Crinum Jagus Research Articles

Phyto-constituents of the Dichloromethane Extracts of the Bulbs of Selected Genera in the Family Amaryllidaceae

The analysis of phytoconstituents present in the dichloromethane extract of the bulb of Hippeastrum vittatum (L’Her.) Herb., Proiphys amboinensis (L.) Herb., Urceolina amazonica (Linden) Christenh. & Byng., Hymenocallis littoralis (Jacq.) Salisb., Crinum jagus (J. Thomps.) Dandy and Zephyranthes carinata Herb. by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectometry (GC-MS) analysis was carried out using standard methods. The Results of the GC-MS analysis of Hippeastrum vittatum, Proiphys amboinensis, Urceolina amazonica, Hymenocallis littoralis, Crinum jagus and Zephyranthes carinata revealed the presence of 50, 66, 61, 57, 56 and 61 peaks indicating the presence of the number of phytochemical constituents respectively. Phytol was present in Hymennocallis littoralis (0.41%) and Urceolina amazonica (0.79%) only. N-hexadecanoic acid, Di mevalonic acid lactone, Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester and Stigmasterol were present in all. Apiol and Xanthoxylin were absent in H. littoralis and P. amboniensis respectively. Oleic acid was present in Z. carinata (2.01%), P. amboniensis (1.85%) and U. amazonica (2.03%). Sakuranin was found in H. littoralis (3.42%), C. jagus (1.38%) and U. amazonica (4.43%). Linoleic acid ethyl ester was present in P. amboniensis (1.49%), U. amazonica (0.16%), H. littoralis (11.91%) and Z. carinata (0. 8 8%). The major components that delimited the species were as follows; In Hymenocallis littoralis was Liriodendromin (14.03%), Linoleic acid ethyl ester (11.91%) and Ethyl oleate (9.38%); in Zephranthes carinata; Phthalic acid, 4-methoxybenzyl methyl ester (15.34%) Gatanthamine, 3-O-acetyl-1, 2, dihydro (8.87%) Stigmasterol (5.87%); in Hippeastrum vittatum; N-benzyl-2-[1-(4-methoxyl-phenyl 1) – 1 H-tetrazo (14.94%), Benzaminde, 2-amino-N-(4-ethoxyphenyl) (12.65%) and 1-(5-methyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenyl propane (10.49%); in Crinum jagus; 2H-1-Benzopyran-7-ol, 3,4-dihydro-3-(2-hyrdo) (19.87%), Benzamide, 2-amino-N- (4-ethoxyphenyl) (9.92%) and Stigmasterol (4.04%); in Proiphys amboniensis; Gamma-sitosterol (16.98%), Stigmasterol (11.49%) and N-Hexadecanoic acid(5.05%); in U. amazonica; 3-Furanacetic acid, 4-hexyl-2, 5-dihydro-2, 5 (12.73%), Benzamide, 2-amino-N- (4-ethoxyphenyl) (8.18%) and Phenyl, 2-(3,4-dihydro 2-methoxyl-2H-1-benzopy) (6.40%). The presence of various bioactive compounds may be responsible for the application of these species in the treatment and management of various ailments in folklore medicine. However, in vitro and in vivo studies, isolation of individual phytoconstituents and their mechanism of action may proceed to find a novel drug or lead compound for use as medicine.

Exploring the Antivenom Potentials of Crinum Jagus Bulbs in the Treatment of Snake Bite from Girei, Adamawa State, Nigeria

Crinum jagus is a plant barely used in the treatment of snake bite in Nigeria and other African countries. This study focuses on evaluating the efficacy of the bulb of the plant against venom from Carpet viper snake. The plant samples were obtained, dried, blended while successive extraction was carried out using methanol. The crude methanolic extract and two distinct fractions obtained from column chromatography were used. Crystallized venom of Carpet viper was administered at varying concentrations. Forty mice were allocated into ten equal groups of four each. Mice in groups 4, 2 and 1 were given 150, 300 and 450 mg/kg of fraction 1 of Crinum jagus bulb respectively. Group 6, 5 and 7 were given same dose of fraction 2 obtained from Crinum jagus bulb. Group 7, 8 and 9 were given the crude methanolic extract at 150, 300 and 450 mg/kg, while group 10 served as the control. Apart from the Carpet viper venom that was administered intraperitonially, all others were administered orally. The Mice were observed over 24 hours before readings were taken. All the animals in the control group succumbed to envenomation within 7 to 15 minutes. In contrast, mice treated with both fractions and the crude methanolic extract exhibited significant survival rates, with survival rates increasing with higher dosages. Specifically, two mice from group 5 (F2 = 300 mg/kg), one from group 4 (F1 = 150 mg/kg), and one from group 3 (Cr = 300 mg/kg) survived the venom. The average weights of the mice across the groups varied, but no significant weight loss or adverse reactions were observed in the treated groups. These findings suggest that Crinum jagus bulb extracts possess potential antivenom properties against Carpet viper venom.

Evaluation of Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory and Antipyretic activities of the Methanol Extract of Crinum jagus Bulb in Rats

This study evaluated the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of the methanol extract of Crinum jagus bulb. The preliminary phytochemical analysis and acute toxicity studies were carried out following standard procedures. Assessment of analgesic activity in mice was performed using acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced pain tests. Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities were performed in rats using egg albumin-induced pedal oedema and Brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia models respectively. The results of the qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed that the bulb contained alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, phenols and terpenoids. The extract was non-toxic; the oral LD was greater than 5000 mgkg-1 at 24 h. The 50 maximal analgesic effect of the extract against acetic acid-induced pain was 47.2% at 400 mgkg-1 compared to 82.2% with aspirin (50 mgkg-1). The extract exerted no significant (p>0.05) analgesic effect different from the control in the first phase (5 min) of formalin-induced pain test. However, there was dose dependent inhibition of pain sensitivity which peaked 85% at 400 mg/kg compared to 94% with piroxicam (500 mgkg-1) in the second phase (15-30 min) of the test indicating a peripherally mediated effect. The lowest test dose (100 mgkg-1) of extract had a comparable oedema inhibition (20%) to aspirin (50 mg/kg). C. jagus bulb extract produced a maximal antipyretic potency (79.5%) at 100 mgkg-1 compared to 83% with paracetamol (50 mgkg-1). Crinum jagus bulb could be a source of potent compounds against pain, inflammation and fever.

Evaluation of the neurocognitive and neuroprotective potentials of selected Nigerian medicinal plants in experimental models of dementia

AbstractBackgroundRecent studies have implicated oxidative stress, chronic neuroinflammation, functional cholinergic deficits, and glutamatergic pathway disruptions in the pathophysiology of dementia. However, certain medicinal plants are being used in the management of dementias by the inhabitants of Ibarapa Area of South‐Western Nigeria, hence this study.MethodEthno‐pharmacological survey of medicinal plants used in the management of dementias in Ibarapa Area of Oyo State, South‐Western Nigeria was conducted using semi‐structured questionnaires and open‐ended interviews. Phytochemical, antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, anti‐nociceptive, and cholinesterase‐inhibiting screenings were conducted on selected medicinal plants (SMPs) using standard assays. Preliminary cytotoxicity screening of promising crude extracts were determined using brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA). LD50, acute and sub‐chronic administrations of the SMPs into groups of mice were determined using Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 423 guideline. Haematological, biochemical, and histopathological examinations following single and repeated doses of crude extracts of SMPs into groups of mice were determined using standard assays. Behavioural studies using relevant mouse models were conducted. Mechanistic studies using cell lines are being carried out on the promising SMPs. Data are expressed as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM) and analyzed using one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post‐hoc test (Student‐Newman‐Keuls test).ResultThe ethnomedicinal survey revealed about 105 medicinal plants belonging to more than 50 families being used as memory enhancers in the management of dementias by the inhabitants of Ibarapa Area of Oyo State in south‐Western Nigeria. Phoenix dactylifera, Combretum mucranthum, Parquitena nigrescens, Crinum jagus, Blighia sapida, Entandrophragma utile, Ficus exasperate showed significant antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and anti‐cholinergic activities. Results of BSLA revealed LC50 values of 100 ‐ 1000 ppm for the screened plants. The oral LD50 values of crude methanol extracts of SMPs are 2000 ‐ 5000 mg/kg. Findings from haematological, biochemical, histological and behavioural assays following both single and repeated administrations of the tested SMPs in mice showed that they are safe and possess promising neurobehavioural potentials that warranted further exploration.ConclusionThe SMPs are safe, highly rich in beneficial phytochemicals, exhibited significant antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, anti‐cholinesterase, nootropic and neuroprotective potentials thereby suggesting the rationale for their ethnomedicinal use in the management of NNDs.

Snake venom detoxification potential of selected Nigerian medicinal plants: a review

Snake envenomation is one of the neglected public health problems with high morbidity and mortality rate across the globe. Snakebite has led to several major health complications such as numbness and flaccid paralysis, damage to local tissue which eventually results in temporary and/or permanent physical impairment. In Nigeria however, lack of access to emergency treatment for snake envenomation has in no small measure contributed to the high rate of snake incidence. Though, a lot of drawbacks and limitations associated with the use of standard antisnake venom (ASV) include storage, side effects, expire in short time coupled with short supply. These factors made snake venom detoxification with ASV unaffordable to victims especially to people living in rural areas who are at high risk of snakebites. Therefore, the use of medicinal plants remains the only alternative for snake venom detoxification (SVD) in Nigeria especially in rural areas. This mini review reported the detoxification potentials of different medicinal plants (parts: leaves, stem bark, root, seed) of creeping foxglove (Asystasia gangetica L.), Resurrection plant (Bryophullum pinnatum Lam), Hammattan lily (Crinum jagus) wild custard apple (Annona sengalensis), plantain (Musa paradiasia) and finger root (Uvaria chamate), used to treat snakebite in Nigeria. Majority of these medicinal plants used by herbalists were validated by recent scientific works conducted on snake venom detoxification potentials. Bioactive antivenin compounds such as aristolochic acid, quercetin, kaempferol, resveratrol isolated from common Nigerian medicinal plants show very promising detoxification potential against snakebites. The authors of this review paper suggest that, more ethnomedicinal survey should be done to explore more plants with SVD potential for the development of effective medications.

Crinum jagus: antiproliferative studies of extracts on HepG2 cell line and in silico assessment of phytoconstituents as potential inhibitors of p53–mortalin interaction

BackgroundHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide and has a poor prognosis in black Africans. Traditional herbal practitioners in southwestern Nigeria use Crinum jagus (J. Thompson) Dandy for cancer treatment. This study screens methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of C. jagus leaves for activity against hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell line using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The antiproliferative properties of the extracts were assessed by comparing their IC50 values with that of the standard drug, cisplatin.The GC–MS technique was used to identify the phytoconstituents in the extracts. The drug-likeness of each identified phytoconstituents in the extracts was determined by following Lipinski’s rule of five. In addition, phytoconstituents having drug-like properties were screened as potential inhibitors of the p53–mortalin interaction by docking them against the mortalin residues 3N8E and 4KBO using Swissdock.ResultsFor the antiproliferative study, the IC50 values obtained for cisplatin, methanol, and ethyl acetate extracts of leaves were 5 µg/mL, 5 µg/mL, and 70 µg/mL, respectively, indicating that the methanol extract and cisplatin possess comparable antiproliferative properties. Hexadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, tangeretin, galanthamine, and crinamine, which were part of the constituents identified in the leaves, possess drug-like properties and are known to show cytotoxic properties against several cancer cell lines. On docking with mortalin residue 3N8E, hexadecanoic acid and hexadecanoic acid methyl ester had comparable binding energy (− 8.21 kcal mol−1) with withaferin A and withanone (8.29 kcal mol−1 and 8.14 kcal mol−1). Hexadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, and galanthamine had binding energy of − 7.66, − 7.45, and − 7.47 kcal mol−1, respectively, with mortalin residue, 4KBO, comparable to values of − 7.68 and − 7.59 kcal mol−1 obtained for withaferin A and withanone, respectively.ConclusionThe methanol extract of C. jagus leaves demonstrated remarkable antiproliferative activities against HepG2, justifying its use in traditional medicine for cancer treatment. The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts contain drug-like compounds with known cytotoxic properties against several cancer cell lines. Some of these compounds (hexadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, tangeretin, and galanthamine) are inhibitors of the p53–mortalin interaction.Graphical

Cytotoxic Activity of Amaryllidaceae Plants against Cancer Cells: Biotechnological, In Vitro, and In Silico Approaches.

Cancer is a major cause of death and an impediment to increasing life expectancy worldwide. With the aim of finding new molecules for chemotherapeutic treatment of epidemiological relevance, ten alkaloid fractions from Amaryllidaceae species were tested against six cancer cell lines (AGS, BT-549, HEC-1B, MCF-7, MDA-MB 231, and PC3) with HaCat as a control cell line. Some species determined as critically endangered with minimal availability were propagated using in vitro plant tissue culture techniques. Molecular docking studies were carried out to illustrate binding orientations of the 30 Amaryllidaceae alkaloids identified in the active site of some molecular targets involved with anti-cancer activity for potential anti-cancer drugs. In gastric cancer cell line AGS, the best results (lower cell viability percentages) were obtained for Crinum jagus (48.06 ± 3.35%) and Eucharis bonplandii (45.79 ± 3.05%) at 30 µg/mL. The research focused on evaluating the identified alkaloids on the Bcl-2 protein family (Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL) and HK2, where the in vitro, in silico and statistical results suggest that powelline and buphanidrine alkaloids could present cytotoxic activity. Finally, combining experimental and theoretical assays allowed us to identify and characterize potentially useful alkaloids for cancer treatment.

ANTIMALARIAL activities and alkaloids from Crinum jagus (Thomps) DANDY

Ethnopharmacological relevanceLocally, among the Yoruba speaking people of South Western, Nigeria, the bulb of Crinum jagus (CJ), known as “ogede odo” is used to treat malaria and as an anthelmintic among other uses.Aims of this study: Study aimed at identifying the purified active fractions and constituents of this fraction in an antiplasmodial activity-guided process. Materials and methodsAntiplasmodial activity-guided fractionation of the bulb and leaf extracts of CJ was investigated against chloroquine-sensitive (NK 65) Plasmodium berghei using 4-day suppressive and prophylactic methods. Molluscicidal activity of the extracts was assayed on adult Biomphalaria glabrata molluscs following WHO test protocols. Fractionation and purification of the active bulb extract was achieved using various chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques to isolate its constituents. Isolated compounds were identified using different spectroscopic methods. Results and discussion: Both extracts had oral median lethal dose (LD50) greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight (b.wt.). The leaf extract had 40% lethality on molluscs while the bulb extract was inactive. The chemosuppressive and prophylactic antimalarial effects of the bulb extract were 76.55 ± 2.76% and 90.49 ± 2.70% (p<0.05) respectively at 1000 mg/kg b. wt. while the reference drugs; chloroquine and pyrimethamine, had 80.26 ± 3.09% and 50.39 ± 6.80% chemosuppressive effects, respectively. Lycorine (1) and crinamine (2) were isolated from the alkaloidal fraction with 71.36 ± 12.54% antiplasmodial activity. ConclusionThe leaf and bulb extracts of Crinum jagus displayed low molluscicidal and moderate antimalarial activities. Lycorine and crinamine were identified from the antiplasmodial alkaloidal active fraction of the bulb.

Role of Gabanergic and, or Serotonergic in the Anti-seizure Activity of Methanol Extract of Crinum jagus (J. Thomps) in Experimental Mice

Objective: Crinum jagus is used in traditional African medicine in the treatment of epilepsy, pain and inflammations.&#x0D; Methods: Anticonvulsant activity was investigated using picrotoxin (PCT) and strychnine (STR) tests in experimental paradigm.&#x0D; Results: Crinum jagus leaf methanol extract (200, 400, and 800 mg kg−1) potentiated hexobarbitone-induced sleeping time and significantly (p&lt;0.05) shortened the duration of convulsions in PCT-induced seizures. Delay in the onset of convulsions in PCT-induced seizure were very significant (p&lt;0.05). Reduction in the frequency of seizures was also significant (p&lt;0.05) in the test. Diazepam (5 mg kg−1) was used as reference anticonvulsant drugs in the experimental models. While, CJB failed to protect the animals against picrotocin-induced convulsion. Neither the extract of CJL nor CJB confer significant effect on STR-induced convulsion. Flumazenil (GABA receptor antagonist) and cyproheptadine (5-HT2 receptor antagonist) blocked the effect of CJL extract in the PCT tests significantly suggesting that Crinum jagus may be acting by enhancing the effects of the GABAergic and serotonergic systems.&#x0D; Conclusion: The data obtained suggest that methanol leaf extract of C. jagus possessed significant anticonvulsant effect, thereby confirming the traditional uses of C. jagus in the treatment of epilepsies; mechanisms of which may involve interaction with GABAergic and serotonergic pathway.

Crinum jagus (J. Thomps. Dandy): Antioxidant and protective properties as a medicinal plant on toluene-induced oxidative stress damages in liver and kidney of rats

Crinum jagus (C. jagus; J. Thomps.) Dandy (Liliaceae) is a pantropical plant known for its medicinal values and pharmacological properties. The study assessed the protective effects and changes in oxidative stress indices due to C. jagus leaf extracts on the toluene-induced liver and kidney injuries in rats. The study was conducted on 8-week-old male Wistar rats (n = 80), weighing 243.3 ± 1.42 g. Group I, 1 ml/kg distilled water for 7 days; Group II, 4.5 ml/kg toluene once, 1 ml/kg distilled water for 7 days; Group III, 4.5 ml/kg toluene once, 500 mg/kg methanolic extract for 7 days; Group IV, 4.5 ml/kg toluene once, 500 mg/kg aqueous extract for 7 days; Group V, 500 mg/kg methanolic extract for 7 days; Group VI, 500 mg/kg aqueous extract for 7 days; Group VII, 500 mg/kg of vitamin C for 7 days; Group, VIII, 4.5 ml/kg toluene once, 500 mg/kg vitamin C for 7 days, all administrations were given by oral gavage. The phytochemical contents, absolute and relative organ weights of liver and kidneys, liver and kidney function tests, antioxidant status, as well as histological tests were analyzed using standard protocols. The tannins, flavonoids, and polyphenols were in highest concentration in both extracts, content in methanol extract (57.04 ± 1.51 mgg−1, 35.43 ± 1.03 mgg−1, 28.2 ± 0.34 mgg−1 respectively) > aqueous extract (18.74 ± 1.01 mgg−1, 13.43 ± 0.47 mgg−1, 19.65 ± 0.21 mgg−1 respectively). In the negative control group (II), bodyweights significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by 22%, liver weight and kidney weight significantly (P < 0.05) increased by 42% and 83% respectively, liver-to-bodyweight and kidney-to-bodyweight ratios increased significantly (P < 0.05); serum liver function tests (LFTs) i.e., bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and serum kidney function tests (creatinine and urea) were significantly (P < 0.05) elevated; oxidant status (tissue malondialdehyde; MDA) was significantly (P < 0.05) elevated, antioxidant status i.e., tissue superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) levels was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced; with markedly visible renal and hepatic histopathological findings, compared to the normal control group. In C. jagus extract test groups (III and IV), the parameters were significantly (P < 0.05) alleviated and reversed to normal/near normal compared to the negative control. The LFTs, kidney function tests, and antioxidant status were significantly (P < 0.05) more improved with the methanol extract test and standard control groups compared to the aqueous extract test group; Also, the methanol extract test group showed better histological features than the aqueous extract test and standard control groups. The methanolic extract shows better antioxidant potential due to the availability of more nonenzymatic antioxidants (tannins, flavonoids, and polyphenols). The findings showed that toluene is a very aggressive xenobiotic due to the promotion of oxidative stress and peroxidation of cellular lipids, but C. jagus leaves provide significant protection through the reducing power of nonenzymatic antioxidants and their ability to induce endogenous antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and glutathione reductase or GR) causing reduced cellular lipid peroxidation and tissue damages, quickened tissue repair, and improved cell biology of liver and kidneys during toluene toxicity. The methanol leaf extract provides better protection and should be advanced for more experimental and clinical studies to confirm its efficacy in alleviating oxidative stress tissue injuries, specifically due to toluene.

Molecular docking and pharmacokinetic studies of phytocompounds from Nigerian Medicinal Plants as promising inhibitory agents against SARS-CoV-2 methyltransferase (nsp16)

BackgroundSince the index case was reported in China, COVID-19 has led to the death of at least 4 million people globally. Although there are some vaccine cocktails in circulation, the emergence of more virulent variants of SARS-CoV-2 may make the eradication of COVID-19 more difficult. Nsp16 is an S-adenosyl-L-Methionine-dependent methyltransferase that plays an important role in SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA cap formation—a crucial process that confers viral stability and prevents virus detection by cell innate immunity mechanisms. This unique property makes nsp16 a promising molecular target for COVID-19 drug design. Thus, this study aimed to identify potent phytocompounds that can effectively inhibit SARS-CoV-2 nsp16. We performed in silico pharmacokinetic screening and molecular docking studies using 100 phytocompounds—isolated from fourteen Nigerian plants—as ligands and nsp16 (PDB: 6YZ1) as the target. ResultsWe found that only 59 phytocompounds passed the drug-likeness analysis test. However, after the docking analysis, only six phytocompounds (oxopowelline, andrographolide, deacetylbowdensine, 11, 12-dimethyl sageone, sageone, and quercetin) isolated from four Nigerian plants (Crinum jagus, Andrographis paniculata, Sage plants (Salvia officinalis L.), and Anacardium occidentale) showed good binding affinity with nsp16 at its active site with docking score ranging from − 7.9 to − 8.4 kcal/mol. ConclusionsOur findings suggest that the six phytocompounds could serve as therapeutic agents to prevent viral survival and replication in cells. However, further studies on the in vitro and in vivo inhibitory activities of these 6 hit phytocompounds against SARS-CoV-2 nsp16 are needed to confirm their efficacy and dose.

Systematic investigation and lipidomic profiles composition characterization in leaves of five Amaryllidaceae species by HRGC-MS technique

This study describes a comparative of the lipidomic profiles of the leaves of the species Crinum americanum L, Crinum jagus, Crinum erubescens, Hippeastrum puniceum and Hymenocallis littoralis belonging to the Amaryllidaceae family and the potential pharmaceutical metabolites applications. The extract obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction with n-hexane was submitted to transesterification with MeOH/KOH and derivatization with BSTFA+1% of CSTS. It was applied analytical thin-layer chromatography with chemical reaction (ATLC-CR) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). To discriminate the similarities and differences between the researched species, a critical statistical analysis of the results was performed applying the Heatmap and principal component analysis (PCA) methodologies. The results indicated the presence of the following metabolic classes: monoacylglycerol (MAG), diacylglycerol (DAG), triacylglycerol (TAG), free fatty acids (AGL), steroids (ST), terpenes (TP), phospholipids (FL) and tocopherols (TF), and identify 50 metabolites in the samples, mainly saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and organic acids. Hexadecanoic acid is the major metabolite of all the investigated species, ranging from 16.00% to 23.44% of the extract's composition. The results of statistical analysis also reveal that the extracts from five Amaryllidaceae species have diverse metabolites with demonstrated the grouping between the same genera due to their lipid composition.

Subchronic Toxicity of Crinum jagus Extracts on Wistar Rats

Crinum jagus is used in Cameroon western and eastern regions folk medicine in detoxification, the management of diabetes and obesity and also as antivenomous and antipoison. The aim of this work was to evaluate the subchronic toxicity of Crinum jagus extracts on male and female Wistar rats. Subchronic toxicity of aqueous and hydroéthanolic Crinum jagus extracts was determined on two month old normal Wistar rats. Those rats, once daily orally received, hydroethanolic (75, 150 mg/kg b.w.) and aqueous (150 mg/kg b.w.) extracts, during 90 days (tree month). In both males and females animals, the C. jagus effects were investigated on the evolution of weight, food and water intakes, kidney and liver functioning markers (serum total cholesterol (TC), total proteins, creatinine and transaminase: AST and ALT). Both aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts in males as in females, did not cause any adverse changes in anthropometric (body mass, relative weight of liver and kidneys, food and water intakes) and seric parameters (total cholesterol, total proteins, creatinine AST and ALT activity). Instead, those extracts remarkably improved antropometric parameters, liver and kidney function and even protect again atherosclerosis. The results indicated that aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts of Crinum jagus did not induce toxic effect at the doses used in long term treatment; thus justifying its empiric use in detoxification and as antivenomous.

Investigation of Bulb Extracts of Crinum jagus for Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities

This study investigates the bulb extracts of Crinum jagus for antimicrobial activities. The bulb samples were dried, ground and subjected to successive extraction using hexane, ethylacetate and methanol. The extracts were screened for activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Klebisidlae pneumonae, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum and Rhizopus stolonifer at concentrations between 6.25 and 200 mg/ml. Antimicrobial assays werecarried out using agar diffusion method. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the extracts was determined. The percentage yields obtained for the hexane, ethylacetate and methanol extracts of the bulbs are 0.28 %, 0.44% and 24.68 % respectively. Results showed that the methanolic extract had better antibacterial and antifungal activities than the other extracts. The methanol extract showed the highest antibacterial activity against S. aureus with a zone of inhibition of 28 mm at 200 mg/ml. Also, the methanol extract showed the highest antifungal activities against C. albicans, A. niger and P. notatum with a zone of inhibition of 20 mm at 200 mg/ml. The hexane and ethylacetate extracts had no activity against the microorganisms at 6.25 mg/ml.The methanol extract had the lowest Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 2.50 mg/ml against S. aureus, E. coli, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa and S. typhi. The methanol extract could be a source of potent antimicrobial compounds.&#x0D; Keywords: Antibacterial, Antifungal, Crinum jagus, Agar diffusion, MIC

Alkaloids isolated from Crinum jagus L. bulb (Amaryllidaceae) from Côte d’Ivoire

Two alkaloids, 3-O-demethyltazettine (1) and hippadine (2) were isolated by column chromatography. The structures elucidated by different analytical techniques like NMR, IR, UV and mass for the first time from Crinum jagus bulb, an Amaryllidaceae from Côte d&#39;Ivoire. This study is intended as a Contribution to its promotion.

Anti-infective, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of the bulb extracts of Crinum jagus (J. Thomps.) Dandy (Amaryllidaceae)

The bulbs of Crinum jagus (J. Thomps.) Dandy commonly known as St. Christopher lily or Harmattan lily and locally in Akan as “sukooko” is used in Ghana as a decoction to manage infections, fever, asthma and wounds. The current study seeks to evaluate the anti-infective, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects of the aqueous, methanol, ethanol and hexane extracts of Crinum jagus. The High-throughput spot culture growth inhibition (HT-SPOTi) assay, baker's yeast induced pyrexia in rat model and the carrageenan induced foot edema in rats were used to screen for the anti-infective, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities of the various extracts of Crinum jagus respectively. The extracts were administered at doses of 30, 150 and 300 mg/kg orally to the rats. Broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity was shown by the methanol extract of Crinum jagus when tested against a panel of microorganisms with MIC values ranging between 1 and 500 mg/L. The activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which are difficult to eradicate was remarkable. The aqueous extract of Crinum jagus also showed significant anti-inflammatory activity at the lowest dose of 30 mg/kg used in the experiment (p < 0.0001). The ethanol extract showed significant antipyretic activity at all doses tested with the highest dose of 300 mg/kg showing activity comparable to the 30 mg/kg dose of paracetamol (p < 0.01). The anti-infective, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties of Crinum jagus are very promising as this study affirms its traditional uses. Bio-guided isolation and characterization of compounds from Crinum jagus could help in the identification of bioactive compounds that can serve as potential leads in the discovery and development of drugs to manage inflammation and fever as well as to tackle infections and antimicrobial resistance.

Comparative study of antibacterial activities of fruits of Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich and bulb of Crinum jagus (Thompson) dandy

Xylopia aethiopica and Crinum jagus are medicinal plants which had been used traditionally for various ailments such as cough, amenorrhea, stomach ache and urinary ailments. The aim of this study was to compare the antibacterial activities of the ethanolic extracts of fruits of X. aethiopica with ethanolic extracts of bulb of C. jagus. Agar well diffusion method was used against the following organisms: K. pneumonia, E. coli, Ps. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and B. subtilis. Both plant extracts demonstrated concentration dependent activities against all the bacteria tested. Fruits of X. aethiopica was observed to be more active against S. aureus while bulb of C. jagus showed greater activities against E. coli, K. pneumonia and Ps. aeruginosa. The two plant extracts showed almost the same level of activity against B. subtilis. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tanins and cardiac glycosides in X. aethiopica which were absent in C. jagus. In conclusion X. aethiopica showed greater activity against Grampositive bacteria while C. jagus was more active against Gram-negative bacteria.

Evaluation of Extracts of Leaves of &lt;I&gt;Crinum jagus&lt;/I&gt; for Antimicrobial Properties

Plants have been used in ethno-medicine for ages in the treatment of various diseases. In the current study, the leaves of C. jagus are investigated for antimicrobial activities. The leaves were dried and extracted successively with hexane, ethylacetate and methanol. The concentrated extracts were screened for activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Klebisidlae pneumonae, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum and Rhizopus stolonifer at concentrations between 6.25 and 200 mg/ml using the agar diffusion method. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was also determined. The percentage yields obtained were 0.92 %, 1.20 % and 25.2 % for the hexane, ethylacetate and methanol extracts respectively. The zones of inhibition of the organisms by the extracts generally increased with the concentrations. The methanol extract showed the best activity of the three extracts tested. The methanol extract had values ranging between 20 mm and 26 mm against the bacteria at 200 mg/ml. This extract also showed values between 18 mm and 20 mm against the fungi at 200 mg/ml. The lowest MICs values (of 2.5 mg/ml) were obtained against S. aureus, E. coli, B. subtilis and S. typhi. The polar constituents in the leaves of the plant are likely responsible for the antimicrobial properties observed. None of the extracts showed activity comparable to those of the standard drugs, however the methanol extract showed some potential as a source of antimicrobial compounds. &#x0D; Keywords: Crinum jagus, antimicrobial, Agar diffusion, MIC

Ethnobotanical Survey of Plants Used for Treating Cough Associated with Respiratory Conditions in Ede South Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria

In many developing countries, community members depend on their local flora for treating diverse ailments including those affecting the respiratory system. This is often attributed to the high cost and limited access to health care facilities. This present study focused on the documentation of plant species used against cough associated with the respiratory diseases in Ede South Local Government Area of Osun State. The survey was conducted using semi-structured interviews among 100 participants. Information obtained was analyzed using different ethno-botanical indices including relative frequency of citation (RFC) and fidelity level (FL). A total of 87 plant species from 39 families, which was mostly represented by Fabaceae, were reported in the study area. Crinum jagus was the most popular plant used against cough and approximately 32% of the plants have been reported as cough remedies for the first time. However, some of the documented plants have been reported for the treatment of cough and related respiratory diseases in several countries. In terms of the life-form, trees constituted the highest proportion of the medicinal plants (37%), while leaves (36%) were the predominant plant part prescribed for cough. Decoction was the main method of preparing the plants, which were all administered orally. Approximately 63% of the plants were exclusively sourced from the wild. The current study revealed the richness and widespread use of plant species for managing cough associated with respiratory diseases in the study area. The generated inventory contributes to the expanding database of valuable plant resources with medicinal potential in Nigeria and Africa.

Gigantelline, gigantellinine and gigancrinine, cherylline- and crinine-type alkaloids isolated from Crinum jagus with anti-acetylcholinesterase activity

Three undescribed Amarylidaceae alkaloids, named gigantelline, gigantellinine and gigancrinine, were isolated from Crinum jagus (syn. = Crinum giganteum) collected in Senegal, together with the already known sanguinine, cherylline, lycorine, crinine, flexinine and the isoquinolinone derivative hippadine. Gigantelline, gigantellinine and gigancrinine were characterized as 4-(6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinolin-4-yl)-phenol, its 7-O-demethyl-5ꞌ-hydroxy-4ꞌ-methoxy derivative and 5,6a,7,7a,8a,9-hexahydro-6,9a-ethano[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-j]oxireno[2,3-b]phenanthridin-9-ol, respectively, by using spectroscopic (1D and 2D 1H and 13C NMR and HRESIMS) and chemical methods. Their relative configuration was assigned by NOESY NMR spectra and NMR calculations, while the absolute configuration was assigned using electronic circular dichroism (ECD) experiments and calculations. Sanguinine, cherylline, crinine, flexinine, and the isoquinolinone hippadine, were isolated for the first time from C. jagus. Cherylline, gigantellinine, crinine, flexinine and sanguinine inhibited the activity of AChE in a dose-dependent manner, and inhibition by sanguinine was remarkably effective (IC50 = 1.83 ± 0.01 μM). Cherylline and hippadine showed weak cytotoxicity at 100 μM.