Field Of Criminal Investigation Research Articles

The Role of Predictive Policing in Predicting Spetio-temporal Crime Mapping

Since the modern criminology critically reviews the contribution of socio-environmental factors to the crime mapping in terms of their spatio-temporal distribution, a statistical/machine learning technique namely called the Risk Terrain Modelling-RTM is currently being used as a software solution to diagnose the socio-environmental conditions that lead to crime in a specific area's geography (Study Area), through geospatial and temporal analyses of crimes by linking them to hotspots and analysing them into Big Data (Criminal Data), and as a result, appears the new predicting patterns of risks in geographical area under survey (Survey Area) in future, all that for a sake of a rapid and effective response by the Predictive Police, firstly, for setting the priorities for the deployment of precautionary resources to prevent crime and reduce potential risks in the event of a crime, and secondly, what is required to be done upon arrival as a precautionary step to control the crime with a minimum disadvantage to the police forces. The Risk Terrain Modelling-RTM represents a systematic investment for more than a decade in the field of criminal investigation, it is have been founded by Leslie W. Kennedy and Joel M. Caplan at Rutgers University, and it currently testes in over than 45 countries around the world.

베이지안 모델을 활용한 서울시 자치구별 범죄예측지도 연구

The issue of police personnel in Korea has been continuously raised. Efforts are being made to this end in various ways, but the police are still suffering from manpower shortages and heavy work due to policy changes such as “Adjustment of Investigative Rights between the Police and the Prosecution”. In relation to efficient police activities, a notable measure is the use of crime map based on crime big data. This study examined crime maps used at home and abroad, predicted crime rates for each district in Seoul based on Bayesian model, and visualized them to implement crime maps for each district in Seoul for contributing efficient police patrol activities and crime prevention, and moreover to help Primary crime prevention of citizens.
 To achieve the research purpose, this study looked at crime maps used in the United Kingdom, United States, and Korea’s and how they were used. Furthermore, this study tried to predict crimes in Seoul by district using CCTV, drinking establishment, schools and foot traffic data. Finally, based on the predicted analysis values, visualization of crime map for each district in Seoul was implemented.
 Unlike overseas crime maps, crime maps currently used in Korea were somewhat closed way(only limited users can use it or the algorithm has not been made public). Based on literature review, this study attempted to implement crime map that can be disclosed to private citizens based on the Bayesian model which is rising in the field of criminal investigation. Accordingly, database was established by collecting CCTV, drinking establishment, schools and foot traffic data for each district in Seoul. The Bayesian model, which predicted crime occurrence using the collected data, showed an average accuracy of about 87% which is higher accuracy than other crime prediction program abroad. Finally, visualized as a crime map based on the analysis results.
 The active use of crime map is highly valuable. It can help police's manpower shortage and heavy work, moreover private citizens too. Currently, Korea has also introduced and started operating crime map, but due to police’s confidentiality, it is difficult for private citizens to feel the efficiency of crime map. Crime map can be more valuable depending on how it is used, so if the police actively release crime map to the public, will get a great response.

Examining certain changes to the current Code of Criminal Procedure in the light of the fight against organized crime

Aim: Crime cannot go unpunished – so the saying goes. The ever-changing activities of organised crime groups have made disrupting and dismantling them a priority for the police. Among other things, the fight against organised crime is facilitated by domestic legislation, including the chapters of Act XC of 2017 on the Code of Criminal Procedure, which fundamentally changed the collection of secret information from 1 July 2018, when the Act was promulgated. Therefore, its practical and law enforcement manifestation, its new possible organisational model, as well as the comparison with the solutions developed in other EuropeanUnion Member States are indispensable. The author with her study specifically intended to examine the practice of the application of the Criminal Procedure Act in the field of criminal investigation, in particular from the perspective of the legal professions, the prosecution and the investigating authority, since the everyday application of criminal procedure may give rise to a number of phenomena that may highlight potential problems. A research question was formulated: to what extent has the fight against organised crime in Hungary been facilitated by certain changes in the existing Criminal Procedure Act?Methodology: The aim of the research methods used is to demonstrate the consistency of theory and practice. The study includes, inter alia, descriptive analysis in conceptual, institutional and organisational aspects, as well as case law analysis and legislative analysis. The research is based on a case study of an ongoing investigation into the crime of trafficking in human beings and the fact that Member States within the European Union have agreed to set up a joint investigation team as parties to the case. The case study will also provide an opportunity to monitor possible obstacles to international criminal cooperation, including the identification of other obstacles that may have arisen during the coronavirus epidemic. Prior to the analysis of the case study, spontaneous interviews were also conducted with police and judicial authorities. Interviews were conducted with investigators on the police side and prosecutors on the judicial side. In the course of the research, the author also looks at the procedures developed in other EU Member States.Findings: The emergence and transformation of disguised instruments in domestic criminal proceedings – according to the research carried out for the study – differs between the police and the prosecution. In practice, the effectiveness of the joint investigation team can be traced in several ways. In cases with an international dimension, there are a number of advantages to be gained from Member States agreeing to set up a joint investigation team, both in terms of removing procedural obstacles and in terms of international criminal and judicial cooperation.Value: The findings of the study may be useful for practitioners in the investigative authorities involved in cases with an international dimension, as well as for the prosecution service, to provide a cross-section of the current situation, with the additional aim of giving the issues described here some consideration. In addition, the study also provides an insight into the implementation of international criminal cooperation in the period of the coronavirus epidemic.

Research on the Polygraph: the CMOS Neural Amplifier

The polygraph is an effective piece of equipment to detect if the suspect is lying in order to track down the criminal. The paper simulates and sets up the host part of the polygraph in order to explain how the polygraph works and some fields to use it. And we successfully make a neural amplifier to show the way that the host amplifies neural signals, and has a low passband that can filter out high-frequency signals. The circuit has two parts the folded cascode amplifier DC gain is 64.56, the -3dB bandwidth is about 100kHz and the total current consumption is 4uA and the capacitive feedback amplifier passband gain is 40dB and the passband is from about 3Hz to 5kHz. It is of great value not only in the field of criminal investigation, but also in VR, artificial intelligence (AI), and mental health. Because it can record and let people observe human brain activity and emotional changes. What’s more, with its development of it, it can solve many small crimes automatically, which means police can have more time and energy to deal with difficult cases and society can be more stable.

Classification and comparison of human activities by machine learning

The current study of human activity recognition and classification has been an important part of promoting the development of science and technology in society. Human activity recognition and classification are in several fields, such as competitive sports, criminal investigation field, etc. As the field of micro-electromechanics continues to evolve, more accurate human recognition is becoming possible, with wearable multi-axis inertial sensors that allow us to visually detect the desired data. In this paper, the data of 19 human activities for 8 testers are feature extracted and normalized. The data are divided into training and test sets by machine learning models: support vector machine (SVR) classification, XGBoost classification, and logistic regression. The experiment was repeated 10 times to take the average value. The models were then scored, and by comparing integrated machine learning with traditional machine learning, it was found that integrated learning improved by 5%−29% in terms of accuracy compared to traditional machine learning.

Research on Evaluation Model of Music Education Informatization System Based on Machine Learning

Music education informatization system can promote music teaching; in addition, due to the characteristics of music disciplines such as the audiovisual nature of music, the influence of informatization on music teaching is self-evident. With the rapid development of the human ability to obtain information, machine learning algorithms have been widely used in various fields of scientific research and engineering, involving chemical production statistical process control, archeology text recognition, social and criminal investigation field fingerprint and image recognition, and genomic information research in the field of biomedicine. In order to correctly evaluate the music education information system based on machine learning, through the comparison of four models, it is concluded that the construction of the GBDT model is optimal.

Secure storage and matching of latent fingerprints using phase shifting digital holography

This paper describes the secure storage and matching of latent fingerprints using phase shifting digital holography. A phase shifting digital holographic system is proposed for imaging of latent fingerprints, which can be applied in the criminal investigation field. Digital holography is one of the accurate and fast technique for measuring 3D information, by acquiring both amplitude and phase information from the object. Digital holography uses a Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) to record the interference pattern. In digital holography, the reconstructed image unavoidably contains the conjugate image and the zeroth order beam, resulting in low resolution. This problem can be overcomed by using phase shifting digital holography. Phase shifting digital holography is a technique by which multiple holograms are taken corresponding to the various phase differences between the object beam and the reference beam. One of the most secure storage methods is digital holographic data storage which provides a credible way in the fingerprint acquisition in the criminal investigation field. The phase shifting digital holograms of the latent fingerprint are acquired and then numerically reconstructed. The reconstructed fingerprint is then compared with the database after further processing to find whether it is a match or no match. The investigations have been conducted through experiments and computer simulations. The parameters used for analyzing the performance of the system are False Matching Rate (FMR), False Non-Matching Rate (FNMR) etc. This system shows a remarkable performance improvement over digital holographic techniques. The method can be explicitly used in forensic applications.

Background of Achieving a Realistic Legislative Criminal Policy in Iranian Penal Laws

For a criminal policy, in the broadest sense, to be successful and compatible with a realistic view of the criminal phenomenon in the field of pragmatism judgment and to achieve its objectives, it needs a background which, in its absence, not only laws based on realistic criminal policy fail, but their application in such a situation will cause a double damage to society: legal and moral. Apply methods of social prevention in the economic and cultural dimension, observing the principle of minimum criminal law, the mandatory anticipation of the presentation of a personality profile in all crimes committed and finally, the establishment of a care administration to comply with the implementation of realistic laws in the best possible way. It is concluded that this path that combines criminal policy and pragmatic legal realism is one of the desired areas in question in the field of criminal investigation in Iran. This research, which is conducted using the content analysis method, identifies the background for the implementation and enforcement of a realistic legislative criminal policy in Iran to remove obstacles to this advanced scientific knowledge.

Craniofacial reconstruction based on heat flow geodesic grid regression (HF-GGR) model

Craniofacial reconstruction is to predict the 3D facial geometry according to the internal relationship between the skull and face, which is widely applied in the field of criminal investigation, archaeology, forensic medicine and so on. In this paper, utilizing the inherent advantage of geodesic to encode craniofacial geometry, we propose a heat flow geodesic grid regression (HF-GGR) model to facilitate craniofacial reconstruction. Our algorithm consists of three steps. In the first step, we extract the nose-tip rooted geodesic distance field and discretize it into a radial grid representation. Then in the second step, we generate geodesic grid of target skull appearance by utilizing the partial least squares regression (PLSR) method. Finally in the third step, we reconstruct the face of target skull according to the geodesic grid and face statistical model. We have conducted experiments on a data set with 213 pairs of craniofacial data. The extensive experimental results show that our algorithm can achieve accurate reconstruction results with faster speed and fewer geodesic grid points than the state-of-the-art method.

PENGARUH SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA PENYIDIK TERHADAP KEBERHASILAN PENYIDIKAN (Studi Pada Satreskrim Polres Dharmasraya)

The human resource capacity of the Satreskrim Polres Dharmasraya is still lacking due to the large number of criminal cases handled. The Influence of Human Resources of Investigators on the Success of Investigations at the Satreskrim at the Dharmasraya Police is the success of an investigation which is determined by whether or not an investigation is conducted. This influence can be measured by several criteria, namely the educational and vocational background (dikjur) of the investigators, at the Satreskrim of the Dharmasraya Police, investigators and assistant investigators who have participated in Dikjur in the field of criminal investigation or supporting the field of criminal investigation are 11 people during 2018. The number of investigators and assistant investigators is 34 people at the Satreskrim Polres Dharmasraya, so only 38 percent have a background in the field of Education and Culture in the field of criminal investigation or supporting in the field of criminal investigation. Experience conducting investigations. The efforts made and the obstacles faced by the Satreskrim of the Dharmasraya Police to fulfill the human resources of investigators was to increase the capacity of the Police Investigators so that they were able to understand and master laws / legal regulations. This can be pursued through improving education for members of the Satreskrim Polres Dharmasraya both formal and material education.

Matching a composite sketch to a photographed face using fused HOG and deep feature models

In this paper, we focus on the research of matching a computer-generated composite face sketch to a photograph. This is of great importance in the field of criminal investigation. To blend the different facial representation modalities, we propose a robust feature model by combining pixel-level features extracted from multi-scale key face patches and high-level features learned from a pre-trained deep learning-based model. At first, texture features are captured by a two-level histogram of oriented gradient descriptor, considering both the overall structure and local details. The semantic-level facial characteristics are analyzed through the high-level features of the Visual Geometry Group-Face (VGG-Face) network. Next, feature similarities between each sketch/photograph pair are measured by feature distance. Then, adaptive weights are assigned to each feature similarity, and score level fused according to their visual saliency contribution. Finally, the fused feature similarity is evaluated for matching purposes. After experimenting on the Pattern Recognition and Image Processing-Viewed Software-Generated Composite (PRIP-VSGC) database and the expanded University of Malta Composite Face Sketch (UoM-SGFS) database, it is found that this framework could achieve more satisfying results compared to the existing methods.

Getting the Perpetrator Incorporated and Prioritized in Homicide Investigations: The Development and Evaluation of a Case-Specific Element Library (C-SEL).

Homicide investigators in the digital era have access to an increasing amount of data and the processing of all persons of interest and pieces of evidence has become nearly impossible. This paper describes the development and evaluation of a case-specific element library (C-SEL) that can be used to incorporate and prioritize persons of interest in homicide investigations. In a survey, 107 experts in the field of criminal investigation assigned an initial score to the elements. Each element was extended with underlying factors that can be used to adjust the initial score based on the relevance and credibility of the source. A case study was conducted using three Dutch real-world cases to evaluate the methodology. The results look promising and are better than four methodologies currently used in practice.

Topography, the primary basis of the reconstruction of a traffic accident

The following document applied to the investigation and reconstruction of traffic accidents, seeks to conceptualize the serious errors that exist in many public and private institutions when considering that the reconstruction of a traffic accident is to determine the vehicle speed, with one or more physical equations or in the worst case, a 2D or 3D animation of an alleged traffic accident dynamics, as well as explain confused concepts and procedures in the field of criminal investigation, specifically in the reconstruction of traffic accidents. Starting from the premise that the reconstruction of a violent in traffic death essentially seeks the identification and clearancing of variables in the investigation, also exposing not very clear concepts regarding the topic of interest; from the above, important errors are determined in the concepts that we have of what is a forensic reconstruction, the hypotheses that are used in the sketch of traffic accidents in Colombia and the great errors that exist in the matter of fixing physical evidence (EF).

A vigilance alert for forensic odontology: Preservation and maintenance of dental records in Central India

Introduction: One of the most encouraging facts about forensic odontology is that it is looked upon today as a reliable methodology which is highly accurate when maintained correctly. Dental tissues are the strongest in the human body. They remain unchanged even after the long period of exposure to extreme conditions. In the field of criminal investigation and medicolegal cases, dental practitioners play a pivotal role. The maintenance of dental records is legally important in most of the European and American countries. Unfortunately, the law is not very clear in India and the awareness is very poor. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in which a questionnaire was designed for the participating dentists to self-assess their awareness regarding forensic odontology and forensic value of the dental records maintained in routine practice. The Chi-square test was used for evaluating the results statistically, and the level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: Our study revealed that the dental practitioners of Madhya Pradesh, India, are not adequately prepared for any kind of forensic and medicolegal need if it arises at all. Conclusion: Our study reveals that there is an alarming call for rectification and improvisation in forensic odontology awareness among the practitioners.

Research on Extraction of Address from Criminal Case Records via Lattice LSTM

As an important carrier for recording the details of case in the field of criminal investigation, case records contain address of the crime scene which is crucial to the case analysis. This paper uses Lattice LSTM to extract address from case records which combines the advantages of the character-based and word-based models. It can exploit word and word sequence information without performing Chinese word segmentation. For the purpose of optimizing the model, this paper proposes a word vector template which is generated by address repository of Shanghai to pretrain more accurate and more controllable word embeddings. The experiment shows that the model achieves the performance with the precision rate of 96.49%, recall rate of 94.83% and F1 score of 95.65%.

Ethical Controversies of Familial Searching: The Views of Stakeholders in the United Kingdom and in Poland

Familial searching is a technology that detects genetic relatedness. The term is generally used to refer to searches conducted in criminal DNA databases to identify criminal suspects through their connection with relatives. Beyond criminal investigation purposes, familial searching might also be used for the identification of unknown bodies and missing persons. The United Kingdom and Poland are cases that illustrate the variability of familial searching meanings, uses, and regulations. In the United Kingdom, familial searching is regulated by exceptionality and is mainly used for the identification of suspects in serious criminal cases. In Poland, familial searching is regulated within the framework of expanding the scope of its application to the search and/or identification of missing persons. Drawing on interviews with diverse key stakeholders in the United Kingdom and Poland, we address the ethical controversies of familial searching in the field of criminal investigation and in the domain of missing persons together. We argue that the views of stakeholders about the ethical controversies of familial searching lead to prescribing specific notions of social risks, public good, and the accountability of the state.

Questões político-criminais e processuais penais sobre a investigação criminal de chacinas protagonizadas por facções criminais nos presídios brasileiros

O objetivo do presente artigo é pontuar questões relacionadas com a investigação criminal de eventos ocorridos dentro das unidades prisionais envolvendo facções criminosas, sob dois aspectos: a questão político-criminal e o (des)interesse das autoridades públicas em investigar os fatos; e a questão processual penal envolvendo os meios de prova, tanto os tradicionais quanto os mais modernos. A metodologia utilizada, de forma majoritária, é a revisão bibliográfica, ainda que não exaustiva, pelos limites temporais e espaciais do presente texto. Em pontos específicos, notícias da grande mídia foram usadas para indicar a divulgação de dados e suposições, particularmente, sobre eventos mais recentes no intuito de demonstrar a percepção social sobre o tema. Este texto tem como orientação a matriz da sociologia para traçar um breve escorço histórico em relação ao surgimento e à instalação das facções criminosas nos presídios brasileiros, analisando a mutação do recurso aos motins (no marco das ocorrências de 2001 e 2006) para as chacinas (no marco dos eventos de 2013 e 2017). Já no campo da investigação criminal, as referências utilizadas para a tratativa são prioritariamente do campo processual penal, embora utilizados autores de ciências correlatas que estão atentos ao tema em discussão. As conclusões indicam a permanência de vicissitudes no campo da investigação criminal, no recorte proposto, especialmente, por questões de natureza científica, metodológica e operacional.

266 nm陶瓷激光器反射照相在指纹显现中的应用

本文研究潜在指纹显现的新技术，用自主研发的266 nm短波紫外陶瓷激光器作为光源照射检材，通过反射照相方法显现各种非渗透性客体表面的潜在指纹。紫外陶瓷激光器能有效显现出光滑客体表面的潜在指纹，并且油脂指纹检出率高于汗液指纹检出率。陶瓷材料由于其良好的化学稳定性、耐高温性、尺寸稳定性、光漫反射特性等优点，利用该266 nm短波紫外陶瓷激光器可以显现非渗透性客体表面的潜在指纹，在刑侦领域上有较好的应用前景。 This paper describes visualization of latent fingerprints by 266 nm ultraviolet ceramic laser. Self-made 266 nm ultraviolet laser with a ceramic gain medium was used to illuminate the latent fingerprints on the non-porous substrates. The images were recorded by ultraviolet camera through reflection photography. The results showed that the marriage of ultraviolet ceramic laser and reflection photography was an effective method on visualization of latent fingerprint on non-porous substrates. The visualization rate of oil fingerprints is higher than the sweat fingerprints. Ceramic materials have the advantages of good chemical stability, high-tem- perature resistance, size stability and light diffuse reflection. The 266 nm ultraviolet ceramic laser could be adopted to the visualized latent fingerprints on the non-porous substrates. The ultraviolet ceramic laser operating at 266 nm has potential application in the field of criminal investigation.

Study of Cluster-Footprint Analysis Testing Algorithm and System

The cluster-footprint left at a crime scene is one of the most common trace evidence in the field of criminal investigation. Through analyzing and calculating the plane footprint, the investigators can get some important feature information such as step size, age and height, etc. However, this way is difficult to apply to reality without any errors in the process of manual calculations. Information management is more complicated in the later, the efficiency is relatively low too. To solve above problems, a testing system is designed and developed to analyze cluster-footprint. This system is based on the LabVIEW platform, which can realize image acquisition, stride characteristics extraction, information management and so on. Actual analysis results show that this system can effectively achieve these functions, working accuracy and efficiency can meet requirements of criminal investigation process.

Phase Contrast Imaging of the Fingerprint by Digital Holography

Aiming to the special demand of the criminal investigation, a non-invasive and non-contact fingerprint acquisition method is proposed based on digital holography. The off-axis Fresnel digital holography is designed to record the digital hologram. The reconstruction of the complex amplitude from fingerprint is analyzed, and the phase aberration is corrected by the surface fitting based on the least square approach. In the scene of the crime, the fingerprint of suspects is easily left on some smooth surfaces. In the experiments, the CD-ROM disk with fingerprint information is used as the sample. The results show that the amplitude and phase images can be obtained and combined to capture more information of latent fingerprints, which demonstrates digital holography is effective for the acquisition of latent fingerprints and can be applied to the criminal investigation field.