Criminal Law Section Research Articles

Implementation of Guarantees for the Rights to Education Correctional Students While in Prison

A child in conflict with the law, who is then sentenced and placed in the Special Child Development Institution (LPKA), has the right to receive supervision, assistance, training, guidance and the right to education in accordance with the mandate and provisions of the relevant law. This research discusses the application of Guaranteed Educational Rights for Correctional Students (Andikpas) in Class II LPKA Bandar Lampung with the legal issue behind this research is that there are several LPKAs in Indonesia that have not paid attention to the right to education for Andikpas. Based on these legal issues, the problem in this research is related to the application of education rights guarantees in the sentencing of Andikpas at LPKA Class II Bandar Lampung and what are the inhibiting factors for implementing education rights guarantees in the sentencing of Andikpas in LPKA Class II Bandar Lampung. This research uses normative legal research methods which are supported by empirical research. Sources of primary data collection were carried out through field studies by conducting interviews with LPKA structural officials, LPKA employees, Andikpas representatives, and lecturers in the Criminal Law section of the Faculty of Law, University of Lampung. Secondary data collection is done by literature study. The data that has been obtained by the author is then analyzed qualitatively. The results of the research carried out show that the implementation of the Education Rights Guarantee at LPKA Class II Bandar Lampung for Andikpas has been implemented, but not yet fully implemented properly. The forms of education available include formal and non-formal education. For formal education, there are Package A (SD), SMP, and SMA equivalency education programs that work independently with the Dwi Mulya Foundation. Non-formal education can be said to be a skills and training activity in which Andikpas are fostered and trained in their skills through various activities prepared by LPKA on a regular basis. In carrying out the implementation of education, of course, they are faced with various kinds of obstacles, including legal factors, namely there are no specific technicalities in legislation that show how to apply education to Andikpas. Law Enforcement Factors, namely there are still deficiencies in quality and quantity in coaching officers. Factors of Facilities and Infrastructure, which are still classified as limited and not sufficient enough. Community factors, regarding the negative stigma against Andikpas who have returned to social life. And Cultural Factors, cultivate laziness from within Andikpas in carrying out educational obligations. In this way, LPKA strives fully, whatever becomes an obstacle in implementing the implementation of education and the Head of LPKA Class II Bandar Lampung hopes that the education and coaching that has been held can develop the potential of children so that when they return to social life they are still educated and can play an active and responsible role.

Ostatni referat Edmunda Krzymuskiego w pracach Sekcji Prawa Karnego Materialnego Komisji Kodyfikacyjnej Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej – wybrane zagadnienia

Edmund Krzymuski’s Final Paper in the Work of the Section of Substantive Criminal Law of the Codification Commission of the Republic of Poland – Selected Issues The paper presents the course of the discussion of Edmund Krzymuski’s essay on crimes against life and health, which took place as part of the Section of Substantive Criminal Law of the Codification Commission of the Republic of Poland in June 24–27, 1920. The article focuses on the main threads of the referent’s questionnaire and is devoted i.a., to the crimes of murder, bodily harm, incitement to suicide, or the killing of a fetus. The work highlights both Krzymuski’s proposals, as well as different concepts supported by other members of the Section, which were included in the draft criminal code of 1932. That discussion was significant because most of these solutions are still in force today in the Polish legal system. The article also attempts to answer whether the circumstances related to the referent’s proposals could have influenced his decision to resign from further work within the Substantive Crim

Koncepcja rehabilitacji sądowej w pracach Komisji Kodyfikacyjnej nad projektem polskiego kodeksu karnego z 1932 roku

The article presents the course of work in the Criminal Law Section of the Codification Commission of the Republic of Poland on the institution of judicial rehabilitation. It has been shown that its concept was carefully developed on the basis of the resolutions of the Criminal Law Section inspired by prof. J. Makarewicz’s report and the discussion developed around this report, taking into account the achievements of foreign legislation and legal doctrine. The solutions based on these resolutions proposed by J. Makarewicz in the preliminary draft of the general part of the Penal Code were subject to further substantive and editorial modifications as a part of the second and third reading of the Polish Penal Code draft, and then at the forum of a specially appointed Ministerial Committee. As a consequence of these activities, the inclusion of judicial rehabilitation in the Polish Penal Code of 1932 respected the latest postulates of the criminal policy and implemented the principle of punishment individualization.

On the correlation of criminal sociology, criminology and sociology of criminal law

The author of the article considers the problem of the correlation of such areas of legal science as criminal sociology, criminology and sociology of criminal law. There is still no consensus in the modern doctrine regarding the place in the system of legal science and the subject of these areas. Thus, some scientists identify criminal sociology with criminology, and others - with the sociology of criminal law. With the help of the historical and legal method, the author demonstrates the development of the sociological trend in Western and domestic legal thought, which took shape at the end of the XIX century in criminal sociology (in Western science - criminal sociology), or criminology. Using logical and comparative methods, the author comes to the conclusion that the term "criminal sociology" is synonymous with criminology, which was used in Russian science at the end of the XIX century. The sociology of criminal law became the subject of scientific discussions already in the Soviet legal science in the 1970s and 1980s. The author joins the position of scientists that the sociology of criminal law serves as a section of criminal law, but states the absorption of criminology research issues included in the field of sociology of criminal law. The expediency of distinguishing the subject areas of criminology and sociology of criminal law is noted, leaving behind the latter the social conditionality and effectiveness of criminal norms, the improvement of criminal law and the practice of its application.

The Crime of Unconstitutional Change of Government

Abstract The entry into force of the Protocol on Amendments to the Protocol on the Statute of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights (hereinafter the Malabo Protocol) will imply the activation of the International Criminal Law Section of the African Court of Justice and Human and Peoples’ Rights, along with the new crimes there included — among them, the crime of unconstitutional change of government. While the African Union (AU)’s concern over these changes of government is understandable, the criminalization of them raises several doubts. First, the lack of precision in the wording makes it difficult for both judges and individuals to know what is prohibited and what is not. This, along with the AU’s approach to popular uprisings, entails a serious risk for the Criminal Section of the Court to be used in accordance with political considerations of the regional organization. Finally, the combination of the crime with the immunity clause, also contained in the Protocol, greatly impedes the achievement of the criminalization’s goal.

The International Criminal Court versus the African Criminal Court

Abstract In 2014, the Assembly of the African Union amended the Statute of the prospective African Court of Justice and Human Rights (ACJHR) by the adoption of the Malabo Protocol. The Annex to the Protocol confers an extensive international criminal jurisdiction to the ACJHR’s International Criminal Law Section — often referred to as the African Criminal Court — which overlaps with the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC). If the Protocol enters into force, the Courts will exercise concurrent jurisdiction over the same matters. Conflicts of jurisdiction would therefore arise should both Courts decide to exercise jurisdiction over the same situation or case. This article advocates for a remodelling of the principle of complementarity, enshrined in Article 17 of the Rome Statute and in Article 46H of the Annex to the Malabo Protocol, to solve these potential conflicts of jurisdiction. The arguments presented herein will be relevant to the relationship between the ICC and any regional criminal court which prosecutes international crimes that would take shape.

Przestępstwa przeciwko zrzeszeniom prawa publicznego w projekcie kodeksu karnego Komisji Kodyfi kacyjnej Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej

Off ences against public law associations in the draft Criminal Code of the Codifi cation Commission of the Republic of Poland
 The article examines the work in the criminal law section of the Codifi cation Commission of the Republic of Poland on the construction of the factual circumstances of off ences against public law associations. The analysis is based on the papers delivered during a meeting of the section by Wacław Makowski and Juliusz Makarewicz. The proposals presented in them were used in the fi nal version of Chapter XIX of the draft Polish Criminal Code. The author demonstrates that the construction of the off ences in question was shaped by in-depth discussions within the criminal law section. Their objective was to create a modern form of protection of public law associations in the Criminal Code. 
 
 Straftaten gegen Vereinigungen öff entlichen Rechtes in dem Entwurf des Strafgesetzbuches der Kodifi kationskommission der Republik Polen 
 In der Bearbeitung wurde der Ablauf der Arbeit in der Sektion Strafrecht der Kodifi kationskommission der Republik Polen betreff end die Konstruktion der Sachverhalte der Straftaten gegen die Vereinigungen öff entlichen Rechtes geschildert. Gegenstand der Diskussion und der Analyse stellten die Referate dar, die während der Beratungen der Sektion durch die Herren Wacław Makowski und Juliusz Makarewicz vorgetragen wurden. Ihre Vorschläge wurden bei der endgültigen Ausgestaltung des Kapitels 19. des Entwurfes des polnischen Strafgesetzbuches angewandt. Es wurde bewiesen, dass vertiefte Überlegungen im Rahmen der Sektion für Strafrecht der Konstruktion der besprochenen Straftaten zugrunde lagen. Sie verfolgten das Ziel, den Schutz der Vereinigungen öff entlichen Rechtes im Strafgesetzbuch modern zu erfassen.

The Crime of Unconstitutional Change of Government and Popular Uprisings in Africa: Issues and Challenges

Several African states have experienced military coups as a form of government change, undermining the constitutional change of governments, human rights and threats to regional peace and security in Africa. This article examines the crime of unconstitutional change of government in Africa. It considers the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the International Criminal Law section of the African Court of Justice and Human and Peoples’ Rights over the crime of unconstitutional change of government. It then examines the scope of the crime of unconstitutional change of government and whether there is a right to peaceful rebellion against undemocratic governments in Africa. It also considers the impact of immunity granted to African heads of state on the prosecution of the crime of unconstitutional change of government. It further explores whether the imposition of the death penalty by some domestic courts for the crime of unconstitutional change of government is compatible with African states’ international human rights obligations under the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights and other human rights instruments. This is followed by a consideration of the challenge of providing funds for the benefit of victims of crimes including unconstitutional changes of government.

Zmiana trybu ścigania sprawcy przestępstwa zgwałcenia w świetle wyników badań aktowych

The paper presents detailed results of a case law study conducted as part of a research project entitled: ‘Evaluation of Change of the Mode of Prosecuting Perpetrators of Rape. Theoretical and Empirical Analysis’, implemented in 2018 in the Section of Criminal Law and Process of the Institute of Justice in Warsaw. The study aimed to determine what influence the change of the mode of prosecuting the offence of rape, introduced by the Act of 13 June 2013 on Amendments to the Act – Criminal Code and the Act – Code of Criminal Procedure had on the length of preparatory proceedings, the severity of punishments administered to perpetrators, the entities notifying that an offence was committed, etc. The article draws attention to such criminological aspects as the perpetrators’ sex, age, or education level. It also includes a description of victims’ characteristics.

La participación de las víctimas y la sociedad civil en la reformada Corte Africana de Justicia y Derechos Humanos: un estudio comparativo a la luz de la jurisprudencia de la Corte Penal Internacional The participation of victims and civil

En junio de 2014 la Asamblea de Jefes de Estado y de Gobierno de la Unión Africana adoptó el Protocolo de Enmienda al Estatuto de la Corte Africana de Justicia y Derechos Humanos, conocido como Protocolo de Malabo, que, entre otras cuestiones, crea la Sección de Derecho Internacional Penal (en adelante, SDIP) dotada de jurisdicción para perseguir crímenes de lesa humanidad, genocidio y guerra. En líneas generales, dicha iniciativa responde a las tensiones surgidas en los últimos años entre algunos estados africanos, la Unión Africana (UA) y la CPI, y a pesar de que hasta la fecha ningún estado ha ratificado el “Protocolo de Malabo”, su adopción ha avivado el debate respecto al ejercicio de la justicia internacional penal en África, sobre todo en relación con los conflictos de jurisdicción que podrían ocasionarse entre la SDIP y la CPI, si finalmente dicho instrumento entra en vigor. Nuestro interés está en examinar las posibilidades de participación de las víctimas y la sociedad civil ante la SDIP, en comparación con la práctica seguida por la CPI. Con el propósito de estudiar en qué medida está prevista en el Protocolo de Malabo, y en consecuencia, proponer alternativas que cubran las posibles lagunas, así como valorar si es recomendable que el sistema de participación de la CPI sirva de matriz al desarrollo de esta cuestión en la futura SDIP.

Victims and Reparations in International Criminal Justice: African Initiatives

Two important African criminal justice initiatives, namely, the Extraordinary African Chambers (eac) and the International Criminal Law Section of the African Court of Justice and Human and Peoples’ Rights (acjhr-icls), illustrate the trend whereby victims can claim and receive reparations at international/hybrid criminal tribunals (icts). The International Criminal Court (icc) started this trend. This article will examine whether the eac and acjhr-icls can contribute to victims’ status as reparations claimants on substantive, procedural and institutional levels. The eac-Statute as applied in Habré and the acjhr-Statute constitute the primary sources of analysis as complemented by inter alia the law and/or practice of the icc, Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (eccc) and the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACtHPR). This article generally finds that the realisation of victims’ right to reparations at the eac and acjhr-icls depends on how normative and implementation deficits and challenges are handled.

Article 46C of the Malabo Protocol: A Contextually Tailored Approach to Corporate Criminal Liability and Its Contours

This article examines the corporate criminal liability provision of the Protocol on Amendments to the Protocol on the Statute of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights (Malabo Protocol), which is the first to grant an international or regional criminal court jurisdiction over corporations. It analyses the provision in light of the wide substantial jurisdiction of the future criminal law section of the African Court of Justice and Human and Peoples’ Rights, the complementarity provision, the modes of responsibility and demonstrates its strengths and weaknesses. It argues that the corporate criminal liability provision will particularly contribute to a regional quest for justice and accountability against corporate impunity, as it is contextually tailored but also well equipped to address corporate wrongdoing.

La compétence de la future Cour pénale africaine à l’égard des personnes morales: propositions en vue du renforcement de ce régime inédit

RésuméCet article porte sur le Protocole portant amendements au protocole portant Statut de la Cour africaine de justice et des droits de l’homme. Il analyse les enjeux juridiques autour de la compétence à l’égard des entreprises de la future Section du droit international pénal au sein de cette Cour de justice. Après avoir souligné l’opportunité historique de cette initiative, l’auteur relève un certain nombre de problèmes qui se poseront nécessairement lorsque cette Cour commencera à fonctionner. Ces problèmes sont essentiellement liés au fait que le droit pénal s’est développé autour de la responsabilité pénale des personnes physiques. Afin de relever les défis imminents, il va falloir changer la façon d’appliquer plusieurs des règles que le droit pénal traditionnel prenait jusque-là pour acquis.

Substituting International Criminal Justice for an African Criminal Justice?

This article examines the reasons and the grounds behind the antiparathesis between the African Union and several of its Member States, on the one hand, and international criminal justice and the International Criminal Court (‘icc’), on the other hand. It also examines the consequences of and responses to this antiparathesis, including the creation of an International Criminal Law Section to the African Court of Justice and Human Rights and questions whether it offers any added value. The article concludes with suggesting the setting up of icc regional/circuit chambers, each dealing with a specific continent/region, as a means to restructure the icc, to make it more relevant to its users, namely the contracting parties to the Rome Statute, and to allay fears of politically motivated prosecutions.

Victims at the Prospective International Criminal Law Section of the African Court of Justice and Human and Peoples’ Rights

The introduction of an International Criminal Law Section (icls) to the prospective African Union (au) African Court of Justice and Human and Peoples’ Rights (acjhr) has sparked academic debate. However, discussion of victims’ status at the acjhr-icls has been neglected. Victims’ status as participants and reparation claimants, as provided for in the acjhr Statute, is critically analysed. There are important gaps and limitations, especially concerning the victim participant status, and implementation challenges, particularly regarding the reparation claimant status. Recommendations to address normative problems and face future challenges are provided. The amended acjhr-icls Statute is comparatively tested against inter alia the legal framework and practice of the International Criminal Court (icc). The icc Statute is relevant because the acjhr Statute provisions on victims largely borrow from it. Additionally, despite some deficits, the icc Statute and practice arguably constitute guiding standards to tackle complex victim-related issues at international/hybrid criminal tribunals (ihcts).

European Criminal Law After Brexit

The victory for the ‘Brexit’ vote in the referendum last June has sent shockwaves around Europe. The initial shock has given way for some to the realisation of the legal and constitutional complexity of untangling the UK’s relationship with the EU and re-engineering this relationship for a post-Brexit era, an era when the UK will be a third country for the EU. The legal challenges underpinning the reconfiguration of the UK’s relationship with the EU are manifold, and, in many areas of EU law, they are interwoven with a series of practical and operational challenges. One of these areas is European criminal law, where post-Brexit complexity is compounded by ongoing constitutional complexity underpinning the UK’s participation in the EU acquis while remaining an EU member state. Taking into account these complexities, this article will attempt to assess the future of European criminal law after Brexit. In order to do so, the article will focus on four main questions: what are the current constitutional complexities in the UK’s participation in European criminal law (Sections I–III)? What will be the impact of Brexit on domestic criminal law and security in the UK (Section IV)? What are the possible legal avenues for EU-UK post-Brexit co-operation in the field of criminal law (Section V)? And what, if any, will be the impact of Brexit on the shaping and development of European criminal law in the future (Section VI)? By way of conclusion (Section VII), the article will attempt to synthesise the threads and common themes arising from the preceding sections, by emphasising the continuum of legal complexity from pre-to post-Brexit developments and casting light on the paradox of the UK’s position after Brexit: if the UK wishes to continue participating in EU criminal law instruments and mechanisms, or to develop equivalent mechanisms of co-operation, the UK will have to comply with more EU instruments as a non-EU country compared to those it is bound by under its current status as an EU member state – ironically, ongoing links with the EU post-Brexit will spell the end of the UK’s current ‘pick-and-choose’ approach to European integration in criminal matters.

Corporations before International Criminal Courts: Implications for the International Criminal Justice Project

AbstractThe debate over whether the International Criminal Court should have jurisdiction over corporations has persisted over the years, despite the failure of the legal persons proposals at Rome. For its part, the Special Tribunal for Lebanon determined that it has jurisdiction over corporations for the purpose of crimes against the administration of the Tribunal, albeit not for the substantive crimes over which it adjudicates. Most recently, the African Union has adopted a Protocol that, should it come into operation, would create a new international criminal law section of the African Court of Justice and Human and People's Rights with jurisdiction over corporations committing or complicit in serious crimes impacting Africa. In light of the enduring nature of the proposal that international criminal institutions should directly engage with the problem of commercial corporations implicated in atrocity, this article explores the possible implications for the international criminal justice project were its institutions empowered to address corporate defendants and prosecutors emboldened to pursue cases against them. Drawing on the expressive goals of international criminal justice and concepts of sociological legitimacy, as well as insights from Third World Approaches to International Law, the article suggests that corporate prosecutions, where appropriate, may have a redeeming effect upon the esteem in which some constituent audiences hold international criminal law, as a system of global justice. The article's thesis is then qualified by cautionary thoughts on the redemptive potential of corporate prosecutions.

Crimes informáticos: possibilidades de construção de um modelo normativo de governança do ciberespaço

Uma das marcas da evolução da humanidade se reflete na capacidade de transmitir informações. Junto a isso, o desenvolvimento tecnológico na área da informação e comunicação, facilitou o acesso ao conhecimento, nos mais diversos pontos do planeta. O ciberespaço, oferece novas e diferentes possibilidades de futuro, trazendo significativos desafios para o direito. Nesse contexto, a pesquisa investiga as contribuições apresentadas nos Relatórios e Resoluções da Seção Direito Penal Parte Geral, preparatória ao XIX Congresso Internacional de Direito Penal da AIDP – Associação Internacional de Direito Penal, que assinalam os principais pontos de convergência e divergência para a construção de um modelo normativo de governança e tutela penal do ciberespaço, a partir do mapeamento crítico. Assim, o trabalho tem como objetivos observar e mapear a interação legislativa no tocante ao tema dos crimes informáticos; e observar e mapear os resultados dos referidos relatórios e resoluções. O método utilizado no presente trabalho foi o dedutivo e a técnica da pesquisa bibliográfica.

The African Court of Justice and Human and Peoples’ Rights ‘International Criminal Law Section’: Promoting Impunity for African Union Heads of State and Senior State Officials?

On 27 June 2014 the African Union (au) Assembly adopted a protocol entitled ‘Protocol on Amendments to the Protocol on the Statute of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights’. This Protocol contains an annex entitled ‘Statute of the African Court of Justice and Human and Peoples’ Rights’. The Protocol and the Statute annexed to it provide for the establishment of a regional court in Africa to be known as the ‘African Court of Justice and Human and Peoples’ Rights’ (African Court). This Court will, among others, exercise criminal jurisdiction over a wide range of international crimes involving individual criminal responsibility and corporate criminal liability over legal persons (with the exception of States), which goes beyond any other international court or hybrid tribunal. This article considers reasons for establishing a regional court in Africa with criminal jurisdiction and examines the likely effectiveness of the African Court focussing on the wide jurisdiction conferred on the Court; the impact of immunity from criminal prosecution granted to serving au heads of State and other undefined ‘senior State officials’; and the need to strengthen national criminal jurisdictions to enable them to prosecute international crimes in Africa.

Baudžiamoji atsakomybė už narkotikų kontrabandą: Teoriniai ir praktiniai aspektai

Greitas narkotinių medžiagų plitimas ir kovos su šiuo reiškiniu priemonių neveiksmingumas kelia būtinybę iš pagrindų peržiūrėti mūsų šalyje veikiančią narkotinių medžiagų pristatymo ir platinimo kontrolės sistemą. Pirmiausia turėtų būti tobulinamas atsakomybę už narkotikų kontrabandą reglamentuojančios baudžiamosios teisės normos (BK 199 straipsnio 2 dalis) turinys. Straipsnio autorių tikslas ? patikslinti šios normos vietą BK sistemoje, aptarti ja saugomą viešąjį gėrį ir jos turinio esminės pertvarkos būdus. Dabartinis minėtos veikos teisinis vertinimas iškreipia kovos su narkotikų paplitimu tikslus, o teisinis reglamentavimas aiškiai neatitinka narkotikų visuomenei daromos žalos apimčių ir mažina kovos su narkotinių medžiagų platinimu veiksmingumą.