Criminal Threats Research Articles

Fear of Crime and Anti-Refugee Sentiments: Evidence from Canada

Many states have witnessed growing xenophobia and hostility towards refugees alongside the framing of refugees as a serious security or criminal threat in public discourse. Making use of an original cross-national survey of adults in Canada, this article explores the link between fear of crime and negative views of refugees. Its results reveal that even after controlling for alternative explanations, people with more fear of crime are significantly more likely to express anti-refugee sentiments. These results have implications for understanding ongoing challenges in maintaining domestic support for refugee protection and the importance of dispelling myths that refugees are sources of criminality.

Law Enforcement Against Perpetrators of Illegal Firearms Possession According to Emergency Law Number 12 of 1951; A Study in Banko District Court, Indonesia

Indonesia is one of the countries that is very strict in regulating firearms, namely in Emergency Law Number 12 of 1951, where one of the provisions is that firearms are prohibited from being possessed without rights with a serious criminal threat. However, in reality, there are still cases of illegal firearm ownership by civilians that can threaten the safety of the wider community. This study aims to find out how law enforcement is carried out against people who own firearms without official permits, and to find out the obstacles in law enforcement against perpetrators of illegal firearms ownership. This research method is normative juridical, with a legislative approach and a case approach. The results of the research show that the provisions in Emergency Law Number 12 of 1951 state that every person who violates the provisions of the law is punished with a severe penalty, namely the death penalty, life imprisonment or twenty years, but in its implementation, the punishment imposed by the judge on the perpetrator is still very light. Second, related to legal obstacles in law enforcement, namely the lack of firmness of law enforcement, especially judges in imposing criminal penalties on perpetrators of the crime of possession of firearms, and the lack of public awareness of the law.

Juridical And Sociological Review Of Animal Protection Law In Dog Meat Trade Cases In Sukoharjo Central Java Indonesia

In the use of animals by humans, over time there have been many function and there are principles that need to be considered in its use and handling. Animal abuse and animal abuse in Positive law have been regulated, regarding prohibitions against mistreating animals include Article 302 of the Criminal Code, Article 66 paragraph 2 of Law no.18 of 2009 concerning Amendments to Law Number 18 of 2009 concerning Animal Husbandry And Animal Health. Dog slaughterhouse activities where dogs are abused slaughtered and their meat traded for human consumption, in an unnatural way. The dog meat trade is an act that violates animal welfare. On In November 2021, problems regarding dog slaughterhouses were discovered in Dukuh Wirroragen, Kartasura District, Sukoharjo Regency. This research aims to find out the review criminal law regarding criminal acts of dog abuse and meat trafficking dogs at the slaughterhouse in Dukuh Wiroragen, Kartasura District, Sukoharjo Regency. In this research the author using a conceptual and comparative approach. The data source comes from primary data obtained through interviews with parties from the animal welfare activist coalition and the Police Sukoharjo. Secondary data in the form of primary legal materials in the form of the Criminal Code, Law no. 41 Years 2014 concerning Amendments to Law Number 18 of 2009 concerning Animal Husbandry and Animal Health. The results of this research show that: (1.) Criminal acts of abuse dogs at the slaughterhouse in Dukuh Wiroragen, Kartasura District, Sukoharjo Regency fulfills the elements and violates Article 302 paragraphs (1) and (2) of the Criminal Code, Article 66 paragraph 2 letters c, e, f and g Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 41 of 2014 concerning Amendments Law Number 18 of 2009 concerning Animal Husbandry and Animal Health and Article 83 Paragraphs (1) and (2) Government Regulation Number 95 of 2012 concerning Public Health Veterinary and Animal Welfare. (2.) The dog meat trade contributes to and violates criminal threats to the law 18 of 2009 Article 89 paragraph 2 as amended and supplemented by Law number 41 of 2009 , 2014 concerning amendments to Law number 18 of 2009 jo. Article 55 paragraph (1) point 1, related entering animals from areas free from infected or suspected infected areas.

Pengancaman di Media Elektronik dalam Hukum Pidana Islam termasuk Jarimah Ta’zir

Threats are a crime. Nowadays, threats are often made through electronic media. Threats through electronic media violate the Electronic Information and Transactions Law as in the case that was decided by the judge in decision Number 796/Pid.Sus/2021/PN Jkt.Pst. The main problem raised in this study is how to analyze Islamic criminal law in criminal cases of threats through electronic media as in the judge's decision Number 796/Pid.Sus/2021/PN Jkt.Pst. The purpose of this study is to understand the act of threats through electronic media in Islamic criminal law. This research is a normative juridical research. The type of data is qualitative data. The data source is secondary data consisting of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. Data collection was carried out through literature studies, while data analysis was carried out descriptively. The results of the study show that threats through electronic media as in the decision of judge Number 796/Pid.Sus/2021/PN Jkt.Pst are subject to sanctions based on the provisions of the regulations in Article 29 in conjunction with Article 45 B and Article 27 paragraph (4) in conjunction with Article 45 paragraph (4) of Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning Amendments to Law 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions. In Islamic criminal law, the act of threatening through electronic media is also a criminal act. In Islamic criminal law, this criminal threat is included in the category of Ta'zir crimes. The provisions of the sanctions are determined by the judge or ulil amri.

Punishment Under Special Minimum Criminal Threat In the Crime of Child Abuse (Study of Decision Number 1041 K/Pid.Sus/2020)

<em><span lang="EN-US">The imposition of a penalty below the special minimum in the crime of molestation of children is a very important issue in criminal law. This crime aims to provide more effective protection to victims of immorality involving children. In some cases of child abuse, the judge handed down a verdict below the special minimum. The offense that is the focus of this study is how the judge considers sentencing under the special minimum criminal threat based on Decision Number 1041 K/Pid.Sus/2020 in the case of criminal acts of child abuse? The research method used is a type of normative legal research using 2 (two) legal approaches, namely the legislative approach and the case approach. The results of the study concluded that the </span><span lang="EN-US">Supreme Court in decision Number 1041/Pid.sus/2020 has strengthened the judex facti decision that imposes a penalty below the special minimum limit to the defendant so that the decision contradicts the provisions of Article 82 paragraph (1) of Law Number </span><span lang="EN-US">35 of 2014 concerning Amendments to Law Number 23 of 2002 concerning </span><span lang="EN-US">Child Protection is the minimum limit of 5 (five) years and a maximum of 15 (fifteen) years.</span></em>

КИБЕРПРЕСТУПНОСТЬ НА СОВРЕМЕННОМ ЭТАПЕ И РОЛЬ ВИКТИМОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ПРОФИЛАКТИКИ В ЕЕ ПРЕДУПРЕЖДЕНИИ

The article examines the state and trends of cybercrime at the present stage. It is emphasized that, given the growth and variability of cybercrime, victimological prevention is important in its prevention. Victimological prevention is defined as a set of social and legal measures to protect individuals who are more likely to become victims of unlawful attacks. In recent years, during the period of the growth of cybercrime, significant experience has been accumulated in conducting general victimological prevention aimed at informing the population of the country about new criminal threats in the infor-mation space, ways of committing cybercrimes. At the same time, significant importance should be attached not only to general, but also to individual victimological prevention, the potential of which is not fully realized

Application of the Status of Justice Collaborator in the Criminal Justice System in Indonesia (Case Study: Decision of Central Jakarta District Court Number 41/Pid.sus/TPK/ 2017/PN. JKT)

In Indonesian criminal law, the status of a Perpetrator Witness (Justice Collaborator) has significant legal consequences. With the entry of this Justice Collaborator regulation, the threat of criminal punishment will be less effective against perpetrators of serious crimes. This will make it more difficult to identify the main perpetrators in cases of crimes committed together, and will be a new strategy to avoid the threat of high punishment because the status of a Justice Collaborator is guaranteed to get leniency for serious crimes committed. The enactment of the regulation on the status of Justice Collaborator in corruption criminal justice which provides a guarantee of a reduction in punishment for perpetrator witnesses is seen as very counterproductive with a very high criminal threat for corruption perpetrators as perpetrators of certain crimes (serious crimes). Most people in Indonesia even strongly agree that the criminal threat for the perpetrators of corruption crimes is the death penalty, so great are the hopes of people who want no more corruption crimes that are very detrimental to the state and the people of Indonesia.

Tinjauan Yuridis Pelaku Tindak Pidana Kejahatan Seksual pada Anak dibawah Umur

The criminal act of sexual violence that often disturbs society is sexual violence against children committed by adults. This is because children are physically weak so it is easier for adults to commit crimes. This research uses a type of normative juridical legal research. The research approach method used in this research is a statutory approach and an analytical approach. In this research, secondary data is used, namely data obtained from library research by collecting legal materials. Conclusions are made deductively, which means drawing conclusions from general things to specific things. Based on the results of research and discussion of the Juridical Review on Punishment for Perpetrators of Sexual Relations with Children, in this case the judge determines whether a person is guilty or not because the judge is God's representative in determining the length of the sentence. guided by the minimum and maximum threat provisions formulated in the law. -invitation. The minimum and maximum criminal threats have been formulated generally in the Criminal Code, while the minimum and maximum criminal threats have been specifically formulated in every law outside the Criminal Code, and the judge's advice in handling cases of criminal sexual violence against children must pay attention to the laws in force in Indonesia , because Indonesia adheres to the Continental European legal system which places legislation as the main source, so that justice can be guaranteed to everyone who comes into contact with the law.

Dangerous winds: Criminal threats and the indigenized security of wind power in Colombia

AbstractGlobal energy companies have regularly depended on state and private security for sustaining their operations, often with deadly consequences for union leaders, environmental defenders, and local communities. This article examines how these security arrangements are mutating amid the rapid expansion of renewable energy in Latin America. It uncovers how wind energy companies in Colombia rely on Indigenous knowledge, social networks, and legal norms to safeguard themselves in La Guajira, a border region reputed by outsiders as haunted by criminality and (il)legal practices. Through long‐term ethnographic research of corporate spaces, I argue that Wayúu lifeways are mobilized by green energy capital to craft a hybrid security apparatus that, though failure‐prone, is crucial for Colombia's low‐carbon future. This case reveals how corporate and Indigenous configurations of protection and risk prevention work in tandem across sites that are being demarcated for the energy transition and climate change mitigation in Latin America.

Liberal policies does not mean equitable policies: Latinx families' experiences navigating social policies in Oregon and California.

The United States government has implemented various social policies (e.g., Medicare) to support children and families (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2023). An emerging body of research seems to indicate that many of these programs are being underutilized by Latinx families even though they are sorely needed. Latinx families are often framed as undeserving, taking advantage of social policies, and as a criminal threat to the United States (Baranauskas & Stowell, 2022). Drawing on cultural stress theory (Salas-Wright & Schwartz, 2019), the present study explores how the deficit framing of Latinx families influences how they navigate social policies. This study draws on data from four qualitative projects across Oregon and California that explored the experiences of Latinx families accessing services to support their families. Findings indicate that Latinx families experience multiple stressors when navigating social policies or programs (e.g., shame/fear and racism) for their families. These stressors discourage Latinx families from accessing social programs, which exacerbates disparities in the health, development, and learning of Latinx children and families. Findings from this study can further inform advocacy efforts to create meaningful systemic changes that reduce inequities and call out discrimination/racism within our policy system. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Криминальные угрозы и криминогенные риски преступлений, совершаемых в отношении несовершеннолетних с использованием цифровых технологий

Introduction: the author considers the protection of minors against the negative effects of digital influence, including the criminal threat and criminogenic risks that can be detected in a digitally transformed environment. The search for legal solutions to decrease criminal threat and criminogenic risks is also addressed. Materials and Methods: the study materials included the law providing criminological security of minors, a public opinion poll, and statistical data on police-recorded juvenile crimes committed online. The study employed a variety of methods, including empirical and linguistic methods, scientific and analytical methods, as well as specific juridical methods, such as sociological, juridical, comparative legal, etc. Results of the study indicated that criminal threats and criminogenic risks associated with unsupervised use of the Internet, social networks, and messengers by minors have been on the rise, as evidenced by the upward trend in online crimes committed against minors observed in 2023, similar to the previous years. Currently, the most significant risk is sexual abuse against minors online, as it has the most detrimental impact on the physical, sexual, psychological, and moral development of adolescents. The reduction of this type of crime will necessitate the allocation of special attention and the collaboration of law enforcement with network operators and providers in order to construct a robust and effective system for regulating the consumption of information products by minors. It is of the utmost importance to ensure that the system does not impede the development of the younger generation. Discussion and Conclusions: given the current level of criminal threats and criminogenic risks for minors, including attacks on their biosocial nature online, low detection rates and high levels of latency of this type of crime, it is imperative to improve the educational process for specialists working with minors, as well as for parents. This should include teaching minors themselves to use the Internet, social networks, and messengers. The author devotes particular attention to the inter-agency, intra-agency, and international interaction between law enforcement agencies.

ENSURING CRIMINOLOGICAL SECURITY OF THE FINANCIAL MARKET IN RUSSIA

With the introduction of the digital economy and new financial products in Russia, changes have taken place in the financial services market. Against this background, illegal financial activities have sharply increased. This was facilitated by the expansion of information and telecommunication technologies, their use in all spheres of activity, including the development of domestic digital platforms, which increased the implementation of financial transactions in the stock markets, securities market, insurance sector, etc. At the same time, the risks of negative manifestations in the economic sphere have increased, which has influenced the growth of economic crime, which has become more organized, professional and, given the development of digital transformation, transnational. We should not fail to note its corrupt nature. The process launched by the state to stabilize and increase the rate of development of the state economy causes only positive reactions from society, but when the rate of development increases, problems arise, which destructive forces use in their own interests, for personal enrichment, where, breaking the law, they do not consider public opinion, do not pay attention to the state structures responsible for the security of this sector of the economy. It is crimes in the financial market that distinguish criminals of a new format from the old mastodons of criminal activity, and such qualities as high cohesion, organization, and competence allow them to establish control over various systems of life of society and the state, entering not only the sector of business and commerce, but also the budget sector, where continuing to establish monopoly control, lobbying their interests in various spheres of economic activity. One of such spheres at the current stage of formation of the digital economy is the financial market of Russia, which is subject to protection from criminal threats and criminogenic risks. In the current situation we cannot do without mechanisms to ensure the criminological security of the financial market, which requires the definition of the conceptual apparatus, the system of ensuring such security, the creation and construction of its structure and the definition of measures aimed at improving the level of such security. In conclusion of the article the author comes to the conclusion that the financial market of the Russian state does not fully use preventive measures, there are gaps both at the legislative level and in the organization of the financial market, which contributes to the growth of crimes in this area.

Urgensi Pelaporan Gratifikasi dan Konsekuensi Hukum bagi Penyelenggara Negara

The practice of gratification is for the Indonesian people a natural and natural tradition, but if the gift has a power relationship related to the duties and positions of the recipient, the meaning of the gift is no longer considered normal and leads to corrupt behavior. This writing aims to determine the criteria for gratification offenses that are considered bribes and determine the implications of gratification reporting. This research using normatif approach by identification regulation of gratification, technic collection data using library research by qualitative analysis. Gratification is considered corruption if it is given in connection with the recipient's duties and authority as a state administrator and is not reported to the Corruption Eradication Commission. The legal consequences of reporting gratuities for civil servants are that they are free from criminal threats, free from conflicts of interest, reflect high integrity, and are a means of self-evaluation.

State migration policy of the Russian Federation: criminal law risks

The article examines criminal legal methods of countering new criminal threats arising as a result of the growing scale of international migration. The author analyzes the content of the Concept of State Migration Policy of the Russian Federation in the context of identifying sources of danger to society and the state as objects of criminal legal protection. The work identifies modern criminogenic risks in the form of lobbying activities in the migration sphere, the provision of illegal influence by national diasporas on public authorities. Approaches to defining the concept of lobbying, its models and types are covered. The need to include in the Criminal Code a rule on liability for unlawful lobbying is noted. The article makes a distinction between diasporas and ethnic criminal groups. It is recommended to supplement Art. 63 of the Criminal Code by such aggravating circumstances as the commission of a crime by a foreign citizen who previously violated the rules of entry or stay in the Russian Federation, his arrival on the territory of the Russian Federation for the purpose of committing a crime.

Accurate, Fast and Low Computation Cost of Voice Biometrics Performance using Model of CNN Depthwise Separable Convolution and Method of Hybrid DWT-MFCC for Security System

Identity theft presents a substantial criminal threat in the digital world, especially in online transactions. To overcome this problem, voice biometrics was created as a method to guarantee identity security. This research is to look at voice biometrics systems that use deep learning model, focusing on the CNN Depthwise Separable Convolution (DSC) model compared to CNN Residual. The comparison of these two systems is to improve accuracy and performance. CNN Residual's first Voice Biometrics testing showed a high accuracy validation performance 98.6345%. The large number of Residual CNN training parameters causes a longer training process time 7.37 seconds and response time 2.35 seconds. So, the computing load becomes larger. The second voice biometrics test of CNN DSC showed high accuracy validation performance results 98.3542%. CNN DSC performance succeeded in reducing the number of training parameters, thereby shortening the training process by 5.12 seconds and the fastest response time was 1.54 seconds. Based on the analysis of the test results above, it shows performance advantages. CNN DSC is able to reduce the computing load, is able to improve the user identity security system in banking transactions accurately and quickly and is able to solve the problem of high computing costs.

Речевой жанр криминальной угрозы в интернет-коммуникации

The author attempts to explore the threat as a speech genre of verbal aggression. It is argued that the threat is most often found in the texts of modern online-communication, the characteristics of which are close to a synthetic oral-written form of communication and the colloquial genre. It is emphasized that in modern studies the threat is researched from a legal and linguistic point of view. The author proves the idea that there are two main types of threat statements – a threat-warning, including a causal action, and a threatpunishment. A specific sub-genre of threat is a blackmail, which includes manipulation by means of information compromising the addressee. Semantically, the threat can be explicit, clearly expressed, and implicit, whose interpretation requires an appeal to the logics of the statement. Implicit threat in online-communication is the most difficult type to research, since its interpretation involves analyzing the logic of constructing a statement by identifying linguistic techniques presented in the text – the use of euphemisms, idioms, semantic convolution, metaphors, sarcasm, precedent case reference and non-verbal components of communication (images, emoji. Implicit threat is studied using data from various explanatory linguistic dictionaries and fragments of texts submitted for forensic linguistic examination. It is reported that the genre of a criminal threat should be distinguished from other genres such as promises, orders, warnings, verbally expressed suicidal intentions, malevolence, a threat in a broad sense, and calls to a violent action.

PENYELESAIAN PERKARA TINDAK PIDANA KEKERASAN FISIK YANG DILAKUKAN SECARA BERSAMA-BERSAMA MELALUI ASAS KEADILAN RESTORATIF (RESTORATIVE JUSTICE) DI TINGKAT KEPOLISIAN RESORT SUMENEP

Restorative Justice is a mechanism for resolving criminal acts by involving perpetrators, victims, families and other related parties. Procedures for resolving criminal acts through the principles of restorative justice at the police level are contained in Police Regulation (Perpol) no 8 of 2021 which has provided qualifications for several requirements and procedures for handling criminal acts based on restorative justice consisting of general and specific requirements with several more detailed requirements consisting of material and formal requirements. In the context of resolving the criminal act of beatings at the Sumenep resort police, where the beating was carried out by a suspected 6 (six) people against the victim Sukki, a resident of Lapa Laok Village, Pasongsongan District, Sumenep Regency, it was deemed formally and materially flawed because the crime of beating up accompanied by kidnapping of the victim This is quite a serious action because it really threatens the victim's life, therefore, the Sumenep Resort Police should continue the case of the criminal act of beating. This research method uses normative research. This writing explains that the formal and material requirements regulated in Article 5 in conjunction with Article 6 of Police Regulation No. 8 of 2021 experience legal ambiguity because minimum standards are not explicitly regulated regarding criminal threats and fines so that the case can be or not to be resolved through the principles of restorative justice and there is disharmony with Article 5 of Prosecutor's Regulation No. 15 of 2020 concerning Termination of Prosecution Based on Restorative Justice which explicitly emphasizes criminal acts that carry a penalty of no more than 5 (five) years and the loss suffered by the victim is no more from Rp. 2,500,000.00 (two million five hundred thousand rupiah). Then the case can be set aside or closed by law.

К вопросу о криминологической безопасности подозреваемого и обвиняемого

The article discusses the issues of ensuring the safety of suspects and accused persons from criminal en-croachments. It is emphasized that, due to their procedural status, these persons have a high predisposition to criminal threats, and are not always able to independently counter them. It is stated that the most common ille-gal act against suspects and accused is coercion to testify. The use of violence against suspects and accused persons held in temporary detention facilities and remand prisons by the staff of those institutions is no less widespread. Violation of the rights and legitimate interests of suspects and accused persons is also allowed by officers of preliminary investigation and inquiry bodies when falsifying evidence and the results of operational and investigative activities. Conclusion dwells upon the fact that ensuring the criminological safety of suspects and accused should become one of the priorities of public authorities. Based on the study, some recommenda-tions are given aimed at increasing the degree of protection of suspects and accused from criminal threats.

Questioning the Criminal Threat Formulation Policy on Electoral Crime

Law Number 10 of 2016 should be formulated differently from other laws, as it pertains to the second amendment to Undan-Law Number 1 of 2015, which stipulates government regulations instead of Law Number 1 of 2014, which deals with the election of governors, regents, and mayors into Law. The enactment of the Law coincides with the conduct of elections, which is not less significant, and the Law's unique nature makes it so that regional head election activities are essentially administrative. The Law is enacted every five (five) years. It is essential to take these specifics into account when forming. Both at the time of application and execution, poorly formulated policies will have consequences. Furthermore, the issue that this tulip will highlight is how the Law's policy was formulated, particularly regarding the inclusion of criminal threats for those who commit electoral offenses. This study uses a normative methodology. It is a qualitative kind of study. Secondary data is what is utilized. Researching the literature is how data is gathered. Presenting the facts in a descriptive format, the analysis is prescriptive. As per the study's findings, electoral crimes are defined as administrative infractions or crimes against election provisions. The legal penalties for electoral crimes consist of imprisonment and fines, with no enforcement measures. Election crime resolution is comparatively quick and applies across Indonesia without considering the specific circumstances in each area.

Canadian social workers’ attitudes toward immigrants with different legal statuses in Canada

Summary This study contributes to the ongoing efforts to address systemic inequality within social work by examining Canadian social workers’ attitudes toward immigrants who are permanent residents (PR), refugees, temporary residents (TR), or undocumented immigrants. Using a cross-sectional design with a convenience sample (n = 653), we explore how social workers’ attitudes toward immigrants vary in relation to (a) respondents’ demographics, (b) contact with immigrants, (c) perceptions of equal opportunities among immigrants, (d) perceptions of deservingness for immigrants with different legal statuses, and (e) the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on these attitudes. Findings While Canadian social workers generally express positive attitudes toward immigrants, there is a slightly stronger endorsement for PR and refugees to access public services compared to nonstatus (NS) immigrants and TR. Social workers who identify as conservative or have limited contact with immigrants are more likely to perceive NS immigrants as potential criminal threats or burdens on the healthcare system. Significantly, a majority of respondents feel that their social work training inadequately prepares them to work effectively with immigrants. Applications Canadian social workers advocate for principles of diversity, inclusion, and commitment to social justice. However, perceptions regarding which immigrants deserve access to social services vary based on legal status, suggesting a limitation in social workers’ professional mandate. The study discusses implications for social work education and training, emphasizing the need to address and unsettle systemic racism within the profession.