ARTICLES CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY AT THE EXTRAORDINARY CHAMBERS IN THE COURTS OF CAMBODIA: IS A CONNECTION WITH ARMED CONFLICT REQUIRED? Stuart Ford* © 2006 Open Society Institute I. A POTENTIAL PROBLEM OF LITIGATING CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY AT THE EXTRAORDINARY CHAMBERS II. HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY IN INTERNATIONAL LAW ORIGINS OF A. BEFORE WORLD WAR I-THE B. THE TERM LAWS OF HUMANITY WORLD WAR I-THE FIRST SUGGESTION OF CRIMINAL PUNISHMENT FOR VIOLATING THE LAWS OF HUMANITY II AND THE INTERNATIONAL C. WORLD WAR D. MILITARY TRIBUNAL (IMT) THE OTHER WORLD WAR II WAR CRIMES TRIBUNALS 1. The Tokyo War Crimes Tribunals * Stuart Ford, J.D., LL.M. The author wishes to thank the Open Society Insti- tute and Open Society Justice Initiative for their funding of this research. In particu- lar, Dr. Kelly Askin, Tracey Gurd, and Heather Ryan provided very helpful advice and comments on various drafts. The author is an Assistant Prosecutor at the Ex- traordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia, but this article was completed before he began work there. It does not represent the views or opinions of the Office of the Co-Prosecutors or any other part of the Extraordinary Chambers.