Law Enforcement Research Articles

Enforcement of Labour Law Policies Among Civil Servants: A Meta-Analysis Research

Labour policies serve as the foundation for efficient compliance and the enforcement of labour laws. However, the different enforcement strategies and systems lead to challenges for civil servants in enforcing labour laws as well as promoting business compliance among employers. Thus, this study aims to identify the elements of enforcement of labour law policies among civil servants via meta-analysis techniques. This meta-analysis thoroughly examines and synthesises the results of 10 research that were published between 2014 and 2024 to look into how civil servants implement labour laws. The inclusion criteria that determined the selection of the research included factors like the elements of enforcement, geographic coverage across various regions, and significance to labour law enforcement in public sectors. After a qualitative analysis, there are four elements of the enforcement of labour law policies among civil servants can be identified (1) Enforcement and effectiveness of labour law policies, (2) Implementation of standard operating procedures in labour law policies, (3) Knowledge and skills of labour law policies among civil servants and (4) Inspection capabilities among civil servants. The findings furnish evidence-based suggestions for policy enhancements and identify important elements impacting enforcement effectiveness.

The Interconnection Between Intellectual Property and The Growth Of Green Technologies

The growing concern for curbing global warming and environmental hazards requires environmentally sustainable resources and such a need has led to the use of green technology and green products. The Intellectual property law aims at promoting innovation through incentivizing and commercializing such innovation. This paper focuses on how the Intellectual Property Law impacts the use of green technology and the innovation of the same by discussing the ambit of intellectual property law which provides protection to green technologies under Indian law, various international laws, rules, regulations, agreements and treaties and at the same time how it prevents abuse of such power. This paper therefore discusses the importance of providing intellectual property rights to innovator of green technology and how such protection can be effectively enforced by ensuring the wide access of such technologies to all. Therefore, it discusses the inter-relation between intellectual property law and green technologies by providing checks and balances in the enforcement of such laws with regard to public accessibility. Doctrinal Research Methodology is used in this paper.

Research on the convergence mechanism between administrative law enforcement and criminal justice in anti-doping work in China

Research on the convergence mechanism between administrative law enforcement and criminal justice in anti-doping work in China

Analysis of the Effectiveness of Taser in Police Intervention and Overview of the Main Causes of Failure

An inappropriately chosen tactical procedure and means during a police intervention against highly dangerous subjects may lead to an escalation of the conflict and to further threats to the interveners and to the subject against whom the intervention is conducted. The main objective of this article is to analyse the effectiveness of the technical device Taser, which uses an electrical discharge to temporarily incapacitate a human subject, identify the main causes of failure of it, and its implications in practice at the incident level. The paper is based on the presentation of current scientific evidence in available electronic databases (Web of Science, Scopus; using keyword taser), and the data are compiled into a clear graphical form through the principles of the Fault Tree Analysis (FTA). A set of potential failure causes was identified from the human factor, the role of technology, and environmental influences. The taser was found to be a conditionally effective technological device with a wide and difficult to determine range of effectiveness depending on the method chosen. The findings have implications for training and education with a focus on minimising the risks of service intervention in terms of the effectiveness of this type of law enforcement agent.

Legal Frameworks and Policy Gaps in Protecting Children from Online Exploitation in India: Challenges and Solutions

The swift expansion of internet in India has opened up numerous opportunities for kids. This includes chance to learn access information and connect with others. However, it has also exposed them to serious dangers. These include being exploited online subjected to abuse and at risk of trafficking. This study critically evaluates legal and policy strategies in place to shield kids from online exploitation in India. It pinpoints major shortcomings and obstacles that weaken their impact. The legal environment in India for protecting children includes various laws like Information Technology Act, 2000 Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012 and Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2015. Although these laws are strong in theory, they encounter challenges in application. Factors such as a lack of resource and a low level of public awareness contribute to this. Moreover, the rapid developments of digital advancements often lags behind legislative updates. This leaves children to new online dangers like cyberbullying and sextortion. This study delves into these legal and policy deficiencies by examining recent cases. It reviews existing research on child safety online. Additionally, the paper looks into responsibilities of private sector entities. This includes social media companies and internet service providers in preventing and responding to online exploitation. Such aspects are not fully covered by current legal framework. To address these issues paper suggests various measures. It includes improved training for law enforcement. Additionally it involves the formation of specialized cyber protection units aimed at safeguarding children. It also calls for stronger cooperation among government agencies, non-governmental organizations and private sector to foster a safer online space for children. Furthermore paper highlights the need for digital literacy and awareness programs for children, parents and educators as a way to prevent online exploitation. This research adds to the understanding of complexities involved in protecting children from online exploitation in India. It provides actionable recommendations for enhancing the legal and policy framework to effectively tackle this critical issue

Understanding FIR : A Landmark Reform in India’s Criminal Judiciary System

the FIR system in India represents a landmark reform, promoting justice by ensuring that law enforcement operates under greater scrutiny and that victims' rights are protected. While challenges persist, ongoing efforts toward reform, particularly through digital tools and judicial oversight, are paving the way for a more responsive and transparent criminal justice system. As the system evolves, the commitment to ensuring prompt, fair, and impartial registration and investigation of crimes remains crucial to uphold the rule of law and access to justice in India.

Law Enforcement in the Perspective of Legal Sociology

This paper examines the effectiveness of law enforcement in society from the perspective of legal sociology. The goal is to explain the extent to which law enforcement can be effective in society. To obtain data from the problem, the author uses the library research method to collect information relevant to the topic or problem to be studied. The type of data used in this study is secondary data obtained from library materials or literature that have a relationship with the object being studied. The results of the study show that the effectiveness of law enforcement has not been maximized. This is marked by the fact that it is not easy for the law to be enforced in cases involving elites or officials. The law should apply to all circles, not recognizing social stratification in its enforcement, but the reality that occurs is inversely proportional to the principle of law, the law is used as a tool for those who have interests. Therefore, the sociology of law is present to examine the impact of the enactment of a law in society, so that social phenomena can arise and develop in society. The sociology of law and the effectiveness of law are very closely related, because what will be discussed in the sociology of law will not be separated from the assessment of how far the effectiveness of law exists in society as part of social phenomena.

DIKOTOMI PENEGAKAN HUKUM PELANGGARAN LALULINTAS TERHADAP PENGENDARA YANG TIDAK MENGGUNAKAN HELM DI KOTA KENDARI

This research is based on the phenomenon of the people of Kendari City who think that riding on the road using a motorbike does not require wearing a helmet, especially at certain moments. This momentum such as the delivery of a corpse or even to the celebration of a democratic party, like a campaign in public areas. Some people of Kendari City only wear hats and peci (songko) at certain seasons, and some choose not to wear any head protection at all. Due to societal realities, the purpose of this research is to ascertain how law enforcement responds to drivers who don’t wear helmets in accordance with sociocultural circumstances and to understand Kendari City’s traffic law system from the perspective of Lawrence M. Friedman’s theory. The research method used is a normative-empirical method. The research results findings demonstrate that when law enforcement personnel’s roles are in conflict with the sociocultural context of Kendari City society, the application of Article 291 of the Traffic Law fails to work as best it might. At some times, including during campaigns or when delivering corpses, law enforcement officials in the traffic sector appear to find it difficult or impossible to enforce the law against drivers who don’t wear helmets. Therefore, the situation indicates that Article 291 of the Traffic Law’s traffic system doesn’t work as expected.

Pengawasan Pengelolaan Dana Pensiun di Indonesia: Analisis Terhadap Praktik Fraud dan Efektivitas Regulasi

Pension funds are one of the important instruments in providing old-age security for workers. However, in practice, there are several cases where pension fund managers are involved in fraud that harms pension participants. This research aims to examine the supervision carried out on pension funds, especially in the context of overcoming fraud practices by pension fund managers in Indonesia. Using a normative and empirical juridical approach, this research examines the effectiveness of existing regulations and the application of sanctions against violations that occur. Based on the analysis, it is found that despite the existence of fairly strict regulations, fraudulent practices in pension fund management still occur due to weak supervision and law enforcement. The case study raised in this research shows that the involvement of supervisory institutions such as the Financial Services Authority (OJK) and related legal entities needs to be increased so that pension fund management runs more transparently and accountably.

Legal Uncertainty for Persons with Disabilities as Victims and Witnesses in Criminal Justice in Indonesia

This study examines the legal uncertainty faced by persons with disabilities as witnesses and victims within Indonesia's criminal justice system. Although there are regulations that acknowledge the rights of persons with disabilities, their implementation often encounters various obstacles, ranging from inadequate accommodations to limited understanding among law enforcement officials. This legal uncertainty adversely impacts access to justice for persons with disabilities, who often feel marginalized within the legal process. Therefore, this research also discusses efforts to fulfill the rights of persons with disabilities as witnesses and victims, including the importance of training for law enforcement personnel, providing appropriate accommodations, and conducting comprehensive personal assessments to meet their specific needs. This study is expected to provide recommendations for policymakers to enhance legal protection and ensure accessibility for persons with disabilities within the criminal justice system.

Eradication of Land Mafia in Indonesia by the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning of the Republic of Indonesia or the National Land Agency

The land mafia in Indonesia is a complex phenomenon that harms society and has the potential to disrupt social stability. This research aims to analyze the practices of land mafia that occur in Indonesia and evaluate the eradication efforts by the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency (ATR/BPN). Land mafia practices include certificate forgery, illegal land occupation, and document manipulation that threaten the ownership rights of the community. This research uses normative legal research methods, which involve the process of finding legal rules, principles, and legal doctrines to answer the legal issues at hand. Furthermore, this research also examines the policies and strategic steps taken by the ATR/BPN in combating the land mafia, including the establishment of the Anti-Land Mafia Task Force and the strengthening of land regulations. The results indicate that despite various eradication efforts, challenges in law enforcement and inter-agency coordination remain obstacles. Therefore, better synergy between the government, society, and the private sector is necessary to create a transparent and accountable land system. This research is expected to contribute to the development of more effective policies in eradicating the land mafia in Indonesia and reinforcing legal protection for the community.

Juridical Analysis of the Legal Protection of Workers / Laborers Against Termination of Employment That Is Not in Accordance with Law Number 6 of 2023 concerning Job Creation

Law No. 6 of 2023 on Job Creation aims to encourage economic growth in Indonesia, but it also brings significant changes to labor regulations, including the expansion of the reasons for Termination of Employment. This research aims to analyze legal protection for workers who are laid off not in accordance with the provisions of the law. In addition, this study seeks to understand the challenges of protecting workers' rights in the midst of increasingly complex labor dynamics. The approach used is a normative approach, analyzing various related regulations, especially the Job Creation Law and the Employment Law. This study also examines the theory of legal certainty, justice, and legal protection as an analytical framework. Using a case study approach, this study analyzes the case of unilateral termination of employment at PT BFI Finance as a concrete example to assess the application of legal provisions in practice. The research method used is normative legal research with secondary data, including primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The results of the study show that the Job Creation Law provides a clearer legal framework regarding the layoff procedure and legitimate reasons. However, there are challenges in the implementation and enforcement of the law that need to be overcome, considering that there is still a gap between legal provisions and practices in the field that can be detrimental to workers' rights. The research recommendations include the need for more intensive socialization to workers and employers about the new provisions, as well as consistent law enforcement to protect workers' rights.

Cannabis and alcohol enforcement strategies across the U.S.

As the legalization of adult-use cannabis has expanded to include almost half of the states in the U.S., substance use-related enforcement responsibilities for state and local law enforcement agencies may have changed. We assessed the use of cannabis and alcohol enforcement strategies at local and state levels, and in legal and non-legal cannabis states. We conducted surveys of 1,024 local law enforcement agencies, 53 state alcohol beverage control agencies and 48 state patrol agencies. We calculated the prevalence of cannabis enforcement strategies and their analogous alcohol strategies and analyzed differences across legal and non-legal cannabis states. We assessed associations between cannabis enforcement strategies, cannabis legalization status, and agency and jurisdiction characteristics. Cannabis enforcement strategies were less common than their analogous alcohol strategies. The percentage of agencies conducting enforcement of cannabis-impaired driving and of public use of cannabis did not differ significantly across agencies in legal and non-legal states. Agencies in cannabis legal states (compared to non-legal states) were more likely to train officers in identifying cannabis impairment among drivers (RR=1.23, 95% CI=1.08-1.42). Several local agency and jurisdiction characteristics were associated with a higher likelihood of conducting cannabis enforcement but results were inconsistent across strategies. Our study shows that cannabis enforcement strategies were used less than analogous alcohol strategies in legal and non-legal jurisdictions, suggesting that increased cannabis enforcement could lead to reductions in public health harms. This study provides a foundation for much needed research on cannabis and alcohol enforcement during a changing cannabis legalization landscape.

Females' Engagement in Offline and Online Sexual Offending and Their Interactions With the Criminal Justice System: A Gender and Age Comparison.

This study aimed to extend limited extant knowledge of female-perpetrated sexual offenses, including child sexual abuse material (CSAM) offenses, that enter the criminal justice system. Sexual offenses actioned by the police in one jurisdiction of Australia between 1 January 2012 and 30 June 2021 (N = 37,864) were analyzed to explore the prevalence of sexual offenses and types of sexual offenses perpetrated; the relationship between perpetrator gender, age, and offense type; and the relationship between perpetrator gender, age, offense type, and likelihood of law enforcement action (N = 34,835). Consistent with previous research, (predominantly adult) males were responsible for most sexual offenses before police. Females were responsible for 12.2% of all offenses over this period, with juvenile females (10-17 years) implicated in a significant proportion (10.2%) of all offenses. In fact, juvenile females were responsible for the majority of assaultive CSAM offenses, whereas juvenile males mostly perpetrated offline child sexual abuse offenses. Regarding adults, there was a minimal, statistically significant difference between gender and offense type. Odds of perpetrating an online assaultive CSAM offense were 20 times higher for juvenile females compared to both adult males and adult females, and 7.69 times higher for juvenile females compared to juvenile males. Finally, for the same offense type, gender and age differentially impacted law enforcement action. For all offense types, enforcement and gravity (e.g., arrest and referral to court) of further action, were significantly lower among all females and juvenile males compared to adult males. Juvenile females were least likely to have any serious action taken. These findings provide a seminal platform from which to expand much-needed research on female-perpetrated offending to inform policy and practice.

Reframing Human Trafficking: Indonesia’s Diplomacy in Tackling Chinese Mail-Order Bride Cases

The phenomenon of Chinese mail-order brides in Indonesia gained prominence in the 1980s and resurfaced in 2017, particularly affecting regions like West Kalimantan. This research aims to examine Indonesia’s diplomatic strategies in addressing Chinese mail-order brides as human trafficking cases (TPPO) from 2018 to 2021, focusing on engagements between the Indonesian Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Chinese Government. Theoretical frameworks of diplomacy, humanitarian diplomacy, and human security provide the analytical lens for this study. The study employs a qualitative research method, leveraging a comprehensive literature review of official documents, academic sources, and credible news articles. The research findings reveal that poverty, limited education, parental influence, and scarce employment opportunities contribute to the prevalence of mail-order brides. Additionally, cultural perceptions and aspirations for an improved life exacerbate the issue. The Indonesian government, through bilateral diplomacy, has made significant efforts, such as negotiating victim repatriation and enhancing law enforcement collaborations with China. Notable successes include framing mail-order bride cases as TPPO, which facilitated victim repatriation. NGOs like the Indonesian Migrant Workers' Union (SBMI) have played essential roles in advocacy and preventive measures. Despite these efforts, challenges remain, such as differing cultural perspectives between Indonesia and China and regulatory inconsistencies. Governmental complicity and inadequate documentation have further complicated diplomatic resolutions. The research highlights that Indonesia’s strategic reframing of mail-order bride cases as human trafficking crimes enhances international cooperation and offers policy innovation for addressing human rights violations.

Flashforward: The Current and Future Applications of Vibrational Spectroscopy for Forensic Purposes

ABSTRACTVibrational spectroscopy combined with machine learning has a great potential for forensic applications. For example, handheld Raman spectroscopic instruments are already used by law enforcement agencies for precise, confirmatory identification of drugs. Beyond drug identification, several emerging technologies based on vibrational spectroscopy are currently under development for forensic investigative purposes, including the analysis of questioned documents, gunshot residue, fabrics, soil, hair, nails, and nail polish. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the application of vibrational spectroscopy in various areas of forensic analysis, particularly focusing on forensic serology and the analysis of trace evidences. In the case of forensic serology, the methodology allows for determining complex aspects of serological casework, including the time since deposition of a stain, as well as the phenotypic profile of the stain donor—namely, sex, race, and age. Furthermore, gunshot residues can be accurately identified by grain, caliber, and manufacturer when Raman spectroscopy is paired with machine learning. This integration of advanced spectroscopic techniques with machine learning holds great promise for furthering both the accuracy and efficiency of investigations, helping to reduce the total backlog of evidence investigation currently plaguing modern forensic laboratories.

Victim-Reporting of Instrumental Identity Theft to Law Enforcement in the United States: An Analysis of the Impact of Immigration Status of Victims

This study explores the differences in reporting of instrumental identity theft to law enforcement among United States (US)-born White, non-Hispanic (NH), US-born racial/ethnic minority, and immigrant victims. Data from the 2021 National Crime Victimization Survey Identity Theft Supplement were used to complete descriptive and logistic regression analyses. Reporting of instrumental identity theft to law enforcement was least frequent among immigrant victims and most frequent among US-born racial/ethnic minority victims. Immigrant victims of instrumental identity theft were significantly less likely than US-born racial/ethnic minority victims to report their victimization to law enforcement. The most common reason for victims among all immigration groups to not report their instrumental identity theft victimization to law enforcement was another organization taking care of the issue. The percentage of victims who did not think about reporting their victimization to law enforcement was significantly higher among immigrant victims of instrumental identity theft and significantly lower among US-born White, NH victims. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Violence and its Implications on Educational and Infrastructural Development of Ini Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State

This study investigated the “Impact of Violence on Education and Infrastructural Development in Ini Local Government Area.” The study was guided by two research questions and two null hypotheses. The study employed a descriptive survey design. The population of the study was 99,196 made up of 52,644 males and 46,552 females (NPC, 2006). This represents the population in the 27 communities in Ini Local Government Area. A sample of 384 participants was determined using Taro Yamane. Thereafter, cluster and simple random sampling technique was used to select respondents from each stratum. A total of 350 participants returned their instruments correctly. The instrument was face validated by research experts in the University of Uyo. The reliability coefficient using Cronbach’s Alpha stood at .88. The data collated was analyzed using simple linear regression. The findings revealed that there is a significant impact of violence on the educational and infrastructural development in Ini LGA. On the basis of the findings, it was recommended among others to increase collaboration between the local government, law enforcement agencies, and community-based organizations to enhance security and maintain public order.

Retrospective Analysis of Grip and Index Finger Strength, Job-Specific Scenario, and Shooting Performance in Incumbent Law Enforcement Personnel and Cadets.

Lockie, RG, Young, MA, Lanham, SN, Orr, RM, Dawes, JJ, and Nagel, TR. Retrospective analysis of grip and index finger strength, job-specific scenario, and shooting performance in incumbent law enforcement personnel and cadets. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-This study investigated grip and index finger strength, and scenario performance, of incumbent deputy sheriffs/police officers. All personnel (incumbents; n = 15) and cadets (n = 44) completed a job-specific scenario (step-ups, jumping jacks, sprawls, strikes, drags, carries, simulated fight) for time. Dominant grip strength (DGS) and nondominant grip strength (NDGS) and dominant index finger strength (DIFS) nondominant index finger strength (NDIFS) were measured pre- and postscenario. Incumbents and cadets then completed a 6-steel plate shooting test. Steel time (time to hit all plates) and number of shots required were recorded. Between-group differences in scenario time, steel time, and shots fired were analyzed by a univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) (p < 0.05; covariates: sex, age). Relationships between grip and index finger strength with scenario variables were derived with partial correlations controlling for sex and age (p < 0.05; incumbents and cadets analyzed separately). A repeated measures ANCOVA (p < 0.05; covariates: sex, age) investigated between-group differences in grip and index finger strength, and whether there were changes postscenario. Cadets completed the scenario faster than the incumbents (p = 0.045). The incumbent group had a nonsignificant 71% faster steel time and required 40% fewer shots, and experienced a decrease in DGS and NDGS (p ≤ 0.013) postscenario. Pre- and post-DGS and NDGS, pre-DIFS, and post-NDIFS significantly related to scenario time for the cadets (r = -0.311 to -0.503). Incumbents had fitness limitations that affected scenario time but demonstrated better shooting skills. Even with grip strength decreases postscenario, incumbents likely had sufficient strength to complete the shooting task. Cadets may be more reliant on general fitness when completing job-specific scenarios because they require further skill development.

From broken windows to broken doors: rethinking the politics of immigration policing and the sociology of sanctuary

ABSTRACT The policing of extralegal immigrants and of citizens suspected of low-level offenses represent two of the most contentious issues in the contemporary urban context. To date, however, the nexus between the two has largely eluded scholarly attention, with conventional accounts of immigration enforcement tending to overlook the place of local police practices, in general, and of broken windows (or order maintenance) and what I call broken doors (or border maintenance) policing, in particular. This paper aims to address this epistemic deficit by comparing sanctuary and non-sanctuary jurisdictions within the same city-regions, against the backdrop of broken windows and broken doors. Drawing on an original analysis of declassified data, collected from jails, detention centers, and police precincts across Greater NYC and LA from 2002 to 2017, I assess whether agencies in adjacent jurisdictions exhibited substantively similar or dissimilar detention outcomes, measured in terms of per capita rates of detention and of detainees delivered to federal custody. Despite the formal divergence between sanctuary and non-sanctuary jurisdictions, this study finds a surprising, substantive convergence in local law enforcement agencies’ logics of practice, their repertoires of enforcement, and their operational outcomes, raising vexing questions for both scholars and practitioners of urban sanctuary.