Crime Prevention Theory Research Articles

Analyzing the Relationship between Citizen Report and Local Crime Occurrence Tendency Using Broken Windows Theory

Municipalities are required to prioritize and solve local problems effectively under human and financial constraints. Preventing local crime is an important challenge among them. One of the major theories of crime prevention is the “broken windows theory,” which states that if a minor crime or a rule infringement is left unaddressed, it may lead to more serious crimes. This theory affected police administrations in some areas, but it was not widely accepted due to problems such as difficulty in verifying its validity and identifying effective measures. There is a possibility that these limitations can be overcome by using data obtained from the citizen report system, which was introduced in municipalities in recent years. This study examines the relationship between local problems and local crimes based on the broken windows theory using citizen report data.

SAFETY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN CITIES

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to find common ground between the theory of crime prevention by means of architecture and environment design and between the theory of sustainable development. The importance of creating a visually and environmentally friendly urban environment is shown as a means of involving people in the urban infrastructure, and, consequently, increasing the safety level.Methodology/approach: The interdisciplinary approach based on knowledge of urban studies, architecture, town planning, criminology and sociology. The analysis of safety of the urban environment and foreign experience. Exploration of approaches and techniques for creating a safe urban environment based on foreign experience. Modern methods include architectural means, planning and environmental design: lighting, gardening, anti-vandal measures, safe building construction.Research findings: The urban development indicates criminogenic and a relatively safe areas. The use of eco-friendly materials and architectural means is aimed at energy conservation and their positive impact on the urban environment as a whole. The identified aspects of the public safety, sustainable development, ecology and architecture include use of local natural materials or composites that can accumulate energy or respond to environmental changes; vandal-resistant materials; landscaping not only as a decoration, but also as a defense against criminal encroachments and en- vironmental improvement; more intensive planting in the urban structure to improve the environment.Practical implications: Multi-storey apartments are more typical for large Russian cities like in South Korea. Due to their high density, such areas do not experience problems with accessibility and developed infrastructure, but control and security are more important. The reconstruction of existing or creation of new objects (building, park or area) consists of the following algorithm: collection of information about the site, analysis of analogs, the implementation of the selected principles, selection of appropriate tools and materials, and postproject research for quality assessment. The discussed examples can help in the building design and reconstruction. The proposed algorithm for assessing the safety of the urban environment can be introduced into the design process.Originality/value: The value of research lies in the comparison of different concepts of safe built environment. A study of the foreign experience in the urban places and living environment. The paper makes an attempt to draw analogies between different types of multi-storey urban development and identifies the greatest criminality of this or that type of development. The paper provides an overview of the latest studies of the urban environment. For the first time, an attempt is made to adapt the principles of decriminalization to the specific features of the Russian cities. The paper suggests the reconstruction algorithm for the urban areas, taking into account the requirements of criminogenic safety, and proposes the principles of decriminalization.

CCTV placement in Gaborone City, Botswana

Public surveillance technology through the installation of Closed-Circuit Television cameras (CCTV) has been widely acknowledged as a tool for monitoring population movements and preventing crime. Based on this technological value, the installation of CCTV cameras has become a growing trend in many cities globally. The year 2018 will be remembered as the year when CCTV cameras were first installed in the city of Gaborone, Botswana, and its surrounding villages for purposes of detecting criminal activities and preventing crime. The value of CCTV cameras in preventing crime and as an investigative tool has been an area of interest among researchers. Among scholarly studies on this field, the focus has been on the effectiveness of CCTV cameras in preventing crime and their value as an investigative tool. Since CCTV cameras have just been installed in the city of Gaborone, it may be too early to evaluate the extent to which they effectively prevent crime in this city. The purpose of this study is to document the use of public surveillance cameras in Gaborone and its surrounding areas and assess their geographic placement in light of the principles of Situational Crime Prevention (SCP) theory. Using data collected through site observation and key informant interviews, we argue for a rigorous review and assessment of the current installation and placement of CCTV cameras in Gaborone city and further scholarly study to measure and evaluate the effectiveness of CCTV camera use for crime prevention in this city.

Harmonising Road Transport Legislation in the SADC Region for Crime Prevention

The Southern African Development Community (SADC) is an organisation that aims to facilitate cooperation between the governments of its Member States through a set of goals. SADC uses protocols as an instrument of coordination of its Member States on Transport, Communications and Meteorology endeavours to harmonise various aspects of traffic and transportation in the region. The researcher relies on carrying out an extensive literature review, consulting secondary data, official government publications and review of case studies. This article is informed by both the routine activity theory and situational crime prevention theory. It was found that the SADC regional body still has several barriers to overcome before a successful harmonisation stage to prevent crime will be achieved by Member States. Regional cooperation is needed amongst Member States to prevent organised borderless crime like human trafficking, drugs trafficking, fraud and money laundering, car-hijacking and terrorism.

Modern Approaches in the Theory of Economic Crime Prevention: Spanish Experience

The authors explore the theoretical difficulties of developing the most effective ways to prevent economic crime. The practical significance of the results of the study is based on a thorough analysis of the work of Spanish lawyers. The authors have proposed the most effective and time-tested methods of crime prevention in the economic sector. The initial goal of the study is to provide specific recommendations (based on the experience of criminological theories in Spain) on developing the most effective measures to prevent economic crime. The Spanish doctrine itself believes the current stage of criminological science development to be quite a good opportunity to reconsider some criminological theories on this topic. In particular, the aim of such an approach is mainly to develop specific ways so as to prevent economic crime. The basic postulates of psychological theories, aimed at explaining the etiology of economic crime, are being discussed in the following article, despite the crisis they are currently going through and the criticism towards them for a certain share of their ideologization and their desire to reduce the phenomenon of economic crime to some individual pathological traits of a personality. Sociological theories that have a solid ground, but do not allow us to understand the origins of criminal behavior in the economy at the whole scale, are also being analyzed in this work.

PREVENTION OF OFFENCES: HISTORICAL ESSAY

Introduction. It is an axiom that crime prevention should be the main focus of the fight against crime. Its ideological basis was laid by the ancient Greek philosophers Socrates, Platon and Aristotle, who persistently asserted the idea of justice as the fundamental philosophical basis of a reasonable – “good” – state. Purpose. The goal is to analyze the development of the doctrine of crime prevention in the historical context and its practical implementation. Methodology. The authors used a comparative historical method, that allows you to identify the stages and patterns in the development of the theory of crime prevention, as well as in the policy of crime prevention. Results. The foundations of the theory of crime prevention were formed by ancient Greek and Roman thinkers, whose creations were characterized by clarity of thought and the desire to learn the ontological foundations of the state and law. A notable contribution to the development of this theory was made by utopian socialists, classics of the Enlightenment and their followers. It was then that the main idea of prevention was formulated, that it is better to prevent crime than to punish, and that a good legislator will try not so much to punish as to improve morals. The most active theory of crime prevention developed in the USSR. In practical terms, the idea of crime prevention was first embodied in Ancient Rome – in the Laws of the XII century, which become public and thus acquire a preventive value. However, in a full-fledged embodiment, the foundations of criminological legislation are most clearly formed in Imperial Russia. A unique normative legal act in this regard should be recognized as the “Code on the prevention and suppression of crimes”, adopted in 1832, which contains a number of provisions that have a modern preventive sound. The apogee of preventive activities should be recognized as the experience of the internal Affairs bodies of the USSR in the 1960s-1970s. High efficiency of such activities was provided by a strong social policy, full support from the authorities at all levels, qualified implementation of criminological research, active participation of the population in crime prevention. In relation to crimes, the state and citizens have formed a solid position – we must fight crime together and this is our common task. Conclusion. In the modern truncated-recreated form, crime prevention imitates activities in this direction rather than being able to actually be the main direction of the fight against crime. This is due to at least three significant circumstances: 1) the loss of the importance of social policy as the basis for General crime prevention; 2) a catastrophic stratified gap in the population's income, which undermines the credibility of the government, its declarations and appeals; 3) changing the nature, properties and parameters of crime, which requires a conceptually new preventive response to it.

Application Of Act No. 22 Of 2009 As A Traffic Accidents Countermeasures Management In The Blora Police Law Area

The problems discussed in this study are efforts to tackle traffic accidents by law enforcers in the Blora Police Law Area and the application of Act No. 22 Of 2009 On Road Traffic and Transportation to accident rates in the Blora Police Law Area. The approach method used is sociological juridical, descriptive analytical research specifications. The data used are primary data and secondary data. Data collection methods are field studies and library studies. The data analysis method uses qualitative analysis. As a knife analysis, crime prevention theory and law enforcement theory are used. The results of the research show that the handling of traffic accidents by law enforcers in the Blora Police Law Area is carried out through preventive and repressive measures. Preventive efforts are carried out through routine patrol activities, zebra operations, counseling at schools and in the community and installing biilboard warning signs in accident-prone areas. The repressive effort is carried out through a series of investigative actions against traffic accidents which are guided by applicable laws and regulations. The application of Act No. 22 Of 2009 On Traffic and Road Transportation towards accident rates in the Blora Police Law Area is not optimal. The accident rate is still relatively high from year to year despite various efforts have been carried out. This is due to the lack of public awareness and legal culture of the community which does not support the programs implemented by the Blora Police Law Area in reducing the level of traffic accidents.Keywords: Implementation; Countermeasures; Traffic Accidents.

Implementation Of Police Role In Countermeasures Of Traffic Criminal Acts Of Traffic Violations In Efforts To Establish Police Images As Community Guidelines

This study aims to determine the implementation of the role of the police in traffic criminal acts of traffic violations in an effort to build the image of the police as a community protector and inhibiting factors and solutions. The method used is sociological juridical, descriptive analytical research specifications. The data used are primary data and secondary data. Data collection methods are field studies and library studies. The data analysis method uses qualitative analysis. As a knife of analysis, crime prevention theory and law enforcement theory are used. The results showed that the implementation of the role of the police in tackling traffic violations in an effort to build the image of the police as a community protector was carried out through preemptive, preventive and repressive efforts. Pre-emptive efforts are carried out through socialization activities whose main purpose is to instill moral values in society to obey the law. Preventive efforts are carried out through operations or patrols to prevent traffic violations. While repressive efforts carried out through actions in the form of reprimands or tickets to violators. Inhibiting factors in implementing the role of the police in tackling traffic violations in an effort to build an image as a community protector are the lack of professionalism of the traffic police, the legal awareness of the community is still low, and there is a culture of lawlessness from the community.Keywords: The Role Of The Police; Criminal Acts; Traffic Violations.

Penal Mediation as an Alternative Dispute Resolution for Indonesian Criminal Code

A high level of criminality has caused several issues in upholding the criminal code. The issues include things that are related to the effective ways to tackle criminality, criminal cases accumulation, and over-capacity issue. These issues need a proper handle immediately. One of the resolution mechanisms of criminal cases is by using the restorative justice approach, namely penal mediation. This research is to analyze the penal mediation construction in Indonesia and its role as an attempt of criminal case policy as the update of Indonesian criminal law This research conducted a normative juridical analysis of a variety of legislation and crime prevention theories. Penal mediation is an alternative dispute resolution (ADR) outside the court which commonly applies to civil cases. Unlike the juvenile criminal justice system, the positive criminal law in Indonesia cannot resolve the criminal cases outside the court; nevertheless, certain cases make it possible to have it settled outside the court. Apart from that, as a discrete, Indonesian law enforcement also settles some criminal cases outside the court. For civil cases, the mediation usually in the case relate to finance issue, as for criminal case, it is more on freedom and life of an individual. Mediation for civil cases is usually directly among parties of the dispute, or the second party of interest. As for criminal cases, the parties are more complexs which include the actors, victims, but also the prosecutor and public.

Sociological Implications on Safety of Journalism as a Profession in Nigeria

All over the world, Journalists are known as the fourth realm of the Estate charged with the responsibility of disseminating information to the societal members. Despite the contribution of the noble profession towards nation building, large number of journalist in the past and recent time in Nigeria faces series of challenges ranging from kidnapping, assault, harassment, torture, arbitrary detention, murder, imprisoned at the virtue of saving the nation. The gravity and magnitude of the prevalence insecurity in the profession has gotten to a state of psychological trauma and lost of interest for the profession. Several publications were reviewed; Anomie (Robert Merton) and Situational Crime Prevention (Ronald Clarke) theories were adopted. Qualitative method and purposive sampling technique was adopted in conducting in-depth interviews among 10 public members and 25 journalists from 4 media print Organisations, 3 radio stations and 2 television stations in Nigeria, In Nigeria journalist are faced with numerous insecurity issues and there is an urgent need to readdress the issues to save the nation from retrogressive development. Several recommendations are stated to safe the profession( a) the struggle for the survival of the profession should not be left alone to either the Government or the journalists it should be collectively addressed by all, More so, proactive methods, deterrence measures target hardening, access and facilitators control needs to be in placed to tackle the menace

Criminal Imprisonment for Criminal Offenses Insults the President after State Court Decision Number: 013-022 / PUU-IV / 2006 (Study on State Court Blora Decision Number: 47 / PID. SUS / 2017 / PN.Blora)

The purpose of this study was to analyzing the impact of the juridical the removal of article criminal offense insult the president by the State Court Decision Number 013-022 / PUU-IV / 2006 as well as the consideration of Judges State Court of Blora in Decision No. 47 / Pid.Sus / 2017 / PN.Blora, as well as to analyze the existence of article insult the President in future be associated with the rise of social media.This study uses empirical juridical approach, the research specification descriptive. The data used in this study are primary data obtained from field studies that were analyzed qualitatively using the theory of criminal prosecution and criminal punishment, the theory of law enforcement and crime prevention theory. Then for secondary data obtained from ingredients documents or library materials.The final conclusion is that: The Impact of juridical when articles of insult against the President revoked, can damage the system in the inclusion of clauses concerning acts humiliation as a whole and also the revocation of article of insult against the President and Vice President do not have binding legal force so that their legal vacuum post the decision of the judge in the consideration while deciding the case No. 47 / Pid.Sus / 2017 / PN.Blora according to the indictment from the prosecutor. Because of Article 193 paragraph (1) of Act No. 8 of 1981 on Criminal Proceedings ( "Criminal Code") Existence of article insult the president in the future, should come up again all the rules, could reach the criminal insult the president with any form of media usedKeywords: Offense; insult the president; the State Court; RKUHP.

Police Role In The Effort Management And Control The Fight Between Youth In Making Public Order In The Blora Regency

Group fights criminal acts defined as crimes of violence together as provided for in Article 170 of the Criminal Code. Data from Blora Regency police indicate that a fight between youth always the case in every year in the Blora Regency. This study aims to determine the role of the police in handling and overcoming a fight between youth, barriers and solutions in realizing the public order in Blora. The method used is the juridical sociological, descriptive analytical research specifications. The data used are primary data and secondary data, while the data collection method is field studies and literature. Using data analysis methods of qualitative analysis. The analysis used as knife crime prevention theory, theory and the theory of the role of law enforcement. The results showed that the role of the police in handling and overcoming a fight between youth in realizing the public order in Blora is through the efforts of non penal (preventive) and attempts penal (repressive). Barriers arising in the treatment and prevention of fights between youth to realize the public order in Blora is the number of police personnel limited, the police difficult to present witnesses so that not all the perpetrators can be arrested, the third party to interfere in the settlement of the problem, and the lack of awareness Public.Keywords: Role; National Police; Prevention; Fights Between Youth.

Crime Prevention Strategy Of Terrorism Crime In Indonesia (Case Study In Sukoharjo)

The terror makes rampant and perpetrators do not hesitate to hurt people even from officers and agents of Sukoharjo. This relates to the radical rapidly developing understanding and prevention that does not touch the grass roots. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of terrorism, prevention and radical ideal strategy to prevent terrorism. Juridical sociological research method is the specification of descriptive analytical research. The use of primary and secondary data by the method of collecting data through field studies and literature. Data analysis method used is qualitative analysis. Knives used analysis of development policy theory of criminal law, Theory of Rule of Law and Theory of Crime Prevention. The results of the study authors found the spread of radical terrorism as the entry of digital information technology so as to further spread of radical terrorists massively, Political Typology Limited was listed on terrorism, that terrorism is politics that characterized the approach of a revolutionary group, the motivation which are political or ideological. Formulation radical prevention of terrorism using national preparedness, counter-radicalization and de-radicalization. Ideal strategy terrorism prevention policies that have been implemented with the involvement of the institutions, the private sector and community groups whose influence on terrorism.Keywords: Strategy; Prevention; Terrorism; Sukoharjo.

Review of Physical Planning Aspect of Gated Community Developments

The Gated Community housing concept has enjoyed increasing popularity in recent years in Malaysia, especially in urban areas. This has, however, given rise to various contentious issues relating to the physical planning of gated community housing where such development has not been properly controlled, and where designated standards of planning are not observed. This study is a review based on case studies aimed at examining significant issues that arise in the physical planning of gated community housing. The findings identify such issues as facilities, accessibility, townscape changes and permeability to non-residents. Other problems that arise include conflicts with local authorities, compatibility of guardhouses and physical barriers with existing guidelines, and friction between residents of the community with those from adjacent areas. This study examines how applying the theories of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) in the orderly development of gated communities might achieve a high level of physical security and better understanding among residents in the community.

The Theoretical and Methodological Basis of Criminology of the Future

The goal of this paper is to show how criminology can align its development prospects as a theory of crime prevention and counteraction with the fate of the country, with its near and distant future. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to work out, on the one hand, a correct definition of its object, theoretical and practical methodology and, on the other hand, the subject field of competencies acceptable for the society and the state. The future of criminology lies not only in meeting the challenges of today and tomorrow, but also in implementing new prospective directions for its development, in a better definition and description of some expectations, in predicting the achievement of possibly not final, but at least distant results when working out its theoretical and practical clauses and in developing «Criminology» as a theory of preventing and counteracting crimes, because its scope will be understood to be much wider and deeper than in the classical version still dominant today. It is necessary to increase professional attention as the forms and scale of crimes have changed greatly recently, and they do not in fact fit the traditional criminal law sphere because they develop according to their own logic and, in many aspects, beyond the competencies of contemporary criminology. It is claimed that in the last decades the spheres of influence for criminals have increased because of the political, environmental and banking lawlessness all over the world, including in our country, as it has coalesced with the authorities and occupied everything that it deemed to be interesting and useful and, thus, outlined a new rather wide subject field for criminology. In this connection, it is necessary to develop a criminology of the future. It includes not only the development of the theory of criminology proper, but, primarily, the implementation of the lifestyle principles, of building and providing for a life based on lawful behavior through the development of individual, public and universal, cosmically sanctified, consciousness. This approach to determining the future of criminology is considered by the author to be more adequate and dignified in the existing circumstances than «crawling away» into the essentially criminal «professional doghouse» disguised as a new doctrine of criminology.

Why internet users’ perceptions of viewing child exploitation material matter for prevention policies

There are claims that the societal appetite for ‘child exploitation material’ is increasing. Yet, Australia’s policy response does not include initiatives to dissuade potential offenders from deliberately viewing child exploitation material for the first time (onset). To critically examine this issue, this paper draws on Situational Crime Prevention theory. It argues that (a) many first-time child exploitation material viewers fit the Situational Crime Prevention construct of the Opportunistic Offender and (b) suggests that current policy overlooks the kinds of non-instrumental factors that increase the risk of onset for this group, including doubts about the criminality and harmfulness of viewing child exploitation material. The paper then empirically examines social attitudes to child exploitation material viewing by presenting the findings of a survey of 504 Australian internet users. Results indicate that a sizeable minority of the participants were: unaware that it is a crime to view certain types of child exploitation material in Australia; and held doubts about the harmfulness of viewing child exploitation material. These findings are used to reflect on how the presence of these non-instrumental factors among ordinary internet users may affect the offending readiness of the Opportunistic Offender. Policy implications are then briefly discussed.

Identification of subgroups of terror attacks with shared characteristics for the purpose of preventing mass-casualty attacks: a data-mining approach

Security and intelligence agencies around the world invest considerable resources in preventing terrorist attacks, as these may cause strategic damage, national demoralization, infringement of sovereignty, and government instability. Recently, data-mining techniques have evolved to allow identification of patterns and associations in criminal data that were not apparent using traditional analysis. The aim of this paper is to illustrate how to use interpretable classification algorithms to identify subgroups (“patterns”) of terrorist incidents that share common characteristics and that result in mass fatalities. This approach can produce insights far beyond those of conventional macro-level studies that use hypothesis-testing and regression models. In addition to this methodological contribution, from a practical perspective, exploring the characteristics identified in the “patterns” can lead to prevention strategies, such as alteration of the physical or systemic environment. This is in line with situational crime prevention (SCP) theory. We apply our methodology to the Global Terrorism Database (GTD). We present three examples in which terror attacks that are described by a particular pattern (set of characteristics) resulted in a high probability of mass casualties, while attacks that differ in just one of these characteristics (i.e., month of attack, geographical area targeted, or type of attack) resulted in far fewer casualties. We propose exploration of the differentiating characteristic as a means of reducing the probability of mass-fatality terrorist incidents.

Creating Secured Residential Places: Conflicting Design Elements of Natural Surveillance, Access Control and Territoriality

Territoriality, natural surveillance and accesses control are the preeminent strategies of most place-based crime prevention theories and practices. They have been extensively applied as non-detachable part of defensible space and Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED). Even though, a large body of knowledge confirms the effectiveness of these three strategies in preventing residential burglaries, yet, they frequently diminish each other’s effect. Besides, there are divergent views about their implementation, which often brings about contradictory designs and planning decisions, all of which have left architects and planners with a state of ambiguity on hiring felicitous physical elements which prevent burglaries. Hence, the current paper aims to find the design elements of the CPTED strategies which are in conflict in creating security. The study employs the qualitative method of systematically reviewing and critically analysing the literature on the subject. Conjointly, the physical features and design elements of natural surveillance, access control, and territoriality are extracted from the evidence in the literature. The results of the analysis show that the design elements of natural surveillance and access control are more recognized and employed since they are easier to understand as compared to territoriality. Furthermore, it was found that some of the physical elements of access control territoriality conflict with surveillance design elements or diminish the effects of natural surveillance on burglary prevention. Conversely, the social aspects of territoriality design strengthen the effects of natural surveillance. Therefore, the study concludes that the burglary prevention design should consider all the strategies simultaneously. Hence, it is recommended to combine the physical aspects of natural surveillance and access control with the social aspects of territoriality for successful burglary prevention. This study contributes to the body of knowledge related to CPED by shedding light on the deployment of its main strategies without conflict in their effects. However, there is a need for furthered evidence of the design elements of natural surveillance, access control, and territoriality. Only a thorough examination and comparison of the impacts of their design elements on a residential burglary in a single context could further confirm the literature findings of the present study.

Blockchain Security: Situational Crime Prevention Theory and Distributed Cyber Systems

The authors laid the groundwork for analyzing the crypto-economic incentives of interconnected blockchain networks and utilize situational crime prevention theory to explain how more secure systems can be developed. Blockchain networks utilize smaller blockchains (often called sidechains) to increase throughput in larger networks. Identified are several disadvantages to using sidechains that create critical exposures to the assets locked on them. Without security being provided by the mainchain in the form of validated exits, sidechains or statechannels which have a bridge or mainchain asset representations are at significant risk of attack. The inability to have a sufficiently high cost to attack the sidechain while mainchain assets can be withdrawn, along with the disconnect between the integrity of the sidechain and the value of the stolen assets are among the top disadvantages. The current study used a vulnerability analysis and theoretical mathematics based on situational crime prevention theory to highlight the attack vectors and prevention methods for these systems. Much of the analysis can be applied to any distributed system (e.g. blockchain network), particularly any supposedly trustless off-chain component. The equations developed in the current study will hold for any two chains that are bridged and pass value back and forth and provides evidence to suggest a public sidechain is likely not a viable option for scalability due to security concerns. Criminal strategies on blockchain networks in the digital realm are similar to criminal strategies in the physical realm; therefore, the application of criminology can lead to more efficient development and ultimately more effective security protocols.

Blockchain Security: Situational Crime Prevention Theory and Distributed Cyber Systems

Blockchain Security: Situational Crime Prevention Theory and Distributed Cyber Systems