Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design Research Articles

Research on constructing a safety assessment model for the “Environment-Psychology” space in urban villages based on CPTED theory

ABSTRACT This study aimed to develop an “environment-psychological” safety assessment model for urban villages. The objective was to create a comprehensive safety evaluation and identify key influencing factors. To start, establish a spatial environmental safety assessment system for urban villages, drawing on the six principles of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) theory. Use Analytic Hierarchy Process and Bayesian network analysis for determining weights and scores. The research findings reveal that: 1) The safety of the spatial environment in urban villages is directly induced by factors such as “natural surveillance” and “image maintenance” while being indirectly impacted by factors like “territoriality” and “access control.” Notably, the effects of activity support and target hardening on spatial environmental safety are found to be insubstantial. 2) Z urban village in Xuzhou city has a level IV spatial environmental safety rating. Factors include line-of-sight transparency, environmental hygiene, and road layout. The proposed optimization measures include improving space layout, enhancing surveillance levels, and maintaining a favorable environment for crime prevention. This study aids decision-makers in establishing priority sequences for spatial planning during urban village renewal. The “Environment-Psychology” model enhances the explanatory power of environmental factors on psychological elements and can aid in spatial optimization strategies.

Integrating space syntax and CPTED in assessing outdoor physical activity

AbstractThe relationship between the spatial configuration of the built environment and outdoor physical activity is supported in the literature. However, the role of crime prevention elements and safety is neglected in that relationship. Using structural equation modelling and considering the effect of demographic factors, this study combined concepts of space syntax for analysis of spatial configuration and Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) at property and street scales to investigate the direct and indirect relationships between neighbourhoods’ environments and levels of outdoor physical activity. The theoretical purposes have been to measure CPTED elements in two scales and each as a second‐order construct and to gauge pedestrians’ feeling of safety as mediators in the relationship between space syntax measures and physical activity. The results of structural equation modelling suggest that streets’ CPTED elements mediate the relationship between space syntax measures and feelings of safety. The mediation role of feelings of safety in the relationship between CPTED at the street scale and physical activity is also supported. Thus, the study shows that space syntax measures cannot be considered in relation to physical activity without also thinking about its consequent effects on neighbourhoods’ physical environments andalso provides novel insights into the effects of demographic variables on outdoor physical activity.

Young Adults’ Perceptions of Store Environment: Evaluation of the Perceived Effectiveness of CPTED-Based Techniques in Preventing Shoplifting

Recognizing that it is a widespread crime, retailers in Turkey have adopted Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) techniques to prevent shoplifting. Using data from 1,150 young adults residing in Istanbul, the current study investigates young adults’ perceptions of such techniques, given that they are frequent shopping mall visitors by evaluating CPTED’s six elements: territoriality, formal surveillance, informal surveillance, mechanical surveillance, access control, and target hardening. The findings showed that young adults perceive target hardening to be the most effective preventive technique. The paper discusses the implications for future research into preventing shoplifting through CPTED-based techniques.

범죄예방환경디자인이 부동산 거래 결정에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

The following research has been conducted in order to analyze the effectiveness in the aspect of real estate of the previously implemented policy under the notion that the Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design(CPTED) could secure the self-perpetuation of a region and maintain a sustainable crime prevention environment. Thus we examined the current status of “Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design Project” that has been proceeded for 5 years by the city of Seoul, analyzed the impact of application of CPTED to real estate transactions and the results are as follows.
 First, the operation and maintenance for the CPTED projects seems to be well functioning according to the site investigation. Surveillance cameras and emergency bells are widely placed so that it can be recognized by the local citizens easily, and the signs that notifies the project is in progress were seemed to be handled very well. However, it was hard to find any other elements for crime prevention other than the surveillance & report system, and Safety Maru, the only facility was being used in wrong ways such as gardening and private gathering purposes for the local residents. For this a variety of plan elements are ought to be utilized apart from the monotonous surveillance & report system, and it is believed that the Safety Maru should serve its original purpose.
 Second, the analysis of the effects of CPTED Project in Seoul shows that it affects the city in a positive way. The criminal rate of the regions with the implementation of the project was relatively diminished, therefore, it was obvious that the project is reducing the number of crimes. Also on the real estate transactions on the following region, every 12 examples showed increase in the amount of transactions which makes the plans to draw the effect by the CPTED region following this particular trend necessary.
 Third, despite the decrease in the crime rate the residents responded that the area is not safe according to the survey. This seems that the project could effect the decrease in crime rate due to the active application of wide Surveillance & Report system, but its influences fall short to the extent where the residents actually feel safe in their area, which requires us to improve the project in the aspect of the urban regeneration which ultimately leads to active real estate transaction in order to implement the recognition of safe residential environment. To achieve this we believe a multilateral approach in terms of architecture/urban/real estate is necessary, with the ultimate goal of realization of self-sustainable urban space.
 Fourth, the local residents responded that the residential area does not feel safe even after the institution of CPTED project in seoul, but it is investigated that they still wish to move to the region with the implement of following project in case of making decisions on moving in the future. This result is thought to be the reflection of people's expectations that the project could be improved with trial and errors over time, along with the actual decrease in crime rate.
 Fifth, it is shown that the actual impact of the CPTED project to the decisions on real estate transaction is rather minimal, therefore, a variety of attempts to realize the sustainable crime prevention project other than just the surveillance & report system seems necessary, which is going to realize the construction of self-sustainable and safe environment if the region is vitalized and when it affects the decisions on real estate transactions.

야간 시간대 보행자의 범죄 두려움 감소를 위한 CPTED 적용 방안

Fear of crime is a deeply rooted source of anxiety in modern society, making it essential to reduce this fear to improve the quality of life for residents. Previous studies have indicated that pedestrians, especially during nighttime hours, often experience a significant level of fear of crime. Therefore, this study focuses on identifying vulnerable points for fear of crime during nighttime pedestrian activity in Jangyang 2-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul. It also proposes crime prevention strategies based on Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) principles, considering road environments and inter-individual spacing metrics.
 Firstly, using K-means Clustering on reported crime data for Jangyang 2-dong, nighttime hours were defined as 21:00 to 01:00. Subsequently, social network analysis were applied to identify areas with low centrality, categorizing them into Cluster 1 (Jangyangbyeong-ro 6, Dukseom-ro 44, Dukseom-ro 50) and Cluster 2 (Jayang-ro 3, Dukseom-ro 58) as locations vulnerable to fear of crime. Finally, tailored crime prevention designs were proposed for each cluster. This study is significant for its use of social network analysis on safety data to identify fear of crime vulnerable areas and for suggesting crime prevention measures tailored to the characteristics of the region from a CPTED perspective.

국내외 사례 기반 다중이용시설 내 이상동기 범죄 대책 개선 연구

The recent stabbing incident in South Korea is a Mudjima crime, which was called by media in 2003, that indiscriminately attacks an unspecified number of people and the Mudjima crime’s victim is unclear, increasing citizens' anxiety and fear. Due to the limitations of the expression “Mudjima”, the Korean National Police Agency has named it “Abnormal Motive Criminal” in 2022. As some studies, it were related to terrorism, it is necessary to consider matters based on this. Therefore, this study aims to compare and analyze domestic and international typical examples of the case and suggest additional considerations. To this purpose, first, we define Abnormal Motive Criminal based on previous studies and discuss its connection with terrorism. In addition, since the more people there are, the more damage they suffer, we would like to analyze countermeasures focusing on multi-use facilities from the perspective of CPTED(Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design). The results of this study can be used to prepare countermeasures for each stage of disaster management in preparation for the occurrence of Abnormal Motive Criminals in multi-use facilities.

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design for Low-Income Residents (B40) in Sabah, Malaysia

Safety, facilities, and environment are known to be among the core factors that influence the Quality of Life (QoL) of neighbourhood communities. This study evaluates the low-income residents’ (B40) QoL and seeks to clarify whether People’s Housing Program Environment (PPRE) and Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) can be used collaboratively to improve the QoL of the People’s Housing Project (PPR) communities. This study hypothesizes that implementing CPTED is one of the strategies that may enhance the feeling of safety in residential environments. This study utilised a quantitative cross-sectional design to collect data from 150 PPR residents. The PLS-SEM method reveals that a good PPRE has a significant impact on the residents’ QoL. While the study’s focus is primarily on the expected impact of CPTED on residents’ QoL, the main finding suggests that CPTED can have a large impact on QoL on its own, but not as a mediator between PPRE and QoL. Community relationship, maintenance, natural surveillance, legitimate activity support, and target hardening were the five most important CPTED constructs. However, results did not support territorial reinforcement and natural access control as CPTED facilitators. This information is necessary for developing effective CPTED in housing policies that may improve PPR residential well-being.

GIS‐based crime hotspot mapping and its correlation with land use: A case study on assessment of CPTED principle

AbstractThe main objective of this paper is to assess the relationship between crime rate and land use, which reflects the principle of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) at the city level. Crime data for 2022 is taken for Surat city and regressed against various land uses and road networks. These land use and road networks depict three CPTED principles: natural surveillance, access control and activity support. First, crime hotspot mapping is done using various spatial interpolation methods, and relative comparison is done using the root mean square error value. The IDW method is found to be the most suitable method for hotspot mapping of Surat city. The result shows that residential, industrial and recreational land uses have a significant correlation with crime rates. Residential and industrial areas have a positive impact, whereas recreational spaces have a negative impact on crime rates. Increased road connectivity also has a positive correlation with crime rates. This study suggests that the crime rate varies with different land uses and road networks. Hence, CPTED principles do affect at the city level.

Establishing Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design Model

Rapid urbanization in Malaysia has led to an increasing crime rate, necessitating an understanding of the relationships between crime, the environment, and community. This study examines the causal connections among fear of crime, sense of community, and Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) using a quantitative approach with 171 respondents in Selangor and Putrajaya. Previous research has highlighted the psychological effects of crime and the efficacy of defensible space and CPTED in reducing crime in residential areas. However, the causal relationship between sense of community and CPTED requires further investigation. The study's causal model confirms that fear of crime does significantly influence CPTED implementation and the sense of community. Additionally, a strong sense of community significantly impacts CPTED, underscoring the role of community engagement in enhancing crime prevention strategies. These findings have practical implications for policymakers and urban planners, emphasizing the importance of addressing fear of crime to create safer environments that foster community cohesion. Strategies may include improved lighting, surveillance systems, and community-building initiatives. Further research can explore underlying mechanisms and moderating factors. Ultimately, addressing fear of crime, sense of community, and implementing CPTED can enhance community well-being and promote a sense of security.

Analisis Control Access Dalam Strategi Pencegahan Tindakan Tawuran Di Jakarta International Stadium

This study aims to analyze the use of access control strategies as part of efforts to prevent acts of violencein Jakarta International Stadium. The study utilizes the CPTED (Crime Prevention ThroughEnvironmental Design) theory, with a focus on access control as a key component of the preventionstrategy. The research methodology involves analyzing the existing access control system in JakartaInternational Stadium, including evaluating entrances, parking areas, and the surrounding vicinity. Datais collected through direct observations, interviews with security personnel, and analysis of relevantdocuments. The findings of the study indicate that the implementation of access control strategies basedon the CPTED theory can contribute to the prevention of violence in Jakarta International Stadium.Effective access control measures, such as enhanced entrance monitoring, well-regulated traffic inparking areas, and adequate barrier installations, can reduce the potential for conflicts among spectators.In conclusion, the implementation of access control strategies based on the CPTED theory is an effectivemeasure in preventing acts of violence in stadiums.

Application of the Third Generation Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design on University Campuses

As a complex of material and spiritual, space and society, the university campus is a relatively complex environment. This paper investigated the effectiveness of the third generation of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) in reducing crime and enhancing security within educational institutions. The third generation of CPTED emphasizes the integration of advanced technologies, such as access control systems, intelligent sensors and alarms, emergency communication systems, data analysis, and predictive policing, using advanced technologies to enhance security measures on university campuses. This paper aimed to explore the current security level of the university campus, interpret the principle of the third generation CPTED to reduce the crime rate on college campuses and propose a security strategy based on the third generation CPTED for the university campus. The research method of this paper was qualitative, conducting semi-structured interviews with campus security personnel, university administrators, university teachers, and staff of the Universiti Sains Malaysia, using NVivo software, and using thematic analysis methods for data analysis. The findings suggest that traditional campus security measures may not fully address the evolving security challenges facing modern universities. Participants expressed concern about inadequate lighting, limited surveillance coverage, and inadequate emergency response systems. The results of this paper emphasize the technical application of the third generation CPTED, thereby highlighting the practice of the third generation CPTED in university campus security, proposing the basic strategy of a smart campus, and establishing a mobile phone application on the terminal. Strong use of technology to facilitate real-time communications, incident reporting, and emergency response to enhance campus security and ultimately improve the overall security of the university campus.

Integration of Building Information Modelling (BIM) in Third-Generation Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED)

The awareness level of residents to prevent crime is increasing while the characteristics of the physical environment and atmosphere within the residential areas have been utilized to discourage crime. Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) as an effective crime prevention strategy has been introduced since 1971 where it evolved from the first-generation to second-generation after including intangible components into the practices. Currently, the emergence of digital technologies such as Building Information Modelling (BIM) has started to gain more attention from academicians and practitioners. The features in BIM such as simulation, visualizing and estimating should be utilized to enhance CPTED effectiveness in preventing crime which will form the fundamental of third-generation CPTED. This study intended to explore the potential to integrate BIM into existing CPTED to develop a third-generation of CPTED. Therefore, this study has reviewed the journal articles pertinent to the BIM application in CPTED which elaborate the potential of BIM to be used practically to provide new concept of third-generation CPTED which embracing digital technology. This study found the potential of BIM to integrate with four tangible principles (surveillance, access control, territoriality and target hardening) and two intangible principles (sense of community, and management and maintenance) have been discussed. All existing principles can be integrated with BIM to further enhance their effectiveness but there are some conflicts found between the principles practiced in CPTED. This study has provided a comprehensive overview of the integration of BIM to CPTED practitioners for the development of third-generation CPTED in future research.

A Study on the Safety of Gwanggyo Lake Park Based on Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) Theory -Focusing on Woncheon Reservoir-

A Study on the Safety of Gwanggyo Lake Park Based on Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) Theory -Focusing on Woncheon Reservoir-

CPTED Principles and Preventing Crimes: The Cases from Shiraz City, Iran

The current paper investigates the role of CPTED (crime prevention through environmental design) principles in preventing crimes in urban hot spots. The questionnaire survey gathers the opinions of 400 participants randomly. Moreover, the study employs an observational study to analyze the actual condition of the areas. Analysis shows territorial reinforcement and surveillance most significantly impact crime prevention, while maintenance imposes the lowest impact in urban contexts. The findings imply that enhancing the cultural bases of the residents outweighs improving the physical appearance of the environment in preventing crimes. Overall, the findings offer practical suggestions for future planning of urban hot spots that contribute to environmental quality.

An assessment of crime prevention through environmental design in student housing: a weight-of-evidence approach

PurposeThere is a robust study on crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) in student housing nowadays, but has a limited utilization of weight-of-evidence (W-o-E) approach. This study aims to assess the extent of CPTED in student housing facilities of universities in Ghana.Design/methodology/approachUsing the on-campus student housing facilities of both private and public universities, the study adopted W-o-E approach that integrates two postoccupancy evaluations from end-users and student housing managers. In addition, observation by professionals as the lines of evidence (LoE) was also adopted. Weighted median was used to normalise the LoE into a W-o-E as the CPTED value in the student housing facilities.FindingsThe study uncovered low CPTED in the student housing facilities. Maintenance was identified as the leading CPTED principle present in the student housing facilities.Practical implicationsThe study has given the extent of CPTED in students’ housing, an important insight for university students’ housing management. This can serve as a policy alert for the university students’ housing management to adopt building designs that enhance CPTED and the safety of the youth.Originality/valueThis study is different from other CPTED and students’ housing studies commonly situated in the Euro-America context. The study exceptionally applied the use of W-o-E in students’ housing in assessing the extent of CPTED in student housing within the context of sub-Saharan African universities.

빅데이터 분석을 활용한 서울시 CPTED 시행의 효과분석 및 범죄예측

In various parts of the world, big data related methods is being utilized to predict criminal activities and facilitate prompt arrests. Advancements in big data and technology have made it possible to analyze and forecast crime patterns effectively. This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) elements and predict crime rates using machine learning techniques based on data from 2016 to 2021 in Seoul. This study utilizes diverse data in CPTED elements obtained from the Smart Public Safety Big Data Platform. The significance of this study lies in demonstrating the effectiveness of CPTED and leveraging big data for crime prediction. The findings can serve as a reference for the policy-making and the establishment of crime prevention systems based on predictive insights.

Fear of street crime among Japanese mothers with elementary school children: A questionnaire survey using street montage photographs

ABSTRACT Since physical crimes committed on the street against children typically occur during school commutes, there is an urgent need to address Japanese mothers’ fear of such crimes. Although previous studies have proven that several street elements affect parents’ fear of crime, these elements have been evaluated individually, and there is little analysis of fear of crime using computer graphics (CG) to visualize the scenes. In this study, 96 street montage photos were processed using a systematic mechanism based on the theory of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) to visualize the variation in factors assuming interaction effects. The results indicate that the presence of signs on windows, obtuse angles of corner lots, commercial building usage, and tables and chairs on the ground floor may moderate mothers’ fear of physical crimes against their children in certain scenes. Moreover, several interaction effects that promoted or moderated the main effects of other factors were observed. These findings suggest that, to reduce mothers’ fear of crime, the identified factors should be considered together, rather than separately\\.

청년 여성들의 젠더 폭력에 대한 구체적 두려움

There has been a continuing tendency to dismiss young women's fear of crime as irrelevant to the victimization. Also, young women have often been regarded as a homogeneous group in terms of the fear of crime. This study explored how major socio-demographic variables affect young women’s various fear of gender -based violence(GBV; violent crime, date-violence, illegal spy-cam, using a public restroom).
 Results can be summarized as follows. First, while the age and the perceived social class had negative effects on the fear of GBV in general, the single-person household was not significantly associated with the most types of fear of crime except for the fear of illegal spy-cam. The result implies that some previous studies that have shown the positive relationship between women’s social class and the fear of crime might not apply to young women. It also suggests the limitation of the CPTED(crime prevention through environmental design) strategies that focus on single-person households in reducing young women’s fear of GBV.
 Second, compared to the effect of socio-demographic factors, various types of victimization experiences during the life had relatively larger effects on the fear of GBV. This result suggests that addressing violence against women in schools, digital spaces, and intimate relationships should be prioritized in reducing young women’s fear of GBV.
 Third, the number of types of victimization during the whole life mediated the effect of perceived social class on the various types of fear of GBV. Based on this result, any crime prevention programs should be designed in consideration of women’s social class and the lived experiences.

Crime Prevention through Environmental Design of Railway Stations as a Specific Soft Target

Currently, we observe an increasing number of terrorist attacks and violent crime, resulting in a noticeable increase in nervousness and tension in society. Not only on the territory of Europe, but also throughout the world, terrorist attacks and violent crime are mainly concentrated near objects that are accessible to the public, characterized by a relatively low level of security and a high concentration of people, so-called soft targets. The tendency to control and influence human behaviors by reshaping the environment dates back to ancient times, with the crime prevention through environmental design strategy being a later product that arose as a result of the impact of urbanization and industrialization on the rise of crime in Chicago. The aim of the article is the contribution of new knowledge to society, which is presented through graphic designs of technical measures on the sustainability of the development of public spaces and communities, as well as the reduction of crime. The acquired knowledge is based on a holistic and integrated theory of crime prevention called the concept of CPTED (crime prevention through environmental design), which is dedicated to the identification of the conditions of the physical and social environment that allow the possibility of committing crimes and their subsequent modification intended to limit it. At the end of the article, a use case is presented on the object of the railway station, which is a public space and at the same time falls into the category of soft targets. Human choices shape the built environment, as well as tools that can be used to create sustainable urban and village development, which are also dependent on an acceptable crime rate. We are not testing environmental design as a way of thinking and a field of practices, but we are testing a particular method of environmental design (CPTED concept), which is focused on crime prevention, for a particular set of targets.

Using Space Syntax Analysis to Measure Patient Aggression Risk.

The present study investigates whether space syntax offers appropriate tools for identifying risks of aggression, interventional opportunities, and environmental design strategies to reduce the risk of Type II violence in emergency departments. Although healthcare workers are a relatively small percentage of the U.S. workforce, they sustain almost 75% of workplace assaults. Poor environmental design has been identified as an antecedent to aggression by patients and/or their companions. Guided by Rational Choice Theory, Lifestyle Exposure Theory, Routine Activity Theory, and Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED), the study uses five visibility graph analysis (VGA) measures: visibility, control, controllability, mean visual depth, and occlusivity. Three U.S. hospital-based emergency departments were selected. First, a VGA was performed on all three layouts. A second VGA was performed after excluding unconnected spaces, and a third was performed on key patient and staff areas. Last, a fourth VGA was conducted after performing physical modifications to the three departments. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in VGA measures not only between different layouts but also between the original and modified layouts. Specifically, small changes created by architectural features can affect visual access and exposure as measured by space syntax. Alcove-style spaces in key staff areas are also associated with limited visual control of the local environment. Typically, in smaller zones, central staff workstations afford better control of patient spaces. This study shows that space syntax analysis is a useful tool for identifying risks of aggression in hospital spaces and for identifying interventional opportunities.