advantage of being less burdensome as it can be conducted through local governments, private sector, or so-called 1.5 track exchanges. However, when examining the current state of domestic legislation for promoting the Green Detente as part of this policy, several limitations and problems have been identified. Firstly, our laws do not anticipate the divided situation and are not formulated to be applicable to North Korean areas. Nor is there a special law for the promotion of Green Detente. Even if there were such a law, it would not be simple to pre-emptively legislate for various unpredictable situations. Therefore, the most useful approach currently available is to create a legislative environment for the implementation of the Green Detente policy by revising laws, particularly those governing North-South relations and laws addressing environmental pollution and disaster preparedness. A brief examination reveals that the Inter-Korean Exchange and Cooperation Act, which regulates all areas of inter-Korean exchange and cooperation, needs revision due to unnecessary and complex regulatory elements concerning environmental exchange and cooperation. Individual environmental laws lack the foundation for research and study on North Korean areas and nearly lack provisions considering the possibility of cooperation with North Korea. Therefore, it is necessary to legislate including plans for cooperation, investigation, and research on North Korean areas in the provisions for establishing basic plans in individual environmental laws. Additionally, provisions related to international cooperation may be difficult to apply to bilateral cooperation issues between North and South Korea. The revision of domestic laws should be done in a way that respects the basic principles of unification under the constitution, does not harm North-South relations, prepares for unification, and complies with international standards on environmental issues.

Guardians of the green: An essay on the impacts of climate change on forest ecosystems and its mitigation

The Philippines, recognized as a biodiversity hotspot, grapples with the escalating crisis of climate change, evident in rising temperatures, shifting rainfall patterns, and the increased frequency of extreme weather events. This essay explores the profound yet often overlooked impacts of climate change on the country's forest ecosystems, emphasizing the interconnectedness of environmental, societal, and economic consequences. Despite forests being perceived as a solution to climate change, they face disruption in composition, structure, and biogeography, endangering biodiversity and essential ecosystem services. Addressing this crisis demands a multifaceted approach. Scientifically grounded strategies, such as conservation, reforestation, and reduced-impact logging, are crucial for mitigating climate change’s impact on forests. The study underscores the pivotal role of technology, policy interventions, and sustainable practices, stressing the importance of a diverse strategy. Legal frameworks, like the National Integrated Protected Area System, need reassessment and strict enforcement. Human activities, identified as primary contributors to climate change, necessitate a shift toward sustainable practices, embracing eco-friendly technologies, and responsible consumption. Furthermore, the essay advocates for global cooperation, technology sharing, and financial support to combat climate change collectively. International collaboration is essential to set common goals, share resources, and address the global impacts of climate change. The urgency of this matter calls for immediate, concerted efforts at individual, national, and international levels to safeguard the Philippines' forests and mitigate broader climate change impacts. The responsibility to act is clear—it is a necessity for a sustainable planet.

Impacts of reduced synthetic fertiliser use under current and future climates: Exploration using integrated agroecosystem modelling in the upper River Taw observatory, UK

The intensification of farming and increased nitrogen fertiliser use, to satisfy the growing population demand, contributed to the extant climate change crisis. Use of synthetic fertilisers in agriculture is a significant source of anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, especially potent nitrous oxide (N2O). To achieve the ambitious policy target for net zero by 2050 in the UK, it is crucial to understand the impacts of potential reductions in fertiliser use on multiple ecosystem services, including crop production, GHG emissions and soil organic carbon (SOC) storge. A novel integrated modelling approach using three established agroecosystem models (SPACSYS, CSM and RothC) was implemented to evaluate the associated impacts of fertiliser reduction (10%, 30% and 50%) under current and projected climate scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) in a study catchment in Southwest England. 48 unique combinations of soil types, climate conditions and fertiliser inputs were evaluated for five major arable crops plus improved grassland. With a 30% reduction in fertiliser inputs, the estimated yield loss under current climate ranged between 11% and 30% for arable crops compared with a 20–24% and 6–22% reduction in N2O and methane emissions, respectively. Biomass was reduced by 10–25% aboveground and by <12% for the root system. Relative to the baseline scenario, soil type dependent reductions in SOC sequestration rates are predicted under future climate with reductions in fertiliser inputs. Losses in SOC were more than doubled under the RCP4.5 scenario. The emissions from energy use, including embedded emissions from fertiliser manufacture, was a significant source (14–48%) for all arable crops and the associated GWP20.

Intellectual Property Rights Regime in Green Technology: Way Forward to Sustainability

Climate change crises and environmental imbalances have been a significant concern globally in recent times. The climatic changes give rise to various issues such as global warming, depletion of the ozone layer, deterioration of natural resources, soil erosion, deforestation, and more. Many international and national agreements and policies have been created to protect the environment, from the UNFCCC to the recent Paris Agreement, aiming to control rising environmental issues. However, developed and developing countries must achieve desirable results in combating climate change. Industrial and technological developments are critical reasons for environmental pollution and degradation. Progress is necessary for planned developing countries, but growth and expansions shall also consider ecological sustainability. Technology shall be novel in adapting to the changes, considering the effects it can produce on the environment. Green technology combines technology with the environment, also called environmental technology, clean technology, or sustainable technology. It is a combination of science and technology together to mitigate climatic changes and protect the environment. Green technology is the modern sustainable solution to pressing environmental concerns. India is one of the countries globally showing rapid green technology developments. The authors of this paper have tried to highlight the dire need to modify technological developments vis-a-vis environmental sustainability to protect the environment. The research paper delves into and understands the interface between clean technology’s importance and relevance for ecological sustainability and the role of patent law, particularly in dealing with issues of the environment. The paper shall also establish a harmonious relationship between patent law and its role in ensuring environmental sustainability.

International water fora and the prevailing needs for local implementation and broader participation

The United Nations (UN) 2023 Water Conference was held from March 22–24 at the UN Headquarters in New York, USA. There was a clear message from Day 1 of the Conference: “we are not on track to achieving Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 on water and sanitation for all.” Moreover, business-as-usual approaches for water management do not seem effective facing the so-called triple planetary crisis of climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss (What is the Triple Planetary Crisis? | UNFCCC). Hence, the Conference aimed to raise awareness of the global water crisis and to make agreements on concerted actions to mobilize all sectors, stakeholders, and countries toward the resolution of this global issue. Among them, the agreement to establish a UN Special Envoy for Water (different figure than the Special Rapporteur on the Human Right to Water), ground more than seven hundred voluntary commitments and pledges, and renew the political momentum in fora such as the High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development, held this July 2023, and the SDG Summit in September 2023 to follow up on the SDGs and Agenda 2030, as well as the commitments of the Decade for Action on Water (2018–2028).The UN, in fact, has promoted numerous initiatives to mobilize citizens around the SDGs. Presently, the UN has declared a total of 206 International Environmental Days to honor specific human and environmental subjects. Among them, only 40 are specifically related to the environment or socio-environmental issues. The majority of all of these declarations are followed by “mega-conferences”1 related to the same subjects: that is, RAMSAR/wetlands sites, sustainable development, biodiversity, climate change, and the latest one is water. The UN states that these commemorative dates and fora are meant to “educate the public on issues of concern, to mobilize political will and resources to address global problems, and to celebrate and reinforce achievements of humanity” (United Nations, 2023) ). We have nothing against the raising of awareness and the need to take political action, but we would rather like to offer a reflection on two critical and historical challenges related to these global events: (a) the implementation of global water fora accords from global-to-local governance, and (b) the need for broader and inclusive participation of different stakeholders, with particular focus on water issues.