Criminal Elements Research Articles

Mathematical Methods in Law Enforcement: Counteracting Extremism on Social Media

The paper discusses the problem of determining the most influential people on social media while taking into consideration the possibilities of forming coalitions with their sets. The authors analyze social media networks created by criminal elements. Modern Russia has a practice of criminal and administrative prosecution of social media users who post information that violates Russian legislation. Today, there is an opportunity to study various aspects of society and obtain new research results using social media, which often play a key role. The authors suggest that the methodology of identifying social media users who are sources of extremist information should be examined and streamlined with the goal of improving the law enforcement practice of counteracting the spread of socially dangerous information on the Internet. They use mathematical methods to show that the problem of finding the maximally influential group consisting of k number of participants cannot have an optimal solution if this group includes k most influential participants individually. To solve this problem, the authors suggest using the game theory concept of Shapley vector, which makes it possible to evaluate the individual contribution of each participant into the formed group, i.e., to find out to what degree each of them could be useful as a team player. Law enforcement bodies already have certain experience of using software to upload data and analyze social networking sites. The presented method of calculating the significance of network users gives an opportunity to widen and improve this experience and to move from the ad hoc selective prosecution of separate users to the methodical work of suppressing and preventing crimes connected with the dissemination of information that constitutes an offence. The research area selected by the authors will, in its turn, contribute to improving the effectiveness of suppressing and preventing crimes connected with spreading information that contains constituting elements of different offences.

The Military-Adventurous Complex: Officers, adventurers, and Japanese expansion in East Asia, 1884–1937

AbstractJapanese imperialism was one of the most important driving forces in the history of modern East Asia. One influential group of actors at the grassroots level were the so-called ‘continental adventurers’ (tairiku rōnin)—Japanese nationals who travelled in Korea and China on the lookout for adventures and employment opportunities. Some of them worked part time for the army as spies, translators, and agents for special operations. These adventurers have been studied before as agents of Japanese imperialism, but existing accounts fail to present a convincing model of the mechanism that made their activities effective. The goal of this article is to fill this gap.This mechanism, which I shall hereafter call ‘the military-adventurous complex’, was a lobby of officers, continental adventurers, businessmen, politicians, criminal elements as well as Chinese, Manchurian, and Mongolian revolutionaries. The interests of these contingents were unique but nevertheless intertwining. Despite its decentralized character, the military-adventurous complex had a significant impact on Japanese foreign policy over an extended period. In this article, we shall explore the contours, structure, and modus operandi of that complex, its ambivalent relationship with the Japanese state, as well as several examples of its operations in the early twentieth century. Finally, we shall dwell on the ramifications of the complex on the development of Japanese imperialism.

Unpacking the paradox of neighboring ties: the moderating effect of criminal context on victimization

ABSTRACTThe consistency of the finding that neighboring ties produce social control has been challenged in recent work, leading to more nuanced theorizing. Negotiated coexistence theory posits that neighboring ties between criminal and non-criminal residents reduce social control by increasing the negotiating power of the criminal element. The present study tests whether criminal context moderates the relationship between neighboring and victimization. The effect of neighboring, criminal context, and their interaction on victimization outcomes is estimated while controlling for neighborhood disadvantage using ordinary least squares regression among an urban African American cohort. In support of negotiated coexistence theory, findings show that involvement in neighboring within a criminal context is associated with higher violent victimization among men in young adulthood, while neighboring within a non-criminal context is associated with lower young men’s violent victimization. Yet, this relationship does not hold for men in midlife. In contrast, neighboring is associated with lower property victimization regardless of criminal context for women, in line with social disorganization theory; yet, this relationship was only evident in midlife with no such relationship emerging in young adulthood.

Odessa catacombs as an integral part of the tourist image of the Black Sea region

The article examines the history of the Odessa catacombs, focuses on the history of research of underground labyrinths, and their gradual transformation from objects of scientific interest to tourist objects. We understand the tourist image of the region as the system of rationally and emotionally formed ideas, which are based on specific features of the territory, emphasizing its individuality from the point of view of the tourists. Tourist image always is woven into a certain historical context and social situation. Each era generates its special perception of the environment, changing the era creates a modification of tourist image of the region. The Odessa catacombs, which today are an integral part of the tourist image of the Black Sea region, also have changed in the minds of people from time to time – from their purely practical application to the production of limestone; for a while they had a negative reputation as a refuge for criminal elements, smugglers. At the beginning of the last century researchers have engaged in advanced studies of catacombs. Only in the second half of the twentieth century, the catacombs became interesting tourist destination for individual tourists, but in the 21st century and for mass tourism. Thus, the purpose of this research is to update the modern views about the catacombs and underground museums of the Black Sea region and their contribution to the formation of the tourist image of the region. The history of the formation of the catacombs shows that they are obliged to exist in their existence by the ancient Pontian limestone, which was extracted as a building material by locals. Today, the length of the catacombs of Odessa and its suburbs reaches for various data from 1.7 to 3.0 thousand kilometers; they are famous for their multistage and meandering passages of underground galleries. The first studies of the dungeons were done by the paleontologist O. Nordman, the geologist M. Barbot de Marne, T. G. Hrytsay, modern – A. Dobrolyubsky, K. Pronin, M. Baranetsky, A. Babich, V. Yudin, and others. Several museums were created for tourists: the Museum of Partisan Glory in the village of Nerubaysk, the underground Grotto of the Odessa Art Museum, the museum «Catacombs of Odessa» under the Moldavanka district and in the city center «Kantakuzen's Catacombs». The quality of images that arise in mass tourists is directly related to the process of knowledge of the territory. In this connection, the development of travel routes as a way of getting acquainted with the territory becomes especially important. Moreover, contemporary museums are interested in attracting a wide target audience; they also offer expositions of different directions from mine history to various legends about the use of dungeons, from unique paleontological finds to historical drawings and inscriptions on the walls of the catacombs. As a result of understanding the importance of the existence of such an invaluable scientific and tourist facility, as well as maintaining it in a proper condition for historical and cultural monument, influences the formation of a positive tourist image of the Black Sea region.

Criminal Offense, Educational Level and Economic Growth—Quantile Regression Model Based on Chinese Provincial Panel Data from 1991 to 2012

According to the model of economic growth of criminal elements, quantile regression was employed to study the impact of criminal offenses and educational levels on China's economic growth from 1991 to 2012 in China. The research shows that human capital plays a significant role in promoting economic growth, especially in developed areas; the regional economic growth was affected by changes in the rate of criminal arrest, the effectiveness of criminal policies in different regions is diverse, and the impact on economic growth is various. A criminal policy that suits human capital can provide a stable social circumstance for economic development and spur sustainable economic development.

CRIMINALITY IN LATGALE IN THE REFLECTION OF THE NEWSPAPER “LATGOLAS WÒRDS” (1919–1921)

After the end of the Latvian War of Liberation (1918–1920) and the liberation of Latgale from the Bolsheviks, everyday life started to improve gradually, however, due to various objective circumstances (the geographical position – the border with the Soviet Russia, the presence of various criminal elements, relocation of refugees and several socio-economic factors such as unemployment, poverty, etc.), the region was still highly criminal. Processes and events including criminal offenses occurring in the territory of Latvia were reflected in various state and regional newspapers. The largest regional newspaper was “Latgolas Wòrds”, published by the Latgalian Christian Farmers’ Union, which eventually became an independent source of information for a large part of the population of Latgale. The aim of the study is to identify the main trends of criminality in the territory of Latgale as reflected in the newspaper “Latgolas Wòrds” (1921–1921). The content of publications under analysis indicates that there were various crimes committed (including murder, robbery, theft, etc.); the selected publications also reveal the overall socio-economic situation in the region during this period. The rapid spread of crime in the rural areas testifies to the socio-economic problems experienced by the population of Latgale (unemployment, devastated farms, the overall food deficit, etc.). Similarly, the publications outline the social portrait of criminals: among them there were socially disadvantaged people (rural population, etc.) and servicemen of different armies. Active or passive participation of certain social groups (soldiers, police officers, etc.) in committing crimes indicates not only certain problems in the activities of the Latgalian security institutions, but also in the general trends typical of the Latvian state on the whole. It should be noted that the news displayed in the newspaper can hardly be perceived as an opinion of the general public, but rather as an interpretation of events by a certain group or its representatives.

Tindak Pidana Pemalsuan Dalam Pendaftaran Hak Atas Tanah dan Implikasi Hukum Penerbitan Sertifikat Yang Tidak Prosedural

"The issue of criminal forgery in registering land rights is an unlawful act that can cause material or immaterial losses to the actual landowner and will also have implications for non-procedural certificates issued by the National Land Agency (BPN) office, therefore professionalism in carrying out public services and administrative tasks must be carried out in accordance with the laws and regulations to be able to provide legal certainty, justice and benefit to all parties in accordance with the objectives of the law. Criminal law enforcement must still be carried out if there are indications of criminal elements involving the applicant for land rights with an officer in the land office so that public trust in the land institution can be maintained ".

Подготовка курсантов вузов МВД РФ к педагогической профилактике информационной защищенности сотрудников органов внутренних дел как одного из факторов предупреждения преступлений в сфере информационных и телекоммуникационных технологий

The article deals with the necessity of training cadets of the Russian Interior Ministry institutions for the prevention of possible danger and the safety of police officers, that is, their professional security, first of all from the encroachment of criminal elements. Particular attention in modern conditions should be given to information security, which includes the security of personal data of the professional activities of ATS employees, the personal life of the employee, and the reduction of the negative impact of the media on employees of the internal affairs bodies.

ANALISIS YURIDIS KONTRAK PENGADAAN BARANG SIMULATOR SURAT IZIN MENGEMUDI POLRI

In the case of the procurement of simulators Driving License, there are some deviations made by almost all parties involved to cause state losses. The identification of this research included the implementation of SIM simulators in the Traffic Corps of the National Police, the criminal elements that occurred and their weak points, as well as their positive and negative forms in the implementation of SIM simulator procurement. The research method used in this study is a normative juridical approach using library studies. The results of this study are: 1) There has been a standard agreement between the two parties that is not balanced in the procurement of SIM Simulator goods, where PT. X as the supplier of goods does not get an offer from the formulation of the agreement; 2) In the implementation of SIM Simulator goods procurement, the agreement between the two parties is not balanced and this becomes a weakness that can complicate the position of PT. X because it is in a weak position even though the terms of the agreement made by the National Police Corruption Eradication Agency provide an opportunity for contractors to determine and design contracts as they already are; 3) procurement carried out using the public auction method with third parties is considered effective and efficient in using the budget. But the negative thing is the existence of irregularities committed by partners with unscrupulous officials.

Achieving sustainable industrialisation in Egypt: assessment of the potential for EIPs

This paper explores the prospects of Egypt in achieving sustainable development goal 9 (sustainable industrialisation). It looks at the national policy efforts of the new government and finds that environmentally-sound industrial production and overall sustainable industrial development is a priority in the country's vision. The analysis then takes a closer look at three case studies of attempts of the Egyptian Government to promote sustainable industrial development by establishing or developing eco-industrial parks (Robbiki Eco-Leather Park, El-Safaa Metal Foundries Zone and Shaq Al-Thu'ban Marble Technology Park). The analysis of the three cases outlines a number of factors impeding the success of these attempts; including weak policy and regulatory frameworks, lack of strong enforcement mechanisms, poor planning, lack of financial resources to support the relocation of most vulnerable (smallest) enterprises and the negative impact of informal economy and criminal elements. The paper concludes with several recommendations to overcome these obstacles.

Achieving sustainable industrialisation in Egypt: assessment of the potential for EIPs

This paper explores the prospects of Egypt in achieving sustainable development goal 9 (sustainable industrialisation). It looks at the national policy efforts of the new government and finds that environmentally-sound industrial production and overall sustainable industrial development is a priority in the country’s vision. The analysis then takes a closer look at three case studies of attempts of the Egyptian Government to promote sustainable industrial development by establishing or developing eco-industrial parks (Robbiki Eco-Leather Park, El-Safaa Metal Foundries Zone and Shaq Al-Thu’ban Marble Technology Park). The analysis of the three cases outlines a number of factors impeding the success of these attempts; including weak policy and regulatory frameworks, lack of strong enforcement mechanisms, poor planning, lack of financial resources to support the relocation of most vulnerable (smallest) enterprises and the negative impact of informal economy and criminal elements. The paper concludes with several recommendations to overcome these obstacles.

The Racialization of Latino Immigrants in New Destinations: Criminality, Ascription, and Countermobilization

This article analyzes patterns in Latino immigrant racialization in the U.S. South. Drawing on a unique dataset of more than 4,200 news stories from the region, we find that Latino immigrants face multifaceted racialization in the news media and that this racialization shares substantive similarities with African American racialization processes. The most dominant negative characterizations of Mexican and Latino immigrants focus on their perceived criminal tendencies. Claims of Latino criminality apply implicitly coded racial language about black criminality to new Latino arrivals. A close qualitative analysis of these trends reveals an ongoing cycle of racialization in which immigration foes challenge Latino or Mexican immigrants as criminal elements and immigration advocates respond with charges of racism and discrimination. Supplemental analyses from four African American newspapers suggest that black elites perceive Latinos as sharing a common experience of racial discrimination at the hands of whites.

“The gully-hole of literature”: On the enregisterment of cant language in seventeenth-century England.

This essay places seventeenth-century literary renditions of cant, the language spoken by rogues and criminals in Early Modern England, into the context of “enregisterment” so as to examine its role in the process of recognition, categorization and legitimation of the canting tongue and the values it entailed. Literary representations of this variety became common in the period under analysis as a result of the criminal element that threatened the English population. Drama emerged as one of the main vehicles for the representation of cant, leading to the appearance of numerous plays that dealt with the life and adventures of English rogues. In the pages that follow, it will be argued that the study of these textual artefacts can provide valuable historical insight into the use of cant and the social connotations associated with it. In fact, the corpus-based analysis of the plays selected for this study has made it possible to identify both a common lexical repertoire and a set of sociocultural features that were associated with this underworld variety and its wicked speakers by the London non-canting audience. At the same time, it has shed light on the processes whereby this encoded speech came to index derogatory cultural values, which were spread and consumed thanks, in part, to dramatic performance, leading to the enregisterment of cant language and its recognition as a stable and unique linguistic variety.

Обставини, що виключають злочинність діяння у діяльності експертів

The article reviews the problems of legal characterization, kinds, significance the circumstances that eliminate criminality of expert. On the basis of the analysis of the regulations of the current Criminal Code of Ukraine and the practice of implementing its certain provisions the author has distinguished and analyzed regulated by the law circumstances precluding possibility of implementing criminal liability and other measures of criminal and legal nature, and on this basis has formulated own generalizing conclusions. The article stipulates that the right to self-defense as natural rights recognized and enshrined in the Constitution of Ukraine, as well as criminal and other branches of law. The right to self-defense is a concept, which is characteristic of the human right to protection against unlawful acts of its own or other people’s lives, health, rights and freedoms and the interests of society or the state. The structure has the right of self-defense components criminal elements that are fixed under the Criminal Code of Ukraine «Circumstances precluding criminality». This article is devoted to the study of physical abuse and mental abuse, as the circumstances that exclude criminality. Analyzes the scientific approaches regarding the definition of the content and legal nature of the physical abuse and mental abuse of its characteristic features, space in the system of measures that exclude criminality.

THE RETREAT OF THE RULE OF LAW IN TRANSNATIONAL MIGRATION

This editorial outlines in editorial format how transnational criminal elements increasingly control and prey upon individuals who seek to escape from their typically under-developed countries of origin to seek relief and opportunity in more developed countries. Such individuals often are from the lower economic strata and lack education, elements on which the criminal predators capitalize. To the extent that the states through which such migrants or refugees pass in pursuit of their final destinations are underdeveloped and have dysfunctional law enforcement and justice system frameworks in place, their agents often collude with with such transnational criminal elements to exploit and otherwise violate their human rights. Justice is a public service to which such migrants and refugees en route often have little, if any, meaningful access. Court systems have a role in joining the discussion on how to better administer justice on behalf of those individuals.

Понятие и элементы уголовно-правового обеспечения

Понятие и элементы уголовно-правового обеспечения

Media, medical intelligence and hybrid war

Contemporary hybrid war is a novelty in that it is taken to populated conflict zones, with the participation of the population, under the eyes of the international community. Thus, according to many authors, the most serious threats to the United States, including to its NATO dimension and to its partnership with Europe, would come from extremist groups and their ideology, fueled by poor urban areas of the world, where youth faces great economic and social problems, and is militating for a change. These unconventional actors can operate beyond state control by circumventing international borders, norms and agreements. Some of these belong to global terrorist networks, and others cooperate with criminal elements to destabilize certain areas. The hybrid confrontation with these groups will become "a clash beyond the physical elements of the conflict, in which media manipulation, the use of the internet and the integration of information operations with strategic communication programs are as important as weapon systems on the battlefield." Crises generated in the context of a hybrid war are events characterized by low probability and important consequences that threaten an organization for its most profound purposes. Because of their low probability, these events defy any interpretation and require a sustained effort to understand and adapt the reactions. Crises affecting social groups differ in their causes and duration. Obviously, because of the multitude of types of crises, human reason can only play a limited role in their development. However, they trigger human action, which can turn small deviations into major crises. Crisis and conflict management involves very complex systems of political, diplomatic, social, economic, cultural, international, military and other actions. Such a system could be structured on political, diplomatic, social, economic, informational, military, psychological and cultural components and could include the following types of action: on the causes; on effects; on the phenomenon; on value systems; on crisis-generating strongpoints (critical areas); on vulnerable sites; on the leaders.

KAJIAN YURIDIS TERHADAP TINDAK PIDANA PORNOGRAFI MELALUI MEDIA SOSIAL

Technological advances the longer growing rapidly, including the rise of the use of social media and social networking. The goverment has been working hard to eradicate pornography. Pornography has damaged the values of morality f Indonesian society, especially young people. Through Act Law Number 44 Year 2008 About Pornography and The Law Number 11 Year 2008 of Information and Electronic Transaction as amended by Act Law Number 19 Year 2016 has arrenged abaout the criminal offence of pornography, however in this legisation there are still some weaknesses so often happens multitafsir in analyzing the formulation of rules relating to the determination of its criminal elements. This of course can affect law enforcement efforts on pornography, without exception on the criminal liability of acts of pornography.

The Chistopol Prison as a Space of Political Repression (1978-1990)

The importance of the problem lies in the need for a deep, consistent and comprehensive study of the history of repressions in the USSR as an integral part of the Soviet past. Although the history of repression of the Stalinist period has been studied in-depth in Russian and foreign historiography, it does not cover the late Soviet period. The article discusses the history of the infamous prison in Chistopol (Tatarstan), which functioned as a prison for prisoners in 1978−1990. There has been performed the analysis of the prison’s social composition, detention regime, and daily practices of subsistence and survival. The basic approach to the problem was the method of complex analysis of different types of sources of official and personal origin and their comparative analysis. The results of the study include the characteristics of such an unexplored form of punishment of dissidents in the late Soviet Russia as imprisonment of special purpose. It is proved that the regulatory corrective practices of the government and the actual practice of the prisoners’ everyday life were at times directly contrary to each other, which resulted not only in the lack of re-education of the political prisoners, but also in the growth of their number through joining of former criminal elements.

Питирим Сорокин и его теория революции


 Михаил Федорович Черныш – доктор социологических наук, заместитель директора, Институт социологии РАН. Адрес: 117218, Москва, ул. Кржижановского, д. 24/35, к. 5. E-mail: che@isras.ru
 Цитирование: Черныш М.Ф. (2017) Питирим Сорокин и его теория революции // Мир России. Т. 26. № 4. С. 71–96. DOI: 10.17323/1811-038X-2017-26-4-71-96
 
 Российско-американский социолог Питирим Сорокин обобщил свои мысли о Февральской и Октябрьской революциях в нескольких работах. В автобиографии «Длинная дорога» собраны воспоминания о том, как он присоединился к революционному движению, вступил в партию эсеров, агитировал рабочих и крестьян за свержение царского режима. После победы Февральской революции Сорокин стал одним из активных сторонников Временного правительства, секретарем Александра Керенского. Живые впечатления той эпохи он объединил не только в автобиографии, но и записках, в которых отражены развитие событий, стихия революционного хаоса, постепенно захвативших Россию в 1917 году. В работе «Социология революции» Сорокин сделал попытку (возможно, одну из первых) создать на основе российских событий собственную теорию революции. В ней он опирается на новейшую, с его точки зрения, теорию условных и безусловных рефлексов. В период революции, полагал он, общество входит в состояние, когда обеспечивающие социальный порядок условные рефлексы перестают оказывать свое сдерживающее влияние. Социальный порядок, который поддерживается условными рефлексами, распадается, уступая месту стихийным, деструктивным, животным по своей природе рефлексам. Теория революции Сорокина получила благоприятные отзывы среди его американских коллег, однако в Европе, а также в среде российской эмиграции она рассматривалась, скорее, как антибольшевистский манифест, не имеющий серьезной научной ценности. В сорокинской теории революция представала событием, вырванным из истории и не имеющим ни предпосылок, которые создавались политикой предыдущей власти, и ни последствий не только негативного, но и позитивного свойства. Тем не менее при всех своих недостатках теория революции Сорокина сохраняет свою ценность для российской социологии и как свидетельство эпохи, и как критика российской склонности к «историзму», заключающемуся в попытке отыскать ответ на сложные вопросы в стихии насильственной смены власти.