Criminal Elements Research Articles

THE URGENCE OF INVESTIGATION TERMINATION ORDERS (SP2LID) IN THE CRIMINAL ACTION INVESTIGATION PROCESS AS IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CIRCULAR LETTER OF THE KAPOLRI NUMBER : SE/7/VII/2018

The Circular Letter of the Chief of Police Number: SE/7/VII/2018 concerning the termination of investigations is a rule made to fill a legal vacuum regarding the termination of investigations within the Police. This rule regulates the mechanisms and rules for stopping investigations that have been carried out to answer the community's need for legal certainty for reports that have been made previously. Legal certainty in the investigation process if the report or complaint previously made does not meet the criminal element or there is not enough evidence then the investigation must be stopped, answering the cessation of the investigation is published in the Internal Police Circular Letter Number: SE/7/VII/2018 concerning the termination of the investigation. also occurred within the West Sumatra Regional Police. This research is a descriptive analytical research. The approach used in this study is a normative juridical approach which is supported by an empirical juridical approach. The data used in this study are secondary data and primary data. All data and materials obtained from the research results were compiled and analyzed qualitatively, and presented in a qualitative descriptive form. From the results of the research, it can be explained that the urgency of SP2Lid as the implementation of the issuance of Circular Letter Number: SE/7/VII/2018 in the process of investigating criminal acts is that to fill the legal vacuum regarding the mechanisms and procedures for stopping investigations that are not regulated in the Criminal Procedure Code, as well as being instructions regarding procedures for implementing the requirements in the investigation process addressed to Polri investigators, because the Chief of Police has the authority to issue circulars containing instructions or notifications regarding the provisions for stopping the investigation if in the case of the investigation the facts and evidence collected are not sufficient or the event is not a criminal act, the investigator can stop the investigation and not continue it to the investigation stage but if one day the reporter or investigator gets new facts and evidence (novum) then the previous stage of the investigation will be removed. The arrest can be reopened by going through the case title mechanism and then the investigator issues a Further Investigation Order.Keywords: SP2LID, Investigation, Crime, SE/7/VII/2018.

Organized crime in Serbian politics during the Yugoslav wars

ABSTRACT Looking behind the chaotic facade of the atrocious Yugoslav conflict, this article examines the nexus between the organized crime in Serbia and its security apparatus. Path dependency in the mismanagement of violence, ethnopolitical mobilization and abrupt socioeconomic transformation during international isolation contributed to blurring the distinction between the state institutions and the criminal elements in Serbia during the reign of Slobodan Milošević. By showcasing the rise and the fall of a paradigmatic representative, Željko Ražnatović Arkan, the article examines the roots, dynamics and effects of this failed attempt toward sponsoring state mafia.

ВІДПОВІДАЛЬНІСТЬ ЗА ПОРУШЕННЯ ВИМОГ ЩОДО ОБІГУ ВІРТУАЛЬНИХ АКТИВІВ В УКРАЇНІ

The article considers the issue of the level of responsibility established by the state for violation of the requirements for the circulation of virtual assets. When states and their national currencies are weak, virtual assets can even completely replace local currencies. Such states will try to protect themselves from such a prospect. If countries are large, their currencies are used internationally, then cryptocurrencies will not be able to move national currencies. Therefore, without this fear, large states will quickly develop the cryptocurrency market, introduce opportunities for settlements in cryptocurrencies, banks will open accounts in them. Small and medium-sized countries also do not go anywhere and catch up with large ones, but still lag behind them. One of the general trends will be increased transparency of transactions. Control will be established for those who transfer funds as the transfer takes place. The EU is already working on the openness of cryptocurrency wallets. In the beginning, cryptocurrency was massively used by criminal elements. However, this trend is already declining. Criminals realized that all transactions in the blockchain remain forever. If it turns out that the wallet belonged to a certain person, law enforcement officers will be able to collect all the information that operations passed through it. Even if after these operations the wallet was inactive for several years. The Parliament of Ukraine adopted on 17.02.2022 the Law of Ukraine “On Virtual Assets” No. 2074-IX (hereinafter referred to as the Law 2074) [4], which was signed by the President of Ukraine on 15.03.2022, after the changes were taken into account, according to his previously submitted proposals. In addition, the Parliament of Ukraine on 13.03.2022 registered the draft law No. 7150 “On Amendments to the Tax Code of Ukraine on Taxation of Transactions with Virtual Assets”. The purpose of the article is to conduct a study aimed at establishing the level of responsibility and mechanisms for its application, for violation of the requirements for the circulation of virtual assets, which are reflected in the Law of Ukraine “On Virtual Assets”. According to the results of the study, a number of conclusions were made. State regulation of the virtual assets market takes place in the person of the NBU – in relation to the SVA (CV) and the NSSMC – virtual assets other than SVA (CV). The procedure for inspections and liability for different categories of virtual asset circulation service providers is different, and is regulated by various regulatory legal acts of Ukraine. Based on the variety of regulatory adjustion controling the procedure for inspections and the variation of sanctions for violations in the sphere of circulation of virtual assets, there is a possibility of imposing several sanctions by various subjects of inspections (NBU and NSSMC) for the same offense. There are also facts of non-proportional empowerment, where such proportionality should be, between the NBU and the NSSMC.

Slavery and Class in the American South: A Generation of Slave Narrative Testimony, 1840–1865 by William L. Andrews

Reviewed by: Slavery and Class in the American South: A Generation of Slave Narrative Testimony, 1840–1865 by William L. Andrews Joycelyn K. Moody (bio) Slavery and Class in the American South: A Generation of Slave Narrative Testimony, 1840–1865 William L. Andrews Oxford University Press, 2019, 389 pp. ISBN 9780190908386, $42.95 hardcover. In "Equal in Paris" (1955), an essay collected in his Notes of a Native Son, James Baldwin describes wading through "a sea of acquaintances" in the City of Lights, where he "knew almost no one" (103). He categorizes the persons he did know (or more precisely, knew of), inscribing a hierarchy: Many people were eliminated from my orbit by virtue of the fact that they had more money than I did, which placed me, in my own eyes, in the humiliating role of a free-loader; and other people were eliminated by virtue of the fact that they enjoyed their poverty, shrilly insisting that this wretched round of hotel rooms, bad food, humiliating concierges, and unpaid bills was the Great Adventure. It couldn't, however, for me, end soon enough, this Great Adventure. . . . (103) Before his 1987 death in Saint Paul de Vence, Baldwin could count among his Great Adventures a terrifying stint in a Parisian jail one Christmas season. In "Equal in Paris," he imagines social groupings—tiers of persons in Paris that included "a whole body of people for whom crime was the only possible career" (114). That December, Baldwin raged at being bound among men he deemed "the very scrapings off the Paris streets" (109) and entirely unlike himself. Moreover, while "that evening in the commissariat [he] was not a despised black man," as he would have been regarded in his native New York, imprisoned in Paris he is instead an "ironical Américain" (107). Jailed among "old, old men. . . . And men not so old. . . . And young men. . . . And North Africans, old and young," Baldwin grows increasingly disconcerted, such that "I was unable to accept my imprisonment as a fact, even a temporary fact. I could not . . . accept my present companions as my companions. And they, of course, felt this and put it down, with perfect justice, to the fact that I was an American" (111). His rising hysteria notwithstanding, Baldwin perceives, "The question thrusting up from the bottom of my mind was not what I was, but who. And this question, since a what can get by with skill but a who demands resources, was my first real [End Page 363] intimation of what humility must mean" (107). Baldwin's essay ends with his freedom regained when an acquitted French intermediary recruits another American—an attorney who had once employed Baldwin—to "appear as a character witness" and convince the trial judges that Baldwin's case deserved a merry dismissal, for like them, he was at "a safe remove from all the wretched, for whom the pain of the living is not real" (113, 115, 116). There is no mention of James Baldwin and none of Paris in Slavery and Class in the American South: A Generation of Slave Narrative Testimony, 1840–1865, but I thought repeatedly of "Equal in Paris" while reading William L. Andrews's monumental study of the ways formerly enslaved authors of antebellum slave narratives inscribed hierarchies among enslaved Black people and white Americans approximately 100 years before Baldwin was jailed in Paris. For just as the jailed Baldwin declares himself "American," and thus due certain privileges denied the French criminal element he considers beneath him, the formerly enslaved authors Andrews examines identify and insinuate echelons within the slaveocracy that position slave entitlement as an advantage they have managed to seize. As Andrews asserts, while class was by no means a term that had a set definition or application for African American writers up to 1865, a significant group of mid-century slave narrators often invoked terms suggestive of class as well as status to comment on social and economic hierarchies among the enslaved as well as whites in the antebellum South. (38) As the preeminent scholar of North American slavery and Southern literature for the past fifty years and the founding curator of the digital database Documenting...

МЕРЫ РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ КРИПТОВАЛЮТ: ОТ СПЕЦИФИКИ СТРАН АФРИКИ ДО ТОТАЛЬНОГО КОНТРОЛЯ В КНР

The article is devoted to the path of the formation of cryptocurrency from electronic money and the formation of the system as a whole. The history of the issue and the stages of the formation of virtual money turnover are analyzed in order to understand the cause-and-effect relationships occurring in the cryptocurrency market today using the example of the countries of Africa and China as a totalitarian regulator. The article examines the international and national level of cryptocurrencies regulation. The article studies the mechanisms that affect cryptocurrencies as a progressive phenomenon in itself, but however, receiving a negative coloring due to the "duality of human nature" and the presence in it a tendency to achieve financial goals not always by legal means. The serious issue of the reason for a strict system of restrictions on cryptocurrencies is being raised. The severe dangers associated with financial terrorism and other activities of criminal elements trying to circumvent sanctions of the authorities are analyzed. As a disastrous result – the criminals are beyond the reach of law enforcement and other competent authorities. Cryptocurrencies are a new mechanism for movement and storage of funds for criminal communities. The importance of the criminal aspect in the system of restrictions and prohibitions formed in relation to cryptocurrencies is emphasized. The article makes an introduction about the need to understand the measures that are taken by the countries in relation to cryptocurrencies based on their general policy, form of government and development trends.

«Русская община в тюрьме и ссылке» Н. М. Ядринцева как источник изучения пенитенциарной политики дореволюционной России: опыт историко-политологической актуализации

The purpose of the publication is to emphasize the first major work of the founder of the Siberian regionalism N. M. Yadrintsev “The Russian community in prison and exile” in 1872 as a journalistic and scientific source for studying the penitentiary policy of pre-revolutionary Russia. This monumental and relevant work in the 21st century can be safely put on a par with such similar bestsellers as “Notes from the Dead House” by F. M. Dostoevsky, “Sakhalin Island” by A. P. Chekhov and “Siberia and Hard Labor” by S. V. Maksimova. The publication shows the main socio-political ideas of the leader of the movement of Siberian democratic regionalists in the field of state penitentiary policy. The authors found that, sharing the basic provisions of populist political philosophy, N. M. Yadrintsev attached a special role to the community in the re-education of the criminal element. The authors come to the conclusion that the value of the material of the book under consideration for the historical and political analysis of the penitentiary policy is determined by the range of problems presented in it. First of all, these are unique data and reflections on the organization of prison life, the situation of guards, the tasks of correcting a criminal, etc.

Фильм Фрица Ланга «М» (1931) в контексте научной, социальной и культурной жизни Германии в 20-30-е годы ХХ века

The article deals with the specifics of the social, political and cultural life in the Weimar Republic at time of the making of Fritz Lang's movie “M”. While showing the connection between the historic events of the time and the ideas conveyed in the movie, the author rejects the traditional interpretation of “M” as a pamphlet reflecting the problems in Germany before the national socialists came to power. The cooperation of the police and the criminal elements making attempts to catch the maniac is considered to be a logical continuation of the spiritual unity of the upper and lower classes shown in Lang's “Metropolis” four years before. The movie was banned by the Nazis in 1934, which can be explained by the inappropriateness of such ideas in the society where criminal behaviour is associated with biological deficiency - the question of criminal liability of the mentally deficient raised in “M” loses its relevance for the same reason. © С.Н. Роман, 2022 In the first place the movie is analyzed from the perspective of the artistic evolution of the detective genre, caused by the gradual strengthening of the realistic tendencies in cinema and the weakening of the influence of expressionism on the artistic life in general and Lang's style in particular. A criminal act is no longer shown by Lang - as opposed to his earlier works - to be an act provoked by unexplainable mystical forces; now it receives psychological explanation. The rejection of romantic traditions typical of the German cinema of the twenties, the appeal to pseudo-documentary filming, the arrival of sound in cinema - all this leads to the simplification of visual imagery, later on a characteristic feature of the movies of the thirties. A special focus is made on Lang's application of suspense, which is the key to understanding the whole composition of the artwork and becomes an integral part of detective movies made popular by Alfred Hitchcock for dozens of years to come.

ANALISIS PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN PELAKU TINDAK PIDANA PERJUDIAN JENIS TOTO GELAP ONLINE

Gambling is a deliberate bet that is risking precious thing by realizing certain risks and expectations. such as the online lottery gambling case which had been decided by the Class IA of District Court of Tanjungkarang Number 978/Pid.B/2020/PN.Tjk. The result of the study reveals that criminal liability against black toto gambler online in Lampung namely by imprisonment for 1 (one) year while the judge's consideration in deciding the perpetrators was based on Decision Number 978/Pid.B/2020/PN.Tjk. including the demands of the public prosecutor, observe the indictment of the public prosecutor, listening to statements from witnesses, expert statements, statements of the defendant and evidence, legal facts revealed at trial, then consider the criminal elements of the defendant's actions seen from the Public Prosecutor's Indictment, If the criminal elements have been met, the Panel of Judges will give consideration to aggravating and mitigating factors for the accused.

ПРОТИВОДЕЙСТВИЕ РЕЙДЕРСТВУ: МИРОВОЙ ОПЫТ

In the conditions of the modern market economy in Kazakhstan, criminal elements actively practice the use of the mechanism of raider seizures of firms and enterprises. The measures taken by the state to counter raiding do not bring proper results, as a result, its negative consequences affect the pace of economic development and security of the country. The purpose of this study is to identify, generalize and analyze the theoretical and practical aspects of countering raiding, taking into account world experience, as well as to develop scientifically sound recommendations for improving the effectiveness of criminal law and criminological measures. The subject of the study is foreign legislation regulating the processes of mergers and acquisitions, as well as mechanisms for countering crimes committed during the implementation of these processes. The objectives of the research are: to study foreign experience in the field of countering raiding and to develop an effective mechanism for protecting business from raider seizures. Methodological basis of the research: The use of general scientific methods of cognition: comparative legal. The article analyzes the experience of economically developed countries of the world in countering raiding, methods and methods of seizure, including counteraction measures, as well as the possibility of its transformation into national legislation. With the development of technologies and the increase in the effectiveness of anti-raiding measures, schemes and types of raiding are changing. In this connection, the mechanisms of transition from a hostile takeover to a friendly one are considered. The theoretical study of the world experience of countering raiding and the generalizations and conclusions made at the same time not only prove the value of the accumulated experience, but also provide an opportunity to develop their own model of counteraction. In addition, the problem of criminal liability for raiding is considered, the legislation on the covered issue is analyzed, where the author expresses his own point of view on this issue. Insufficient research on this topic in Kazakhstan determines its relevance.

Intelligent Case Assignment Method Based on the Chain of Criminal Behavior Elements

Intelligent Case Assignment Method Based on the Chain of Criminal Behavior Elements

Theoretical basis of research of the process of formation of police bodies in the Western Ukrainian lands in 1944-1953

Purpose. The aim of the study is to analyze the works of Soviet and modern Ukrainian scientists, which reveal the process of formation and specifics of the police in Western Ukraine in the postwar decade. Methods. The methodological basis of the study was a set of general scientific, special scientific and philosophical methods, as well as the principles of historicism and objectivity. The key was the historiographical method and comparative approach, which allowed to identify key approaches and trends in the study of the process of creation and operation of police bodies in Western Ukraine in the first postwar decades. Results. It is established that the scientific works which reveal the process of creation of the Soviet authorities in the western Ukrainian lands, in particular the militia, were formed on the basis of several subjective factors, which were especially evident in the Soviet period. So, first, they were usually timed to coincide with certain events related to the anniversaries of the police and the Communist Party; as a «leading and guiding force»; second, they were all based on Marxist-Leninist methodology; thirdly, they have a one-sided «positive» character, although they give an idea of the main activities of the police; fourth, they do not cover the causes of repression, and even if they do, only as a «fight against criminal and anti-Soviet» criminal elements. In the conditions of Ukraine’s statehood, the departure from ideological dogmas, as well as access to a large array of previously inaccessible to a wide range of researchers archival material made it possible to find new conceptual approaches to objectively cover the history of Soviet police in Ukraine. Scientific novelty. The analysis of the main theoretical and historical-legal approaches to the disclosure of the process of creation and activity of police bodies in the western Ukrainian lands in the conditions of the second wave of Sovietization is given. Practical significance. The results of the preliminaries can be obtained from the previous history and legal preliminaries, preparatory special courses.

Implementasi Sanksi Pidana Terhadap Pelaku Tindak Pidana Penghinaan Terhadap Jokowi Presiden Republik Indonesia Melalui Media Sosial

The research problem is why the perpetrator committed the criminal act of insulting Jokowi, the President of the Republic of Indonesia through social media. How to implement criminal sanctions against perpetrators of criminal acts of insulting Jokowi, the President of the Republic of Indonesia through social media. According to the results of the research on the factors causing the perpetrator to commit hate speech crimes on social media, among others, the psychological factors of the individual itself can cause crimes such as emotional power, low mental health, hurt with the victim, revenge, the public's ignorance factor is also the cause of hate speech crimes. especially the insults committed on social media. The implementation of criminal sanctions for cases in this study is that after paying attention to the criminal elements the defendant has been convicted of a criminal act of insulting the President according to the prosecutor's demands. The defendant was proven to have fulfilled the elements of Article 207 of the Criminal Code. The research method uses a normative and empirical juridical approach, the normative juridical approach is carried out by studying norms or rules, while the empirical approach is carried out by interviewing the sources. Efforts to further examine the Crime of Insulting the President, for example the Articles of President Defamation which can be aggravated. The quality of the crimes of humiliation of the President continues to increase. Therefore, it is necessary to improve facilities and infrastructure in law enforcement. This includes improving the capacity of law enforcement officers, namely: Police, prosecutors, judges and advocates, for example in mastery of information technology. To be able to anticipate or at least minimize criminal acts of insulting the President, the government, especially Judges, must firmly impose sanctions in the form of heavier penalties for each perpetrator of the president's insult so that the sanctions given can actually have a clear effect on those who have done them and can make fear for a person who has not committed a criminal act of insulting the President.
 The research problem is why the perpetrator committed the criminal act of insulting Jokowi, the President of the Republic of Indonesia through social media. How to implement criminal sanctions against perpetrators of criminal acts of insulting Jokowi, the President of the Republic of Indonesia through social media. According to the results of the research on the factors causing the perpetrator to commit hate speech crimes on social media, among others, the psychological factors of the individual itself can cause crimes such as emotional power, low mental health, hurt with the victim, revenge, the public's ignorance factor is also the cause of hate speech crimes. especially the insults committed on social media. The implementation of criminal sanctions for cases in this study is that after paying attention to the criminal elements the defendant has been convicted of a criminal act of insulting the President according to the prosecutor's demands. The defendant was proven to have fulfilled the elements of Article 207 of the Criminal Code. The research method uses a normative and empirical juridical approach, the normative juridical approach is carried out by studying norms or rules, while the empirical approach is carried out by interviewing the sources. Efforts to further examine the Crime of Insulting the President, for example the Articles of President Defamation which can be aggravated. The quality of the crimes of humiliation of the President continues to increase. Therefore, it is necessary to improve facilities and infrastructure in law enforcement. This includes improving the capacity of law enforcement officers, namely: Police, prosecutors, judges and advocates, for example in mastery of information technology. To be able to anticipate or at least minimize criminal acts of insulting the President, the government, especially Judges, must firmly impose sanctions in the form of heavier penalties for each perpetrator of the president's insult so that the sanctions given can actually have a clear effect on those who have done them and can make fear for a person who has not committed a criminal act of insulting the President.

Pertanggungjawaban Hukum Terhadap Tindakan Malpraktik Tenaga Medis di Rumah Sakit

This article aims to find out the legal arrangements and liability related to malpractice acts in hospitals. The liability for criminal acts of malpractice is currently an important spotlight because the legal rules governing it are still vague. This is because the qualifications of malpractice acts are not clearly stated in the legal rules. These malpractice acts cannot be seen solely from a scientific point of view, but from a legal perspective too. Malpractice acts contain criminal and civil elements, this should be considered so that each party does not give their interpretations according to their respective knowledges. The research method used in this study is normative juridical by applying library research and conceptual approaches which will then be analyzed using Wetsen Rechtshitorische Interpretatie, grammatical interpretation, and systematic interpretation. Since the independence time until now, Indonesia has experienced three times of the Health Law enactment. The regulations related to medical malpractice in the Health Law state that, in the event that health workers are suspected of negligence in carrying out their profession, the negligence must be resolved first through mediation.

Improving legal judgment prediction through reinforced criminal element extraction

Legal text mining is targeted at automatically analyzing the texts in the legal domain by employing various natural language processing techniques and has attracted enormous attention from the NLP community. As one of the most crucial tasks of legal text mining, Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP) aims to automatically predict judgment results (e.g., applicable law articles, charges, and terms of penalty) according to fact descriptions on law cases and becomes a promising application of artificial intelligence techniques.Unfortunately, ambiguous fact descriptions and law articles often appear due to a great number of shared words and legal concepts. Prior works are proposed to partially address these problems, focusing on introducing additional attributes to distinguish similar fact descriptions, or differentiating confusing law articles by grouping and distilling law articles. However, existing works still face two severe challenges: (1) indistinguishable fact descriptions with different criminals and targets and (2) misleading law articles with highly similar TF–IDF representations, both of which lead to serious misjudgments for the LJP task. In this paper, we present a novel reinforcement learning (RL) based framework, named Criminal Element Extraction Network (CEEN), to handle above challenges simultaneously. In CEEN, we propose four types of discriminative criminal elements, including the criminal, target, intentionality, and criminal behavior. To discriminate ambiguous fact descriptions, an reinforcement learning based extractor is designed to accurately locate elements for different cases. To enhance law article predictions, distinctive element representations are constructed for each type of criminal element. Finally, with the input of element representations, a multi-task predictor is adopted for the judgment predictions. Experimental results on real-world datasets show that extracting criminal elements is highly useful for predicting the judgment results.

Arms intervention: Weimar Germany, post-imperial influence and weapons trafficking in warlord China

The Treaty of Versailles aimed to strip Germany of both its colonial empire and the global reach of its arms industry. Yet the conflicts in warlord-era China led to the reestablishment of German influence on the other side of the world via the arms trade. Weimar Germany had declared a policy of neutrality and refused to take sides in the Chinese civil war in an effort to demonstrate that as a post-colonial power, it could now act as an honest broker. From below, however, traffickers based in Germany and German merchants in China worked to evade Versailles restrictions and an international arms embargo to supply warlords with weapons of war. Although the German state officially aimed to remain neutral, criminal elements, rogue diplomats, black marketeers and eventually military adventurers re-established German influence in the region by becoming key advisors and suppliers to the victorious Guomindang. Illicit actors in Germany and China proved to be crucial in linking the two countries and in eventually overturning the arms control regimes that were imposed in the wake of World War I.

Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Nakhoda Kapal Asing Terhadap Pelanggaran Hukum di Wilayah Teritorial Indonesia

As a very large archipelagic country, Indonesia is very strategically located on world trade routes, making Indonesian waters have several problems including problems of maritime environmental pollution and shipping safety. This problem is due to the presence of oil from ships, either from fuel, from the engine room or oil as cargo that pollutes the marine environment. This study aims to determine the criminal responsibility of foreign ship captains who have violated the rules regarding the protection and management of the maritime environment and shipping in Indonesia, while the benefit of this research is to increase understanding for users of Indonesian archipelagic sea lanes so that they can sail safely and safely. The research method used is normative juridical while solving the problem with a concept approach and case approach to analyze the Batam District Court Decision Number 234/Pid.Sus/2021/PN. Btm is related to the implementation of criminal liability for foreign ship captains who violate the law in the Indonesian territory. The result of this research is that foreign ship captains can be held accountable for violating the law based on the principles of criminal law applied in Indonesia. So it can be concluded that a foreign ship captain who has made a mistake can be punished and accounted for his actions because there are criminal elements that are fulfilled and proven to have violated the law in the Indonesian territory.

Perkawinan Semu dalam Perspektif Pidana Keimigrasian

Indonesia has become one of the destination countries for foreigners because of many factors that make foreigners come, many foreigners want to obtain Indonesian citizenship. There are many ways that foreigners can do in obtaining Indonesian citizenship, one of which is by conducting pseudo-marriages. In the enforcement of immigration law against pseudo-marriage, immigration has an important role related to proving the crime by using Law No. 6 of 2011 as a reference, the crime of pseudo-marriage until now is difficult to prove the criminal elements, but before that happens Immigration can prevent by being more careful in issuing immigration documents.

Penerapan Asas Primum Remedium Tindak Pidana Lingkungan Hidup

The principle of primum remedium emphasizes the application of Article 84 of Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Protection and Management of the Environment, whose actions do not need to be proven, it is clear that committing environmental crimes, which in environmental law enforcement is rarely applied by judges in the Supreme Court decisions. Doctrinal research with the adjudication of judges' decisions. The application of the primum remedium principle in environmental law enforcement in B3 waste cases does not need to be proven and clearly commits pollution and destruction of the environmental environment, thus providing a deterrent effect for perpetrators and anyone who will commit environmental crimes. The formulation of the classification of criminal elements is clearly and firmly regulated in the UUPPLH criminal provisions relating to the application of the two principles of primum remedium and ultimum remedium. The validity of criminal law as primum remedium with Decision Number 487 / Pid.B / LH / 209 / PN Sm, does not pay attention to formal offenses so that environmental crimes can be released from criminal threats. For this reason, the judge's understanding and certification in deciding cases related to environmental law must be evaluated and monitored for the judge.

Новые задачи органов милиции в годы Великой Отечественной войны

The new tasks assigned to the militia bodies during the Great Patriotic War, related to strengthening the rear and assistance to the front, are considered. The role of the militia in the evacuation of large enterprises of the military and basic industries to the eastern regions of the country, in maintaining public order in cities under siege, in organizing a pass system for travel by rail and water transport and arresting criminal elements and deserters is shown. The specific tasks of the militia bodies to strengthen the rear and assist the front are revealed.

Criminals, Business and State in Post-Soviet Ukraine

On the thirtieth commemoration of Ukraine's independence, the present condition of the country highlights the necessity of contemplating the historical trajectory that post-Soviet Ukrainian society has traversed. This is not merely a retrospective consideration encompassing the past and present, but also, perhaps more crucially, a forward-looking assessment of Ukraine's future. While Ukraine exhibited a sense of cohesion and significant societal integration shortly after declaring independence, as evidenced by the outcomes of the All-Ukrainian referendum conducted on December 1, 1991, the year 2021 reveals a notable departure from these characteristics (State Archival Service of Ukraine, 2013). Present-day post-Soviet Ukrainian society has become fragmented, marked by discernible social fault lines. As Samuel Huntington (1996) observes, Ukraine is a nation divided along cultural lines, with two distinct civilizations. The fault line between these civilizations, demarcating the West from Orthodoxy, has bisected the nation for centuries (Huntington, 1996). Over the post-Soviet era, Ukraine has experienced a profound transformation in the role of the state, which has rapidly diminished in its capacity to effectively manage the fundamental pillars supporting society. Throughout this period, Ukrainian society has grappled with an enduring systemic crisis. The erstwhile Soviet framework of existence in Ukraine was dismantled, yet efforts to establish a novel system predicated on principles like market economy, human rights, and democracy have encountered significant challenges. While the contemporary Ukrainian society may project an appearance of stability, it conceals vulnerabilities to the deleterious trends stemming from its transformation, which are driven by three primary factors: the state, business entities, and criminal elements.