Crisis Of Trust Research Articles

Is scientific knowledge or trust responsible for preventive behaviours during COVID-19 pandemic?

Abstract Background When the public exhibit high levels of trust in science, adoption of new technologies becomes easier. Yet, one can note a crisis of trust in science, as declared by the UK Government in 2000, which found that lowering trust causes less public support for science. Especially in precarious situations like the COVID-19 pandemic, quick acceptance and adoption of regulations, measures and technologies are important. Objectives To identify whether scientific knowledge or trust in science, health institutions & governments lead to preventive behaviours during COVID-19 pandemic, & greater acceptance of technologies designed to battle it. Methods An online public opinion survey is conducted in Germany (n1=1000) and India (n2=1000) using stratified random sampling. The questionnaire consists of 4 sections: COVID-19 knowledge, preventive behaviours during various phases of the pandemic, trust in self & institutions, and acceptance of technologies. Knowledge items are scored, and preventive behaviours are evaluated in categories. The trust section consists of imaginary scenarios in each of the components of trust - integrity, responsiveness, reliability, openness and fairness. These trust scenarios identify the level of trust in individuals, close friends & family, scientists & researchers, and the government. Correlations between knowledge scores, preventive behaviours, trust, and acceptance of technologies are explored and reported. Results It is expected that knowledge can be correlated to preventive behaviours. But, for acceptance of technologies, it is expected that trust might play a greater role rather than knowledge. Conclusions This study is unique in its design where public trust is not just a single variable but is measurable due to severable scenarios for each of the components of trust. Additionally, this study provides a direction for policy and institutional responses to future pandemics- answering whether to focus on knowledge or build more trust. Key messages • Online, representative public opinion surveys in Germany & India compare and contrast whether knowledge or trust is responsible for preventive behaviours and acceptance of technologies during COVID-19. • Adoption of new technologies becomes easier when public exhibit higher levels of trust. However, knowledge can be important for preventive behaviours.

An Access Control Scheme Based on Blockchain and Ciphertext Policy-Attribute Based Encryption.

Ciphertext policy-attribute-based encryption (CP-ABE), which provides fine-grained access control and ensures data confidentiality, is widely used in data sharing. However, traditional CP-ABE schemes often choose to outsource data to untrusted third-party cloud service providers for storage or to verify users' access rights through third parties, which increases the risk of privacy leakage and also suffers from the problem of opaque permission verification. This paper proposes an access control scheme based on blockchain and CP-ABE, which is based on multiple authorization centers and supports policy updating. In addition, blockchain technology's distributed, decentralized, and tamper-proof features are utilized to solve the trust crisis problem in the data-sharing process. Security analysis and performance evaluation show that the proposed scheme improves the computational efficiency by 18%, 26%, and 68% compared to previous references. The proposed scheme also satisfies the indistinguishability under chosen-plaintext attack (IND-CPA).

Establishment of Trust Mechanism and Trust Crisis--The Influence of Scientific Symbols in Advertisements on Social Trust

Due to the refinement of professional knowledge, individuals have to trust authority in every field in a limited life, and social trust is constituted in this way. Cosmetics merchants add a lot of scientific symbols to advertisements to shape themselves as authorities in order to make people trust their products. However, with the phenomenon of advertising fraud exposed by the news media, scientific symbols in these advertisements have triggered customers' "trust crisis". This paper analyzes the establishment of trust mechanisms and trust crises through the scientific symbols in advertisements from the perspective of knowledge power. In the end, it puts forward three ways to alleviate the crisis of trust and puts forward suggestions from the government, legislature and intellectual elite, respectively. For example, to prevent some brands from attracting consumers by establishing knowledge power, including creating pseudo-scientific concepts, purposefully confounding scientific concepts, inflating product efficacy, and publicizing scientific conclusions that cannot be validated, the government should supervise the advertisements well as the products' quality.

Blockchain-Based Traceability for Agricultural Products: A Systematic Literature Review

In recent years, with the frequent crises of trust in the food industry, food safety issues have become an issue of particular concern to consumers. The traditional agricultural food logistics and transportation model can no longer guarantee the traceability of food safety information, and it is particularly important to establish an effective traceability system. Therefore, a traceability system is applied as a tool to assist in the assurance of food safety and quality, as well as to achieve consumer confidence. Blockchain is a new decentralized infrastructure and distributed computing paradigm that has gradually emerged. Blockchain has the characteristics of decentralization, immutable information and trustworthiness. When blockchain is applied to the traceability system of agricultural products, the quality of agricultural products will be well guaranteed. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the recent research efforts on traceability in agricultural products based on blockchain technology. First, the method of content analysis used in this article to sort out the papers is introduced. Second, the background concepts of blockchain and the key technologies are presented. Thirdly, the traceability applications based on blockchain technology for agricultural products are described in detail. Finally, we expand on the current trends and provide new perspectives pertaining to this exciting application of this field.

The home-leaving experience of Gaza Envelope residents following the May 2021 Gaza War

ABSTRACT Since Israel’s unilateral disengagement from the Gaza Strip in 2005 and the consequent seizure of power by Hamas, there has been an ongoing military confrontation between Israel and the Islamist terror organisation. Evacuation of civilians from Israeli border localities (known as the Gaza Envelope) during such confrontations has become a bone of contention between the local residents and the government as the security situation deteriorated and the danger to residents’ lives increased. Using 30 semi-structured in-depth interviews, this article examines the home-leaving experience of Gaza Envelope residents during the May 2021 Gaza War, with reference to interviewees’ mindsets, feelings, and behaviour at the time. Findings show a crisis of trust among those who left, primarily towards the state and its institutions, and secondly towards the social solidarity that used to be a cornerstone of Israeli society.

Trust in Crises and Crises of Trust.

During times of crisis, institutions tend to focus on maintaining or restoring public trust, as well as on measures to insulate themselves (and their leadership) from potential legal liability. This is because institutions reflexively turn to lawyers, risk managers, crisis consultants, and public relations firms that focus on what they euphemistically call the "optics." In this essay, I highlight the vital importance of addressing underlying reasons for an institution's loss of public trust-in particular, the loss (or erosion) of its integrity and trustworthiness. Loss of public trust generates one kind of crisis-which I term "opsis." But there is another kind of institutional crisis that so often remains unrecognized. Just as medical sepsis in the human body is a critical condition that endangers life, the loss of an institution's integrity and trustworthiness constitutes a type of sepsis-ethical sepsis-that poses an existential threat to the institution if unaddressed.

Research on the Stigmatization Behind the ‘X-male’ Lexicon

This article explores the intricacy of the emergence of misandria labels in China’s social media platform. We analyze the coinage background and discourse practice features behind misandria labels of ‘X-male’ lexicon such as ‘fènghuáng nán’ and ‘wéisuó nán’, on Weibo platform, from which we collected corpus. Our investigation reveals that the misandria labels of ‘X-male’ lexicon manifest stigmatization, including implicit and interwined stigma, alongside the separation between public stigma and self-stigma. We argue that this kind of stigmatization may stem from the disruption of traditional Chinese social norms, the dominance of the capital market economy, and the amplification companied by social media, leading to trust crisis in Chinese society during the transitional period. Benefiting from our research, we can better comprehend the status of men in contemporary China, and lay the foundation for social initiatives toward gender equality.

Mediated Trust and Artificial Intelligence

It has been widely observed in recent years that there has been a global crisis of institutional trust. This article explores the concept of mediated trust, using the “Three I's” framework of ideas, interests, and institutions, in order to understand how the interaction between these three elements provides insights into the evolution of mediated trust. It is argued that, in the case of the early Internet, ideas were a key driver of institutional formations. By contrast, with artificial intelligence, there are already an array of powerful corporate interests seeking to drive policy agendas.

The Tunisian experience of participatory health governance: the Societal Dialogue for Health (a qualitative study)

BackgroundTunisia has been engaged in the Societal Dialogue (SD) for Health process since 2012, a participatory health governance process aimed at bringing in people’s voice into health policy-making. Its first success was the recently released National Health Policy 2030. This paper aims to document the SD process and to bring out the lessons learned to inspire other countries.MethodsThis study was based essentially on a qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews with citizen jury members and health experts that took place from May to September 2018. The qualitative analysis adopted an inductive-deductive approach according to a cross-matrix between the themes of the interview of the two groups of interviewees.ResultsThe qualitative analysis of the data highlighted that the Societal Dialogue created a health democracy dynamic with inclusive dialogue spaces for the population, communities, and civil society to participate in health system design. It constituted a multi-actor and multidisciplinary coordination platform to increase consensus building among actors. Initial government support and high levels of volunteer commitment allowed the process to achieve a certain level of sustainability. However, this process faced and still faces many challenges such as overreliance on volunteers; a crisis of trust; political instability and the lack of an effective communication strategy. These challenges negatively influence the policy uptake of recommendations made by the Societal Dialogue for Health.ConclusionThe Tunisian societal dialogue experience highlights both the successes and challenges of a structured participatory platform, as well as the effort and perseverance it takes to keep such a process functional and relevant. A key lesson from this study is that this model of participatory health governance eventually reaches a stage where population, community, and civil society participation needs to be more institutionalized within the government routine so that it can credibly feed into health policy review processes and inform decision-makers on a regular basis.

The theory of innovation and entrepreneurship education practice with the integration of modern information technology and new engineering

Abstract In the context of integrating modern information technology and new engineering, this paper first sets up new alternative controller nodes and data nodes in the whole blockchain network, which no longer requires administrators to maintain the platform and eliminates the problem of centralized trust crisis. Then the data nodes are optimized through RP-PBFT consensus according to blockchain technology, and the data nodes pack and encrypt the transaction data based on an elliptic encryption algorithm to store it on the new block while distributing the data to all other data nodes. Finally, from college students themselves, with the essential purpose of improving college students’ innovation ability as the research, the effect of blockchain technology on the development of college students’ innovation and entrepreneurship practice community is analyzed. The results show that the average values of innovation spirit, innovation consciousness, innovation thinking, innovation learning ability, and innovation practice ability are 3.76, 3.75, 3.71, 3.80, and 3.76, respectively, which can be seen in the community members’ feelings of the improvement of innovation and entrepreneurship ability. This study applies blockchain technology to the innovation and entrepreneurship information data service platform of college students not only can solve the trust crisis of administrators based on the centralized working model and accelerate the transmission of entrepreneurship information.

More than one crisis: COVID-19 response actors navigating multi-dimensional crises in Flanders, Belgium

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted societies globally. Public health institutions were tasked with responding to the pandemic in a dynamic and uncertain context. This paper sheds light on the experiences of COVID-19 response actors as they navigated multi-dimensional crises associated with the pandemic in general and vaccine hesitancy in particular. This research was conducted during the initial phase of the COVID-19 vaccine rollout in Flanders, Belgium. Participants included informants across all levels of the COVID-19 vaccination strategy including but not limited to those producing scientific knowledge, providing policy input, or implementing public health directives locally. ‘Crisis’ was identified as a recurring theme in interviews with informants. The paper highlights multi-dimensional crises experienced by informants such as the: (i) crisis of prioritization, (ii) crisis of communication, (iii) crisis of the changing image of science, (iv) crisis of epistemic agency and autonomy, and (v) crisis of trust.

IS “UNTRUSTWORTHY” THE NEW “THREATENING”? CHINA’S SOCIAL CREDIT SYSTEM THROUGH THE PRISM OF SECURITIZATION

China’s Social Credit System (SCS) has been portrayed in much Western media coverage as an instrument for full-scale social control that collects and analyses behavioural data on an unprecedented scale. This perception has been countered by scholars who argue that the SCS should be seen more as a tool focused on strengthening law enforcement. This article argues that the development and operations of the SCS should be understood as a long-term process of “securitisation”, intended to counter a crisis of trust in Chinese society. By introducing this “trust” discourse, the SCS creates an environment that justifies the need to employ extraordinary measures against breakers of social trust, measures that include reputational sanctions and joint punishments. Whether this securitisation process will succeed in efficiently curtailing untrustworthy behaviours in the social, political and economic spheres remains uncertain. It might be hampered by Chinese society’s limited knowledge of the SCS, as well as by the limited impact of the SCS on people’s lives. Alternatively, the introduction of measures that are too intrusive might trigger public disapproval. While ongoing local trials primarily involve schemes to reward “good” behaviour, since 2021 punitive measures targeted at trust-breakers have been standardised at the central government level. This article is based on an analysis of Chinese-language documents and its primary focus is on these centrally-designed SCS sanctions. It adds to the existing literature not only by proposing a new perspective through which the SCS may be perceived but also by discussing the measures targeted at individuals, the shape of which has been moulded by the recent standardisation activities.

PCB Security Modules for Reverse-Engineering Resistant Design

As the crisis of confidence and trust in overseas foundries arises, the industry and academic community are paying increasing attention to Printed Circuit Board (PCB) security. PCB, the backbone of any electronic system hardware, always draws attackers’ attention as it carries system and design information. Numerous ways of PCB tampering (e.g., adding/replacing a component, eavesdropping on a trace and bypassing a connection) can lead to more severe problems, such as Intellectual Property (IP) violation, password leaking, the Internet of Things (IoT) attacks or even more. This paper proposes a technique of active self-defense PCB modules with zero performance overhead. Those protection modules will only be activated when the boards are exposed to the attacks. A set of PCBs with proposed protection modules is fabricated and tested to prove the effectiveness and efficiency of the techniques.

"Conducted Properly, Published Incorrectly": The Evolving Status of Gel Electrophoresis Images Along Instrumental Transformations in Times of Reproducibility Crisis.

For the last ten years, within molecular life sciences, the reproducibility crisis discourse has been embodied as a crisis of trust in scientific images. Beyond the contentious perception of "questionable research practices" associated with a digital turn in the production of images, this paper highlights the transformations of gel electrophoresis as a family of experimental techniques. Our aim is to analyze the evolving epistemic status of generated images and its connection with a crisis of trust in images within that field. From the 1980s to the 2000s, we identify two key innovations (precast gels and gel docs) leading to a "two-tiered" gel electrophoresis with different standardization procedures, different epistemic statuses of the produced images and different ways of generating (dis)trust in images. The first tier, exemplified by differential gel electrophoresis (DIGE), is characterized by specialized devices processing images as quantitative data. The second tier, exemplified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), is described as a routine technique making use of image as qualitative "virtual witnessing." The difference between these two tiers is particularly apparent in the ways images are processed, even though both tiers involve image digitization. Our account thus highlights different views on reproducibility within the two tiers. Comparability of images is insisted upon in the first tier while traceability is expected in the second tier. It is striking that these differences occur not only within the same scientific field, but even within the same family of experimental techniques. In the second tier, digitization entails distrust, whereas it implies a collective sentiment of trust in the first tier.

Influence of Blockchain Technology Application in Education on Online Teaching Resources Sharing

With the continuous expansion of educational view, blockchain technology develops into the cutting-edge applied science and technology of educational information construction. Blockchain technology can effectively solve such problems as information security and trust crisis in the current application of big data in online education by virtue of its characteristics of decentralization, traceability, multi-party consensus mechanism, and high trust. Blockchain technology is conducive to protecting online educational resources, strengthening the transparency of online teaching resources, simplifying the copyright transaction process, and thus enhancing the scientific and technological innovation ability of teachers. Studies regarding the blockchain technology application in education were analyzed, and the influences of the four aspects of the blockchain technology application in education on online teaching resource sharing were explored. Results showed that the Cronbach α coefficient of the questionnaire designed in this research was 0.856, and the KMO value was 0.859, indicating its good reliability and validity. The cross-institutional learning record storage space, learning certificate management mechanism, and collaboratively developed educational ecosystem of the blockchain technology application in education obviously promoted online teaching resource sharing at a significance level of 5%. The results are important reference values for strengthening the integration of educational resources under blockchain technology, improving the application mechanism of online digital educational resources, and improving the accurate service quality of online educational resources.

Above management: Scale development and empirical testing for public opinion monitoring of marine pollution

The marine eco-environment is receiving increasing attention globally, and the rapid development of network technology has enabled individuals to express their dissatisfaction and appeals for marine pollution through public engagement measures, particularly on network platforms. As a result, chaotic public opinions and information dissemination on marine pollution are becoming more prevalent. Previous studies have mainly focused on practical measures of marine pollution management, with limited exploration of how to prioritize the monitoring of public opinions on marine pollution. This study aims to develop a comprehensive and scientific measurement scale for public opinion monitoring on marine pollution by defining its implications and dimensions, verifying its reliability, validity, and predictive validity. The research defines the implications of public opinion monitoring regarding marine pollution based on previous literature and experience, using empathy theory as an entry point. The study uses text analysis to explore the internal laws of topic data on social media sites (n = 12,653), forming a theoretical conception of public opinion monitoring composed of three Level 1 dimensions (empathy arousal, empathy experience, and empathy memory). Based on research conclusions and related measurement scales, the study compiles the measurement items to develop the initial scale. Finally, the study verifies the scale reliability and validity (n1 = 435, n2 = 465) and predictive validity (n = 257). Results show that the public opinion monitoring scale has good reliability and validity, and the three Level 1 dimensions have a high level of interpretation for public opinion monitoring and good predictive validity. This research expands the application scope of public opinion monitoring theory and emphasizes the significance of public opinion management on the basis of traditional management research, increasing marine pollution managers' attention to the public domain of the network. Furthermore, it provides public opinion monitoring instruments for marine pollution through scale development and empirical research, reducing the occurrence of public trust crises and creating a stable and harmonious network environment.

Webtoon-Based Anticorruption Childrens Story Development

The rise of corruption cases illustrates that Indonesia is experiencing a crisis of morals and trust. Seeing these conditions, efforts to eradicate anti-corruption are needed. One of them is through preventive efforts in the form of anti-corruption education from an early age. This research aims to 1) develop the webtoon CANTIK, 2) find out the feasibility of the webtoon CANTIK, and 3) find out the effectiveness of the webtoon CANTIK to introduce anti-corruption moral values to children. The research method used is research and development (RD) which consists of 4 stages: define, design, development, and dissemination. The content contained in CANTIK contains simple forms of corruption and anti-corruption values. The first series describes a form of bribery corruption with anti-corruption values: honesty, responsibility, independence, and courage. The second series describes the form of corruption of the time with anti-corruption values: discipline, care and justice. The third series describes the form of greed corruption with anti-corruption values: simplicity, hard work, and responsibility.

Политические аспекты «доверия» как фактора влияния в условиях кризиса: понятие, ресурсность и современные тренды

Introduction. The article is devoted to topical issues and political aspects of “trust” in the conditions of the modern crisis. This article analyzes the political aspects and manifestations of “trust” and characterizes its resource capacity depending on the level of application. Methods and materials. The article used a certain set of methods that were used to substantiate and solve problems and contributed to the achievement of the goals and objectives of the authors. The historical-retrospective method, which made it possible to trace the process of evolution and changes in the essential interpretations of “trust”, can be attributed to the number of significant ones. The typological and systematic methods made it possible to identify the types of trust and reflect the resource potential of political trust. In addition, the method of actualization, which was used in the process of working on the problem, contributed to the identification of modern trends and prospects. Analysis. The authors dwell in detail on the features of the evolution of “trust” in the context of modern processes and crisis phenomena. The article analyzes various approaches to exploring the essence and characteristics of “trust” as a scientific and practical phenomenon. The levels and types of trust functioning are considered, and certain aspects that have found application in the political sphere and are actualized at the present stage are highlighted. The authors note the influence of information and communication processes on the state of public trust in political institutions, processes, and phenomena. In the context of scaling fake information, the state of counter-suggestiveness of the individual in relation to information stuffing and suggestions that differ from its value orientations, views, and beliefs is highlighted. Results. The study of the category of trust within the framework of an interdisciplinary approach allows us to attribute it to significant elements and factors of the sociopolitical process and track its dynamics under the influence of deep global transformational shifts taking place in the socio-political sphere. The authors, in their results, note the need for systematic monitoring and the accumulation of objective data on the social mood in the issue of trust in the power and the presence of threats in the conditions of dissonance of the political line of power and unsatisfied interests of citizens, which can lead to a crisis of institutional trust. Authors’ contribution. R.H. Usmanov presented the justification and conceptualization of the study, took part in planning the stages of the study, summarized the results of the work, and formulated conclusions, advising on certain issues of manifestations of trust in the political sphere. O.I. Oskina carried out direct analysis and generalization of data sources and scientific literature, conducted a review and analytical study of the data, and participated in the interpretation of the results. E.V. Kudryashova collected data from sources and scientific literature, designed the manuscript and the list of references, edited and processed them, and worked with empirical data.

Analisis Dampak Manajemen Konflik Toxic Friendship Pada Santri di Pondok Pesantren Darul Arifin 2

Being born into social beings makes humans dependent on one another. Building a friendship is a must as a form of human truth as a social being. Sometimes friends come and go according to where and the conditions experienced. However, it is not uncommon for friendships to be successfully built over the years. This study aims to determine the impact of toxic friendship experienced by students at Darul Arifin 2 Islamic Boarding School in terms of mental aspects such as insecurity, crisis of trust, and depression. The research method used in this journal is descriptive qualitative method. Data collection techniques in this study used observation, interviews, and documentation methods. Based on the results of research from interviews with sources, the sources stated that toxic friendship actions at Darul Arifin Islamic Boarding School do exist, in the form of toxic friendship actions, namely, criticism, bullying, no empathy, and body shaming. The results of this study indicate the different conditions experienced by each student in responding to the stimulus given by toxic friendship. The toxic friendship behavior experienced by students of Darul Arifin 2 Islamic Boarding School is dominant in the form of criticism and lack of empathy, then the impact experienced is dominant in feeling insecure and low self-confidence.

Concrete Analysis and Research Investigation of Doctor-patient Relationship under Evolutionary Game Model

With the progress and development of society, people's requirements for medical care are improving, and the tension and conflict of doctor-patient relationship has become a popular topic of public opinion in the whole society. Therefore, this paper starts from information asymmetry, trust crisis, moral hazard and other directions, and uses the evolutionary game model to specifically explore the doctor-patient relationship. The research results show that there is a balance and imbalance of cooperation and conflict between doctors and patients, and the factors that determine this include service attitude, welfare system, supervision by relevant departments, communication problems between doctors and patients, and social factors. Among them, the government should increase the supervision of hospitals, and the communication between doctors and patients should be strengthened to effectively ease the tension between doctors and patients, thereby reducing the social burden. This article will focus on discussing the causes of the doctor-patient conflict and how to alleviate the tense doctor-patient conflict and create a good medical environment as a member of society.