Crime Problem Research Articles

OFFENSES IN DECENTRALIZED SYSTEMS

Introduction. The article is devoted to the study of the problem of offenses in decentralized systems, in particular in blockchain networks. The author analyzes the main types of offenses that can occur in these systems, such as fraud, various attacks, and others. Since decentralized networks have no centralized control, they become more vulnerable to various types of attacks and abuses. Understanding the nature of decentralized networks can help to solve the problem of crimes in these systems more effectively, and understanding the principles of these networks can help to develop effective and transparent methods of solving such crimes. Summary of the main results of the study. Taking into account the results of the research, an explanation is provided as to how decentralized networks such as blockchain are organized, what are the offenses in such networks, what are attacks in decentralized systems. A detailed list of the main types of attacks, other types of offenses and abuses in decentralized systems is also provided, a description and explanation is provided for each type, and specific examples are also provided for some of them. Conclusions. For the first time, a list of the main offenses in decentralized networks such as blockchain has been unified and provided in the context of criminal law.

Money laundering in Australian casinos

PurposeThis study aims to examine the role of Australian casinos in facilitating money laundering and Chinese capital flight.Design/methodology/approachThe reports and transcripts of evidence from government inquiries into money laundering in Australian casinos are integrated with analyses of Asian transnational crime.FindingsMoney laundering in Australian casinos is linked to transnational crime and Chinese capital flight. A central finding is that junket operators play a key role in facilitating money laundering. The casinos are particularly exposed to criminal influences in the Chinese very important person gambling market, since they have used junket operators and underground banks, many of whom are closely linked to major Chinese criminal groups from Hong Kong and Macau.Research limitations/implicationsVery little information is available on money laundering in Australian casinos and this research has relied on the government inquiries that have been conducted over the past two years on the subject.Practical implicationsThe author’s focus on money laundering in Australian casinos in the context of Asia-Pacific transnational crime is important for Federal and state government regulators grappling with the rapidly changing money laundering issues. The government inquiries recognised that the money laundering was related to transnational crime, but did not have the time and resources to explore the topic. The paper provides state government casino regulators and financial crime regulators with a broader international perspective to anticipate future money laundering and crime pressures facing Australia’s casinos.Social implicationsMoney laundering in Australian casinos has had devastating social implications on the community. My research helps to focus attention on the problems of transnational crime and money laundering.Originality/valueLittle research has examined the linkages between casinos and transnational crime. This study has found that Australian casinos were used to launder the proceeds of illegal drug trafficking and to facilitate Chinese capital flight. While casinos have been forced by damming government inquiries to tighten anti-money laundering controls, it is likely that there will be pressure to relax these controls in the future because of competitive pressure from other casinos in the Asia-Pacific region.

Juveniles' Perception of Drug Crime Among Young People

Modern society is affected by the problem of drug addiction and drug crime on a global and national level, and the damaging consequences of drug abuse are extremely serious and widespread. The fact that minors are more often than before in the role of perpetrators of criminal acts related to narcotic drugs contributes to the additional seriousness of the overall situation. As the trend of drug crime among young people in the last few years indicates growing of this phenomenon in our society, the focus of our work will be determining the importance of certain factors on the perception of young people about drug crime. In order to achieve this task, we conducted a survey among high school students whose goal was to examine the influence of family environment and school environment factors, and also influence of certain media content on their perception of drug crime. A hundred students participated in this research. The research results show that the socio-demographic characteristics of young people do not have a significant impact on their perception of drug crime. The school environment, on the other hand, has a more dominant influence, due to the existence of convenient places for buying and selling drugs in close proximity to school, as well as the presence of people who "deal" drugs. In addition, minors are strongly influenced by their peers who previously had some experiences with the abuse of narcotic drugs. The research results indicate a high level of liking media content about drug crime among young people, but also an insufficiently developed awareness among them about the impact that such content has on them.

THE EVALUATION OF DRONE AND INTELLIGENCE LED POLICING TECHNOLOGIES IN COMBATING CRIMES IN NIGERIA AND SOUTH AFRICA

This paper focuses on the application of drones and intelligence-led policing technologies in combating crime in South Africa and Nigeria The qualitative methodology was used adopting focus group technique for data collection. Findings reveals that most countries have set specific rules for drone flights and few restrictions are imposed on their weight carrying capacity, drones pose novel and difficult problems for law enforcement, drones have been put to a host of nefarious uses, from smuggling contraband into prisons, criminals used drones to supply illegal products, illicit drugs, contraband goods, criminals use drone for illegal surveillances, drones are used by law enforcement agents for surveillance and raiding, drones are used to carry out surveillance and crime investigations, drones can be flown remotely by an operator far away from the crime scene and in some jurisdictions the use of drones are lightly regulated by legislation, consequently local and state authorities are restricted from intercepting drones in flight, potentially even when a crime is in progress. There is need for improvements of drone technology to enable its applications by the criminal justice and law enforcement for resolving crime problems, intelligence led policing strategies should be adopted in consonance with drone technology for swift justice in Nigeria and South Africa, need for government of both countries to regulate drone technology, need to upgrade current legislation regulating the application of drones in both countries.

범죄경력자용 사회적응예측지표 타당도검증

Historically, crime has occurred continuously, a risk factor promoting social anxiety worldwide. As it is impossible to solve the crime problem completely, the country has no choice but to manage crime prevention and countermeasures. Considering the social environment that avoids those with a criminal history, including pre-prisoners, severe punishments and social exclusion against them are expected to intensify. However, because we cannot wholly exclude or alienate them from our society, we must find a way to live harmoniously with them in our community. This study was conducted to verify the validity of the existing Korean Social re-Integration Predictive Indicator (K-SIPI) and improve its predictive power. In addition, we aimed to reduce the number of items with poor explanatory power on the life-emotional scale, which consisted of an excessive number of items that lessened the concentration of survey takers. To verify the validity, we conducted descriptive statistics, logistic regression analysis, ROC analysis, etc., by randomly collecting 2,514 cases from the K-SIPI data of the Korea Justice Protection and Welfare Service. In addition, the level of social adaptation of the subject of legal protection was divided into high, medium, and low through ANOVA. As a result of the analysis, 86 items in the current K-SIPI were reconstructed into 63 items through validation. Reconstructing the test tool's items concisely is meaningful in that it can increase the concentration of survey takers and ensure more reliable test results. For discussion and suggestions, it is necessary to conduct further research on the scales or items removed by validating the current K-SIPI. The measures or items emphasized in previous studies showed weak predictive powers in our study. We discuss this as a result of the current K-SIPI being conducted in the early stages of preparing for social return after release (i.e., before the Korea Rehabilitation Agency exercises rehabilitation). Furthermore, the K-SIPI is used only for pre-test rather than for post-test, making it impossible to measure the effectiveness and analyze the performance of various protective treatment programs provided to the target. Thus, making it mandatory to conduct pre-and post- K-SPI is needed for the program's performance evaluation.

The Role of Parental Control in Dealing with Drug Addiction and Juvenile Delinquency among Adolescents in Sindh: Narrative Literature Review

Mal-adaptive behavior problems of drug addiction and juvenile delinquency have reached at a very destructive and disturbing situation in Pakistan. The level of severity of the drug addiction and juvenile crime in Sindh-province of Pakistan requires the joint efforts and struggle from parents, social science researchers and members of society in order to recognize and eliminate such fatal behaviors among adolescents, which are building the blocks of any society. This is a theoretical study-designed to review the parental control, and analyze the impact of parental control with drug addiction and juvenile delinquency. Further, it also supposed that although there are the various families –related reasons behind drug addiction and juvenile delinquency among adolescents, family and parental attitude in general and parental control in a specific is highly responsible for such destructive and maladaptive behaviour among youth. For better understanding of the problem; this investigation reviewed extensively empirical research studies about parental control and both problem behaviors. The study found parental attitude and parental control specially related, greatly responsible for psycho-social problems of drug addiction and juvenile delinquency. The findings of this theoretical research highlighted the importance of parents ‘control and its relationship with children’s the overall behaviour. Further, the research task highlighted the importance of parents’ relationship with children and their control, and also monitoring of children as well adolescents. Thus, the research study concludes with some recommendations to address the problems of drug addiction and juvenile crime among adolescents.

The Pleasures and Problems of Consuming True Crime as Theatrical Entertainment in Nineteenth-Century London

Now a pillar of popular culture, the multi-media genre of ‘true crime’ has roots in nineteenth-century England. Particularly in London, a burgeoning media landscape increasingly catered to public interest in sensational homicides. Like other purveyors of true-crime entertainment, theatre managers at licensed playhouses wished to capitalise on murders making national headlines but encountered considerable – at times insurmountable – obstacles in their path. The likelihood of censorship plus that of public uproar ensured that melodramas inspired by recent slayings seldom showed at licensed playhouses. The rarity of such plays might suggest that theatre contributed little to London's abiding homicide fixation. However, the public interpreted two key spheres of what I call ‘true-crime culture’ through the lens of theatrical production – the administration of justice and the Chamber of Horrors at Madame Tussaud’s. Training its attention on the cultural impact of two of Britain's most notorious miscreants, John Thurtell (1794–1824) and Maria Manning (1821–49), this essay shows how theatre-going, in general, and the uniquely controversial dramaturgy of a play based on Thurtell's transgression, The Gamblers (1823), gave rise to a set of affective, aesthetic, and ethical assumptions, which in turn coloured contemporary perceptions of salacious murder trials, public executions, and the Chamber of Horrors.

The evolution of the Nigerian prince scam

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the evolution of a particular variant of cyber fraud known as the Nigerian prince scam and to demonstrate its socio-cultural impact. These scams are also referred to as yahoo scams. This paper traces the history of the Nigerian prince scam and how the scheme has evolved over the years to become more sophisticated, audacious and damaging to its victims. Design/methodology/approach The analytic approach is conceptual, drawing on institutional anomie theory, social learning theory and routine activity theory to explain this unique typology of cybercrime. Data were collected and analysed from books, journal articles, newspaper articles and other electronic Web sources. Findings The ineffective political leadership of Nigeria’s present elected and past military leaders could be attributed to creating culturally induced pressures to secure monetary success by the scammers. A significant number of people involved in this malfeasance justify these crimes with the argument of being owed reparations for colonisation, which might explain why international and local agencies may not be effective at eradicating this crime problem. Originality/value Despite the continued perpetration of the Nigerian prince scam, current research has not presented an evolutionary view of this fraudulent operation. This paper adds to the literature by explaining the origins of the scam, how they have developed over time and how internet technology has advanced the sophistication of the scam.

Черты гофмановской поэтики в романе Ф.М. Достоевского «Бесы»

The article examines the issue of reception in F.M. Dostoevsky's novel “Demons” of E.T.A. Hoffman's traditions, which go back to the “Elixirs of the Devil”. It is proposed to consider the features of Hoffmann’s poetics in the novel of the Russian writer in the form of a “Hoffmann’s complex”, which functions systematically and represents the unity of the problematic, stylistics and figurative system. It is argued that the “Hoffmann’s complex” in Dostoevsky’s novel manifests itself in similar problems: the problem of crime and redemption, which is revealed in the image of Stavrogin; actualization of the problem of mechanization of life and man (representatives of Stavrogin's circle, who behave like obedient puppets, the mechanistic nature of Stavrogin himself, the puppetry of the guests at the ball). Stavrogin is regarded as a Hoffmann type of hero, dating back to the image of Medardus from the Devil's Elixirs, who rushes between God and the devil, which actualizes the Hoffmann plot of apostasy in Dostoevsky's novel. The emphasis is placed on understanding the nature of the duality of the protagonist Stavrogin. The image of Marya Lebyadkina is compared with the image of the mad Quiz from the “Elixirs of the Devil” (the ability to see the true essence of the hero). Special attention is paid to understanding the specifics of Hoffmann's stylistics in the literary text under study, which is represented by “destructive irony” and grotesque, and also manifests itself in romantic oppositions (beautiful – ugly, alive – dead). The results of the study show the presence of a bright layer of the “Hoffman complex” in Dostoevsky's novel “Demons”, which allows us to consider it as a significant stage in the formation of the Hoffman author's text (“supertext”) of Russian literature.

Professor Guram Natchkebia as a Criminal Law Philosophy Problems Researcher (According to the Works Published in “Philosophical Investigations” Collection)

This work covers the philosophical analysis of research of criminal law problems according to the works published in “Philosophical Quests” Collection of the Academy of Philosophic Sciences of Georgia by one of the modern prominent representatives of Georgian jurisprudence, Professor Guram Natchebia. Namely, it covers the philosophical problems of crime as deny of law, its concept-forming categories, deliberate crime as the idea and basis of value error and criminal relations, boundary categories of guilt and axiological aspects of law. Special attention is paid to attitude to criminal responsibility, as any concrete obligation, not person’s obligation, what allows foundation of positive responsibility idea; analysis of guilt and irresponsibility as the synonymic notions, presentation of the basic categories of general theory of law: “composition of act” and “illegality” and the social philosophy category of “guilt”; consideration of guilt as phenomenon on the boundary of psychic and normative and its boundary categories (responsibility with its positive and negative aspects; freedom; cause and effect; quantitative and qualitative; legal relations; moral; sense of responsibility; conscience); Taking of the categories of “illegality of action” and person’s “guilt” out of the descriptive consideration structure for foundation of the normative notion of guilt and their announcement as evaluative, axiological categories, as opposed to the category of “composition of act”, as a gnoseological category. It is demonstrated that Professor Guram Natchkebia’s works cover both general principles of philosophy of law and philosophic matters of the general categories of law. Contribution of Professor Guram Natchkebia to development of Georgian legal philosophy in general and namely, of the Georgian criminal law philosophy is assessed.

THE RELEVANCE OF IMPLEMENTING COMPREHENSIVE SECURITY CONCEPT (COMSEC) TOWARDS THE ENDEMIC ERA OF COVID-19

The discussion in this paper refers to Comprehensive Security (COMSEC) as a continuous effort that is balanced, integrated at every level of government administration and societal structure and across all fields. In order to maintain the Federation of Malaysia’s sovereignty, peace and prosperity, it is necessary to protect the country from all internal and external dangers. This paper discusses COMSEC and its relationship to the sovereignty and security of our nation, Malaysia. The discussion’s focus has shifted when a number of issues were brought up, including the problem of cross-border crime and the current digital threat, where it is important to comprehend COMSEC in order to deal with the Covid-19 outbreak and build public awareness and resilience in order to ensure national security and sustainable development, which is the key to sustainable development. The primary objective of this discussion is to identify the issues that play a significant role in the government’s attempts to implement COMSEC, as well as the challenges faced by the government in addressing the contested issues. The qualitative approach used in this writing uses secondary sources such published study findings, academic writing, online news sources, and public forums. The issue of cross-border crime, such as smuggling, human trafficking, and the invasion of illegal Immigrants (PATI) continues to plague the majority of developing nations, including Malaysia. The problem of digital threats also sparked alarm among the public and the government, since it is one of the issues the government faces in ensuring the security and sovereignty of the nation. In the meantime, there are doctrines regarding the implementation of COMSEC that are still applicable in the current day, but they should be modified to reflect the changing patterns of the times. According to the findings of the study, the government also had a crucial role in preventing the growth of the Covid-19 outbreak in Malaysia. However, other parties also play a crucial role in breaking the chain of the Covid-19 epidemic. Especially in this epidemic period, all parties must work together to realise the government’s goals so that the safety of the people and the nation can be ensured through the application of the COMSEC concept.

Critical Criminology: Past, Present, and Future

Crime problems have drawn more and more attention in recent years, with criminological theories widely developed. Critical criminology is perhaps the most controversial and ambitious among those theories because it abandons the state's definition of crime, demonstrates the injustice of society, and tries to address crime problems (or social harm) more comprehensively. Meanwhile, its radical position attracts criticisms, such as ignoring real victimisation.
 The essay aims to explore the past, present, and future of critical criminology and explain why society requires such a critical voice. First, it introduces the origin and development of critical criminology. Then, through two current examples - the war on terror and COVID-19, it illustrates the critical perspective's value of comprehensiveness and independence, especially compared to mainstream criminology. Lastly, it indicates the challenges and how critical criminology could develop in the future to pursue its goal - real equality and justice.

Seizing the Populist Moment: Towards a New Penal Politics?

AbstractIn the context of rising populism across the globe, penal populism has returned with a vengeance. However, somewhat paradoxically, this paper asks if the populist moment may be regarded as an opportunity rather than a threat when it comes to promoting less punitive solutions to the crime problem. This is a moment that appears to be marked by a strong desire for increased popular participation in politics, as exemplified by the gilets jaunes movement in France. It is argued that democratization of the policy-making process through greater representativity and accountability could respond to this desire while promoting justice, especially by refocussing attention away from punishment and demonstrating how political, social, economic and legal justice are inextricably linked together.

Out of sight out of mind: Psychological distance and opinion about the age of penal majority.

The growth of urban violence in Brazil, as in other countries, has led citizens to demand more severe and punitive measures to solve the problem of juvenile crime. One motion submitted to the Brazilian parliament, for instance, proposes to reduce the age of penal majority (APM) from 18 to 16 years. Our hypothesis is that popular opinions about this proposal are largely constrained by construal levels and psychological distance. Accordingly, we expect that the knowledge and proximity to the circumstances associated with juvenile transgression will influence opinions about the proposal. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated how opinion against or for the proposal can be explained by psychological distance and moral development theory. We studied two samples, composed of people who do not have a deep experience with the subject (passersby in a public square (N = 77) and workers from a juvenile justice court (N = 157). After collecting socio-demographic information from the subjects and their answer to moral dilemmas, the data was subjected to a multivariate analysis by multimodal logistic regression for socio-demographic characteristics, Kohlberg moral stages, and opinion on the reduction of APM (agree, indifferent, and disagree) as dependent variables. Our findings suggest that 1) opinion about the APM depends on psychological distance and 2) socioeconomic variables may influence the average construal level of adolescent transgressors in the public’s perspective.

Restorative Practice and Therapeutic Jurisprudence in Court: A Case Study of Teesside Community Court

This article examines the contribution of restorative practice and therapeutic jurisprudence in community courts, which have adopted a problem-solving approach. Through interviews with stakeholders, it explores the implementation of the community court model in Teesside. This work draws from a broader study in Middlesbrough, which adopted a case study design, to profile the local community and to present experiences of community justice, including the community court. For this article, there is a specific focus on the data collected from those working in the community court and in partnership with it. The findings demonstrate both the benefits and challenges of courts adopting problem-solving approaches. There was clear support among magistrates who recognised the value of doing justice differently, to more effectively dealing with re-offending. Among all participants, positive experiences and outcomes were reported, alongside acknowledgement of the logistical and political challenges associated with implementing innovations in criminal justice. This included negative media representations and a lack of investment to sustain the change in practice. Participants across the sample emphasised the importance of adopting a different ethos, aligning with restorative practice and therapeutic jurisprudence and shifting away from adversarial approaches to present a more effective response to the problem of crime.

FINANCIAL FRAUD, ECONOMIC OFFENCE IN INDIA: CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH HEURISTIC METHOD

Financial inclusion is the decade’s big achievement of the Government of India through the opening zero balance saving accounts mass level in nationalized scheduled banks. In recent past, India is facing big challenges to tackle the white collar and economic crime problems responsible for ruining the entire economic management and system of public policy allocations. The present paper is analyzing the various publicly concerned financial fraud and multiple economic offenses which are directly or indirectly affecting the country’s economy and responsible for sea-merging the financial condition of the nation. Even, there are multiple preventive provisions implemented to prevent such offences by the government and various initiatives taken parallel to combat the economic crisis. In this paper, a heuristic method of crime prevention has been suggested to tackle similar offences and reduce the occurrence of the frauds.

Automated detection and classification of counterfeit banknotes using quantitative features captured by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography

Counterfeiting of banknotes is still a severe crime problem in many countries. One of the most significant issue for solving the crime is to classify the counterfeit types and identify the sources. Most of the current methods to classify counterfeit banknotes rely on manual examination that is time-consuming and labor-intensive. Moreover, these methods only detect surface features which can be easily imitated through advanced printing technology. In this study, an automated method based on optical coherence tomography (OCT) and machine-learning algorithms was proposed to classify different types of banknotes based on the internal features. A spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT) system was employed for sub-surface imaging and quantitative assessment of banknotes. A total of 29 Chinese 100-Yuan banknotes were collected, in which 4 of them were real and 25 of them were counterfeiting by three different printing processes. Each banknote was imaged 10 times in 3 distinct regions, which resulted in a dataset of 290 samples. Each sample was characterized by extracting 2 A-scan (OCT signal intensity along depth) based features and 14B-scan (cross-sectional OCT images) based features. Several machine-learning models, including logistic regression (LR), support vector machines (SVM), K-nearest neighbor (KNN) and random forest (RF), were built and optimized as the classifiers that were trained using 203 samples and applied to predict 87 testing samples. The best performance was achieved by SVM classifier in which the sensitivity of 96.55% and specificity of 98.85% were obtained in discriminating between authentic and counterfeit banknotes, and the sensitivity of 94.67% and specificity of 98.22% were obtained in predicting the types of counterfeit banknotes. These classifiers were also evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study where A-scan and B-scan derived features from OCT images have been used for the detection and classification of different types of counterfeit banknotes.

Analyzing Crime Against Women in India: A Comprehensive Study

Crime against women is a global human rights issue and has emerged as a major stumbling block to the ideals of equality and freedom. This paper delves into the types and nature of crime against women in India based on the Crime in India, 2019 report, supplemented by other sources. It explores the link between law, crime and women theoretically and provides an analysis of the crimes committed against women, their varieties, and consequences. The findings aim to form the design of effective mechanisms to counter the problem of crime against women.

Aktivitas Sexting melalui Aplikasi Anonim

This study aims to look at the problems in cybersex crime, one of which is Sexting activity, namely sexual behavior on mobile phones (phone sex), which is currently happening, especially in anonymous-based applications. This study aims to describe the motives for using the Whisper application, then how the process is to form a Sexting activity message, and what social impact is felt by Whisper account users. They use the Whisper application because Whisper is an anonymous-based application that is a place or place for users to do Sexting activities. Where Whisper has a chat rating for each user and always maintains the privacy of its users. Sexting itself is the activity of sending messages in the form of text, or photos through Roomchat social media. They chat using language that leads to sex, or send sex-related pictures to provoke their sexual fantasies. So they can imagine the fantasy and do masturbation and masturbation. On the other hand, the development of digital technology has brought human fantasy to the limit, creating three-dimensional spaces as if humans stepped from the real world to the fantasy world, a virtual world that looks real. When technology satisfies human desires/lusts, giving the charm of ecstasy, then moral values ​​seem to fall out one by one. Communication through the media keeps people trapped in simulation games that have nothing to do with reality. This situation is what Jean Baudrillard calls hyperreality. Imaging makes humans seem to come out of the real world and enter a fantasy world, a virtual world that looks very real. There's a simulation process there, full of visual manipulation.

Management of Improvement of Cyber Crime at the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic Happening Restorative Justice

The purpose of this study is to find out and understand the problems of overcoming the increase in Cyber Crime during the Covid-19 pandemic. The existence of Internet media that is so large and easy if not used wisely will give birth to crime in cyberspace or known as Cyber Crime. The problems that will be discussed in this study are how are the problems of overcoming the increase in Cyber Crime during the Covid-19 pandemic and what is the role of the Prosecutor in providing legal policies against Cyber Crime perpetrators, especially children. The findings of this study are that during the Covid-19 outbreak, it is certain that the number of Cyber Attacks that haunt the community will spike sharply and require immediate anticipation. This is because technological developments that are increasing demand the role of the government to carry out reforms to deal with Cyber Crime problems. Therefore, this problem can be done with the politics of criminal law in the scope of penal policy and non-penal policy.