Crime Research Research Articles

Виктимность и виктимизация: поливариантность социологических категорий

the article deals with the problem of polyvariance of the sociological categories “victimization” and “victimization”. Analyzing various interpretations of these concepts, the author comes to the conclusion that to a certain extent the polyvariance of these sociological categories is due to their borrowing from criminology, in addition, this is due to their versatility, multilevel nature and the impossibility of unambiguous interpretation. Special attention is paid to the importance of sociological surveys in determining the level of victimization of the population, and for the first time the need to study victimology in the context of sociological understanding of its concepts for further sociological research of crime in general is indicated.

The latency of crimes against people’s lifе and well-being, that were comitted using firearms

The purpose of this paper is to examine the latentisation of crimes, committed against life and well-being in Ukraine with use of firearms. The task is to assess distribution, specify classification group, find out the causes and prevention measures for such offences. Latent felony offences could be reviewed from criminological, procedural and forensics aspects. Criminological aspect of latent crime perception, as we see it, is the most expedient in terms of general crime research. In criminological aspect latent felonies are determined by a fact of their disregarded nature in crime statistics. Factors of latentisation of crimes with use of fireams are specific for latent felonoes in general, such as: perpetrator’s actions in attempt of hiding the offence and it’s aftermath; unresponsive reaction of LEO’s concerning information about offense. There are also specific conditions related to specific interest of government and LE agencies in protection of lives and well-being of people and informing done in a specific order by hospitals about people with injuries of criminal character, including gunshot wounds. What also counted is negative societal perception on live threatening offences, which leads to it’s cooperation with LE agencies to investigate those felonies. The registration order of firearms, which is done by LE agencies, is also a factor of ceasing of the latent felonies with use of firearms. Analyzing specifics of felonies against life and well-being with use of firearms on territories of Joint Forces Operation in Donetsk, Lugansk and Crimea, that temporarily out of Ukrainian control. Counting classification of latent crimes, depending on level of their latency, crimes against life and well-being with use of firearms could be put in the group of leat latent crimes

Stabilita kriminality v místech: Případová studie českého města

Research into the concentration of crime at places is a long-standing research area in environmental criminology. Studies demonstrate the practical potential of geo-localised data for criminological and security research. Knowledge about crime concentration at places makes it possible to focus repressive and preventive activities in localities where the most effective results can be achieved. In Czech criminology, limited use has as yet been made of geolocalised crime data or knowledge about the concentration of crime at places. Consequently, this article presents a case study of the concentration of crime at places within a Czech city. One-half of crime is concentrated at 8% of street segments in case study of Czech city. The article builds on the knowledge about the spatial stability of crime and provides a model of urban crime that is applicable to Czech cities. This model is based on data from a case study and considers crime rates and crime concentration patterns in different types of urban environment. Our findings are presented in relation to the results of international studies to propose directions for further crime research.

Resistance and reproduction: an arts-based investigation into young people’s emotional responses to crime

AbstractThis paper reports on a qualitative study of young people’s emotional responses to crime, underpinned by cultural criminology and interpretive phenomenology. It uses alternative approaches to explore young people’s ‘fears’ of crime via the use of arts-based methods, specifically performative drama and focus groups. The rationale is rooted in young people’s voices being largely absent from fear of crime research and the increased movement towards a more creative and less prescriptive criminology. The findings point towards the value of such approaches and argue that young people’s emotions about crime become highly gendered and age-relevant in youth and have multiple, overlapping spheres that are culturally constructed, resisted and reproduced.

Innovations in Life-Course Crime Research—ASC Division of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology David P. Farrington Lecture, 2018

Innovations in Life-Course Crime Research—ASC Division of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology David P. Farrington Lecture, 2018

Credit and Trust: Management of Network Ties in Illicit Drug Distribution

Moeller, Kim, and Sveinung Sandberg. "Credit and trust: Management of network ties in illicit drug distribution." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 52, no. 5 (2015): 691-716. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427815583912

ECOLOGY OF CRIME IN URBAN AND SUBURBAN AREA – SPATIAL PATTERNS OF CRIME IN NIS (SERBIA)

Ecological perspective in criminology has been introduced with the cartographic school at the beginning of criminology science. Ecology theory of crime has been developed in the city of Chicago and it is followed by the routine activity theory, crime pattern theory, and rational choice theory. The impact of the ecological theory in research of crime is noticeable in today's studies too. Modern scientists, researchers, and practitioners are studying crime using the geographic information system, mapping crime, using statistical and geostatistical methods. With the aim to study spatial patterns of crime, empirical research of the poverty and violent criminal acts committed in the City of Nis, Republic of Serbia, during the years 2008, 2013 and 2018. All the cases are geocoded into spatial units that represent urban and suburban areas in Nis. A descriptive statistic is used to identify areas where crime happens the most. The application of Andersen’s Spatial Point Pattern Test is used to check the hypothesis that spatial crime pattern is stable over time. This hypothesis is not confirmed and it is found that crime move from the city core towards cities’ urban and suburban settlements. The results from the empirical research are of scientific and practical value. This kind of spatial analysis is one of the first in Serbia and Balkans, and the application of the Spatial Point Pattern Test is very first in this region. The results could be useful when creating security strategies and policies to prevent crime by the police, decision-makers, and others.

Neighborhood Effects on Crime in San Francisco: An Examination of Residential, Nonresidential, and “Mixed” Land Uses

ABSTRACT Communities and crime research presumes that purely nonresidential land uses are associated with more crime, whereas purely residential land use is associated with less crime. However, few studies have evaluated this prevailing assumption in tandem with the notion of “mixed” land use. Drawing on a sample of San Francisco census blocks, this study examines the neighborhood effects of several land use measures on crime counts using negative binomial regression. The results provide moderate support for the prevailing assumption; however, we also find that the effects of mixed land use are nuanced based on differing measurement approaches. Whereas two types of mixed-use buildings have differential effects on crime (i.e. commercial mixed-use and residential mixed-use) we determine that the amount of heterogeneity among eight specific land uses, next to or in direct proximity of each other, is consistently related to more crime. The implications of these findings for criminology and public policy are discussed.

Evaluating dual‐process theory of decision‐making in Chinese delinquent adolescents

ObjectiveDual‐process theories have dominated the study of crime research and risk perception over the last two decades. However, no study to date has examined these combined approaches in research into delinquent youths. The current study aimed to address this issue by comparing cognitive and affective processes between Chinese delinquent and non‐delinquent adolescents, and investigated whether variables of the two processes were correlated with each other and whether they predicted delinquent behaviours.MethodDelinquent adolescents (n = 122, Mage = 15.3 years, SD = 1.2, 62 males, 60 females) were recruited from juvenile institutions, while typically developing controls (n = 129, Mage = 15.2 years, SD = 1.7, 59 males, 70 females) were recruited from local schools; all participants completed a cognitive appraisal questionnaire and a computerised gambling task. Teacher reports on delinquent behaviour were also collected.ResultsIn cognitive decision‐making, delinquent adolescents perceived more benefits, less risks, and a higher anticipated involvement in relation to risky events than non‐delinquent adolescents. In affective decision‐making, the delinquent group exhibited higher risk‐taking and poorer vigilance in risk modulation than the non‐delinquent group. Delinquent adolescents were also less likely to bet on the advantageous choice than their non‐delinquent counterparts.ConclusionsThe current study provides a more encompassing picture of the divergent decision‐making pathways associated with delinquent groups, allowing for better prevention and intervention programs that combine cognitive and behavioural components.

Green Criminology and State-Corporate Crime: The Ecocide-Genocide Nexus with Examples from Nigeria

ABSTRACT Following the lead of researchers in other disciplines, a handful of state and corporate crime, and green criminological researchers have addressed crimes such as genocide and ecocide. Criminologists have drawn attention to the intersection of state and corporate crimes (i.e. state-corporate crime), and illustrated how state and corporate crimes victimized, among other groups and other places, citizens of African nations. More recently, criminologists, particularly green criminologists, have begun to examine the connection between genocide and ecocide, or how the human destruction of ecosystems and people are inter-related, and reflect features of state-corporate crime. The current study examines these issues and extends that discussion by describing how the intersection of genocide-ecocide can be linked to treadmill of production arguments and related approaches in environmental sociology. Specifically, we suggest that the ecocide-genocide nexus is useful for understanding how the destruction of people and ecosystems by states and corporations intersect throughout the history of capitalism, with evidence that many contemporary genocides are driven by ecocide and efforts to expand raw material resource withdrawals controlled by the capitalist treadmill of production. This perspective is then applied to the case of Nigeria to illustrate how the oil-related treadmill of production and the history of governance in Nigeria facilitated eco-genocide, or the genocide of Native Nigerians through ecological destruction over the past half century. Our argument links concepts and theory from environmental sociology, state-corporate crime research, green criminology, ecological Marxism, human rights scholarship and various other literatures addressing ecocide and genocide. We describe how the capitalist treadmill of production, as a specific phase in the history of capitalism, continues the historical tendencies toward ecocide-genocide generated by colonial capitalism, and how the interaction between state and corporate behaviour facilitates expanded production and profit making through accelerated rates of ecological withdrawal which then promotes ecologically induced genocide.

Corporate crime: a logical misconception, but with one analytical point

PurposeIn 1988, Donald Cressey published a previously overlooked article. According to Cressey, there was a lack in the agenda of corporate crime research concerning theory and conceptual precision of what exactly the scientific object was and how it could reinforce the understanding of white-collar criminality. Cressey stated the idea that a fictitious person, such as a corporation, upon which were bestowed properties such as a will of its own (intentions and motivations) and a consciousness to act morally and ethically have a responsibility to follow the order of law, leds to a fundamental theoretical problem in terms of discovering the causes of crimes committed by such a fictitious person. I follow this line of thought about the arguments made by representatives of corporate crime. Specifically, I follow the concept of “decoupling,” by using various techniques of formal logic. The conclusion is that the concept of corporate crime is a logical contradiction (an eternal false statement), but the research has one analytical point which must be incorporated into the research of white-collar criminality: how structural conditions of a corporation’s policy and strategy “produce” or influence the individuals within the corporation to make decisions. The aim of the paper is to prove on logical grounds that the direction of research on corporate crime is on the wrong track to find the truth (basic elements and mechanisms) about white-collar crime.Design/methodology/approachUsing formal logic, specifically modal logic.FindingsThe concept “corporate crime” is a logical contradiction.Research limitations/implicationsConcerning the conclusion, the implications has to be that corporate crime is a misleading concept in the research agenda of white-collar crime.Practical implicationsThe authors have to reconsider the whole research field of corporate crime research.Originality/valueTo best of my knowledge, no one has before done a critic of corporate crime concept by formal logic.

From the Avalanche to the Game: White-Collar Offenders on Crime, Bonds and Morality

In order to understand the mechanisms that underlie involvement in white-collar crime on a personal level, 26 offenders convicted of a white-collar offence were interviewed. Building on theory and research from white-collar criminology, life-course criminology and moral psychology, findings show that a combination of criminogenic circumstances, weakened social bonds and adjusted moral ideas lead offenders down different pathways into white-collar offending. Although the process of crime involvement seems highly context-dependent in some instances, the interviews indicate that crime involvement is more commonly part of a long-running process, in which social bonds have weakened or moral ideas have been adjusted, which in turn influenced the decision to engage in the white-collar offence. Along with the limitations of the study and the directions for future research, the paper discusses the implications of the findings for white-collar crime research, in particular the complex role of morality in white-collar crime involvement.

Crime research in hospitality and tourism

Purpose The purpose of this study is to present a holistic literature review on crime research in the hospitality and tourism field. Design/methodology/approach This literature review included 109 crime-related academic papers in seven primary sources, namely, ScienceDirect, EBSCOhost’s hospitality and tourism complete, Emerald Management eJournals, Sage Journals, Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science. Findings From the exploration and synthesis of 109 articles, the following categories of crime research in the hospitality and tourism field emerged as follows: classification of crime research in the hospitality and tourism field; diversity of tourists, crime and risk perceptions; the impacts of crime on the hospitality and tourism industry; and crime control from stakeholders’ papers. In addition, this study advances crime research by proposing six research priorities for future investigation. Practical implications Tourism stakeholders are advised to achieve better cooperation in crime control under the guidance of the crime prevention model. High-technology tools are encouraged to be applied to detect and track criminal activities. Meanwhile, diverse applications of the media should be used as useful tools to control criminal activities in the hospitality and tourism industry. Originality/value This paper fills a gap by presenting the first comprehensive overview of crime research in the hospitality and tourism field in the past few decades and proposing six priorities for this research stream.

GIS-Based Statistical Analysis of Detecting Fear of Crime with Digital Sketch Maps: A Hungarian Multicity Study

This study evaluates fear of crime perception and official crime statistics in a spatial context, by applying digital sketch maps and statistical GIS methods. The study aims to determine explanatory motives of fear of crime by comparing results of selected large, medium and small sized Hungarian cities. Fear of crime information of residents were collected by using a web application, which gave the possibility to mark regions on a map, where respondents have a sense of safety or feel fear. These digital sketch maps were processed by GIS tools, and were converted to grid data, in order to calculate comparable explanatory variables for fear of crime analysis. The grid-based normalised model reflected some similarities and differences between the observed cities. According to the outcomes, examples were found both in coincidences and opposite correlations of crime statistics and perception of unsafe places, highlighting the importance of locality in fear of crime research. Additionally, the results mirrored that the size of the city or the respondent’s sex does not significantly influence the overall judgment of places, rather the absolute number of safe markings and the local number of registered crime events could affect local results.

METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF RESEARCH OF CORRUPTION CRIME IN THE FIELD OF MILITARY SECURITY

The relevance of the article is that effective counteraction to crime in general, as well as corruption in the field of military security in particular, is impossible without thorough criminological research. Their success largely depends on the adequacy of the chosen methodological tools with which to carry out the cognitive process - methodology. The methodological bases of scientific criminological research of corruption crime in the field of military security are investigated in the work. It has been found that the postmodernist paradigm of criminology focuses on the study of military security as a state of the system that curbs corruption crime within a socially acceptable level. In particular, to identify criminogenic objects in this area, as well as the links between them and measures and means of influencing them; features of initiating the processes of self-organization of civil society institutions to combat corruption in the field of military security. It is concluded that the methodology of research of criminological principles of combating corruption in the field of military security should be understood as a set of principles (objectivity, comprehensiveness, historicism, complexity, determinism, development, unity of theoretical and empirical, as well as theory and practice), approaches (complex, systemic and synergetic) and methods of cognition (general philosophical dialectical method; general scientific methods: formal-logical methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, as well as abstraction, system-structural, historical and comparative methods; specific scientific research methods, among which the basic are special methods of legal science (formal-legal, formal-dogmatic, comparative method, method of criminological modeling) along with methods of other sciences, in particular, sociology (survey method, study of documents) and statistics (grouping, generalization of indicators, etc.) , as well as historical and legal comparison method, which, in our opinion, is the best for solving the above research tasks, as it provides reliable and scientifically sound conclusions about the subject of research, as well as the formation of proposals to ensure the effectiveness of the mechanism for combating corruption in the field of military security in Ukraine.

David Clark: Defender of Human Rights and Breastfeeding.

On September 10, I had the pleasure of interviewing my friend and colleague David Lawson Clark, the legal advisor for infant and young child nutrition and expert on the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes at UNICEF. A native of Scotland, David began his career as an attorney with the Scottish Development Agency and subsequently worked for the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute in Rome, Italy. Since 1995, David has assisted more than 60 countries in drafting legislation to implement the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes and has been instrumental in bringing a human rights-based approach to the protection, promotion, and support of breastfeeding. He has contributed to the development of international policy guidelines in the area of HIV and infant feeding and infant feeding in emergencies, and has provided guidance on issues around international trade agreements and intellectual property rights. David has written and contributed to many articles and publications on health and nutrition policy, developed courses and training materials on the implementation of the International Code and maternity protection, and has facilitated numerous workshops on the issue. (LGS refers to Dr. Laurence Grummer-Strawn and DC are the verbatim responses of David Clark).

Fear of Crime Out West: Determinants of Fear of Property and Violent Crime in Five States.

Fear of crime research has been around for decades, and many studies of its extent, nature, and consequences have been published. In this study, we build upon existing research to examine the effects of vulnerability, disorder/incivilities, social cohesion, prior victimization, and perceptions of police upon fear of property crime and fear of violent crime. Using data from a random mail survey of residents from five different states, the current study offers a view of the determinants of fear of crime within an often overlooked population-residents of the Western United States. Results support leading theories of fear of crime, finding that women, perceptions of disorder/incivilities, perceptions of social cohesion, prior victimization, and assessments of police quality of service each influence fear of crime. Findings also suggest that the determinants of fear of crime vary somewhat according to crime type.

Stability in unstable places: property crime in a campus environment

In recent years, campus crime has become the focus of a growing body of literature; however, spatial analyses only represent a small facet of campus crime research. To date, the majority fails to consider longitudinal aspects of campus crime. To address this gap, this study analyzed geographic similarity between property crime distributions across 3 years of police incident data for a metropolitan university in the southern USA and its surrounding community. Using ArcMap and a spatial test developed by Andresen (Appl Geogr 29(3):333–345, 2009), the degree of similarity between annual, seasonal, and semesterly spatial distributions of property crime were analyzed. The results indicated 41.2% of all property crimes occurred within 5% of locations. Significant levels of similarity for the seasonal and semesterly distributions of on-campus property crime were found, which largely became nonsignificant once zero-crime locations were removed. None of the annual analyses, nor the analyses of the campus and its surrounding community reached a significant level of similarity. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Victimization, Offending and Resistance in Mexico: Toward Critical Discourse and Grounded Methodologies in Organized Crime Research

In the transnational organized crime pantheon, the notion of Mexico looms large. The discourse that depicts the country as inherently violent and crime-ridden, and the accompanying policy and enfor...

Some aspects of criminological research of organized crime

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