Crime Perspective Research Articles

“It’s not because they’re Gypsy”: Practitioners perspectives of Gypsies, Travellers and Crime and Justice

“It’s not because they’re Gypsy”: Practitioners perspectives of Gypsies, Travellers and Crime and Justice

Judicial expertise and its application to environmental crime in Ecuador

Environmental matters require imminent action by expert assessment to establish responsibilities and define judicial procedures. It is essential to know which factors have a legally relevant influence in determining environmental crime. The objective of the research is to analyze the judicial expertise from the perspective of environmental crime. It is supported by the review and analysis of scientific documents, from specialized databases, with the aim of identifying aspects that allow focusing attention on the need to integrate legal guidelines on environmental crimes that limit the sustainable development of the territories. It is concluded that the existence of a judicial expert opinion leads to the need to mediate, negotiate or settle matters or facts in accordance with the law, where the human being acts as a scientific technician with evidentiary training.

Child maltreatment, low self-control, and delinquent behaviour of early-aged adolescents

Until now, there has been limited research on the specific relationship between exposure to child maltreatment, the development of low self-control and subsequent delinquency among non-western samples from a general theory of crime perspective. To address this research gap, this study explores the role of low self-control as a mediator between exposure to child maltreatment and delinquent behaviour of South Korean children. By using longitudinal data from South Korean children, structural equation modeling was employed to examine this relationship. The results of the analysis indicated that child maltreatment significantly influenced the development of low self-control in children. Also, the findings revealed that low self-control mediated the relationship between child maltreatment and delinquent behaviour. In other words, consistent with the proposition of the general theory of crime, children’s low self-control played a mediating role in the impact of exposure to child maltreatment on their engagement in delinquent behaviour. Based on these findings, the importance of early interventions to prevent child maltreatment and foster the self-control level of children is suggested.

Sweeter than honey: Are Gmail accounts associated with greater rewards at a higher risk of hijacking?

ObjectivesThis study investigates the effect of advertised rewards in credential leaks on the likelihood and speed of account hijacking. MethodsIn an online field experiment, we created 176 honey Gmail accounts and randomly assigned them to eight different posts containing account credential leaks. We used a 2 × 2 experimental design, manipulating two key variables within the post titles: the number of accounts (5 K or 1.5 M) and the promise of access to additional platforms (absent or present). We then monitored the accounts for any subsequent activity. ResultsOur findings indicate that the promise of access to additional platforms increased the likelihood and speed of an attempted access. Only 12 accounts were fully accessed, however, because most hijackers did not complete the second-factor authentication (2FA) process required for gaining full access. It seems that the 2FA acted as a deterrent to complete Gmail account hijacking. ConclusionsThe study aligns with the rational choice perspective of crime, showing that the prospect of greater rewards leads to more attempted account accesses. Pre-registrationhttps://osf.io/9y26z.

A Discussion on the Arrest Warrant on Russian Personals: From the Jurisdiction and Alleged Crime Perspective

This article sorts out the current situation of International Criminal Court investigation of situation in Ukraine, and based on latest developments, it discusses and studies the international criminal law issues involved in arrest warrant issued by Pre-Trial Chamber, mainly including court jurisdiction and its scope, connotation of alleged crime and its application in this case. This study mainly uses the method of literature research and also cites the conference rebroadcast video material on the official account. After the research, the paper summarizes the information about the status quo and makes comments on the decision of the current situation.

Using Geographically Weighted Regression to Explore County Subdivision Level Predictors of Drug Overdose Death in Connecticut, U.S.

Deaths caused by drug overdoses have increased significantly over the past 2 decades in the U.S, becoming a public health concern. Existing empirical evidence examining the spatial association between the contextual correlates and drug overdose death rates, however, remains limited and ambiguous. Additionally, death caused by drug overdose is a multi-disciplinary issue and requires a correspondingly multifaceted and multidisciplinary approach, but there has been little research to date in the U.S. focusing on risk factors of drug overdose deaths from a crime perspective. This paper uses geographically weighted regression to examine the relationship between drug overdose death rates and contextual characteristics at the county subdivision level in the State of Connecticut. The results show that explanatory variables, such as gender, education, poverty, housing, and racial/ethnic diversity, are associated with drug overdose death rates in the state. Most importantly, the association between drug overdose death rates and all explanatory variables in our analysis significantly varied over space, highlighting the need for local and context-specific drug overdose prevention and intervention programs. In addition, this research enables health practitioners, policy makers, and police to gain a better understanding of the geography of drug overdose victimization and efficiently allocate resources to battle drug overdose deaths.

Towards cyber-biosecurity by design: an experimental approach to Internet-of-Medical-Things design and development

The introduction of the internet and the proliferation of internet-connected devices (IoT) enabled knowledge sharing, connectivity and global communications. At the same time, these technologies generated a crime harvest as security was overlooked. The Internet-of-Medical-Things (IoMT) generates biological information and is transforming healthcare through the introduction of internet-connected medical-grade devices that are integrated with wider-scale health networks to improve patients’ health. Many innovative ideas arise from academia; however, there is a lack of support in medical device regulation. The implementation of the current regulatory framework is limited to security risk assessment and guidance. Unfortunately, premarket risk-management requirements of current regulation do not include crime risks and a more predictive approach could help fill this gap. Crime science, or the perspective of crime as an event that can be influenced directly by its immediate environment, may encourage the biotechnology industry to design-in security and crime out. In this article, I provide a point of view of an early career researcher and medical device developer navigating the medical device regulatory pathway for the first time. I narrow the focus of this article to an assessment that is specific to current UK provisions and acknowledge the limited scope. In response to the ongoing changes in the current regulatory framework of the UK, I propose a new secure by design mechanism that can be employed by early career developers earlier in the development process of a product. Such a model can be used to systematically consider security design in devices and to understand and address potential crime risks ahead of their widespread use.

Family incarceration and prison adaptation: Investigating the impact of family incarceration history on prison misconduct

The intergenerational transmission of crime (ITC) perspective suggests that children of those who engage in crime are more likely to end up offending themselves. Specifically, they are more likely to engage in crime, be arrested, and be incarcerated compared to children of parents without a criminal record. What remains unclear is the effect parental offending has on the prison.experience of their offspring who are incarcerated. Additionally, the impact of sibling incarceration on one's incarceration experiences has not been examined. Drawing on the ITC framework, rule breaking behavior may extend to the prison context. Indeed, the few studies that have examined this relationship find that incarcerated persons who have a family incarceration history are more likely to have rule violations, which suggests family history may be a risk factor for misconduct. To investigate, the current study uses coarsened exact matching and data from the Survey of Prison Inmates to examine the misconduct of incarcerated persons with and without a family history of incarceration net of the effects of other covariates. After matching, results indicate that there is no statistically significant differences in misconduct between those with no family history of incarceration compared to those with a sibling or a parent who has been incarcerated.

Assessing the Impact of the Economic Structure and Ecological Consequences on the Distribution of Illegal Hunting against Terrestrial Species

ABSTRACT Illegal hunting threatens conservation, but little research has explored structural correlates of illegal hunting trends. The leading theoretical understanding of illegal hunting is from a situational crime perspective. These situational and individual studies provide vital information on the decision-making of a wildlife offender and help improve enforcement strategies. However, correlates explaining the concentration of illegal hunting across multiple locations has yet to be explored. There has not been any criminological development to examine the overall geographical distribution of illegal hunting across a nation, territory, or state. The current study applies a green criminological perspective to analyze how the production institutions of the economy correlates with the trends of illegal hunting of terrestrial species across Texas counties. Results indicate that the treadmill of production does relate to illegal hunting, suggesting that there is conflict between the economy and public over the use of the wilderness.

Ransomware through the lens of state crime: Conceptualizing ransomware groups as cyber proxies, pirates, and privateers

Cybercrime and other cybersecurity harms are gaining increasing political and public attention across many countries. One of the most serious and fastest growing categories of such harms relates to ransomware attacks. Many of the groups responsible for ransomware attacks have come under political pressure in recent years as they have become more aggressive in their methods and targeting. On a geopolitical level, an area attracting increasing interest is the complex relationships between ransomware groups and states, in particular, Russia. This paper introduces the concept of state crime to ransomware groups. Starting with the concept of proxies before turning to the historical examples of privateering and piracy, we focus on the notion of “cyber privateers” to analyze two select ransomware groups—DarkSide and REvil—that are believed to be affiliated with the Russian state. We argue that approaching these ransomware groups as cyber privateers engaged in state crime has the potential to enhance our understanding of how these groups operate. We further posit that a state crime perspective also assists in identifying how ransomware may be countered, highlighting the need for policy responses that are effective even when ransomware groups may be tacitly protected by a state.

State Crime

Cybercrime and other cybersecurity harms are gaining increasing political and public attention across many countries. One of the most serious and fastest growing categories of such harms relates to ransomware attacks. Many of the groups responsible for ransomware attacks have come under political pressure in recent years as they have become more aggressive in their methods and targeting. On a geopolitical level, an area attracting increasing interest is the complex relationships between ransomware groups and states, in particular, Russia. This paper introduces the concept of state crime to ransomware groups. Starting with the concept of proxies before turning to the historical examples of privateering and piracy, we focus on the notion of “cyber privateers” to analyze two select ransomware groups — DarkSide and REvil — that are believed to be affiliated with the Russian state. We argue that approaching these ransomware groups as cyber privateers engaged in state crime has the potential to enhance our understanding of how these groups operate. We further posit that a state crime perspective also assists in identifying how ransomware may be countered, highlighting the need for policy responses that are effective even when ransomware groups may be tacitly protected by a state.

The organization of the human organ trade: a comparative crime script analysis

This study fills critical knowledge gaps into the organization of organ trade utilizing crime script analysis. Adopting a situational crime prevention approach, this article draws from law enforcement data to compare the crime commission process (activities, cast and locations) of 2 prosecuted organ trade cases: the Medicus case and the Netcare case. Both cases involved transnational criminal networks that performed kidney transplants from living donors. We further present similarities and differences between illegal and legal living donor kidney transplants that may help guide identification and disruption of illegal transplants. Our analysis reveal the similar crime trajectories of both criminal cases, in particular the extensive preparations and high degree of organization that were needed to execute the illegal transplants. Offenders in the illegal transplant schemes utilized the same opportunity structures that facilitate legal transplants, such as transplant units, hospitals and blood banks. Our results indicate that the trade is embedded within the transplant industry and intersects with the transport- and hospitality sector. The transplant industry in the studied cases was particularly found to provide the medical infrastructure needed to facilitate and sustain organ trade. When compared to legal transplants, the studied illegal transplant scripts reveal a wider diversity in recruitment tactics and concealment strategies and a higher diversity in locations for the pre-operative work-up of donors and recipients. The results suggest the need for a broader conceptualization of the organ trade that incorporates both organized crime and white collar crime perspectives.

Pendanaan Kampanye Pemilihan Kepala Daerah oleh Negara dalam Perspektif Kejahatan Korporasi

This study aimed to analyze regional head election campaigns as a form of implementing democracy and regional head election campaign funds from the perspective of corporate crime. This study used a type of normative juridical research with a conceptual approach, statutory approach, and historical approach. Source of data used in the form of secondary legal materials. Data analysis used a qualitative descriptive technique. The study results showed that the regional head election campaign aimed to bring the community closer to the dynamics of democracy. The General Election Commission could facilitate regional head election campaign activities at the Provincial and Regency/City levels. The government's policy regarding funding campaigns for pairs of regional head candidates using the Regional Expenditure Budget in Article 65 paragraph (2) of the Regional Head Election Law was an irrelevant action. It could be categorized as the state has committed a covert corporate crime.

Criminogenic Dynamics of the Construction Industry: A State-Corporate Crime Perspective

Construction industries provide significant opportunities for criminal and harmful processes to occur, including fraud, tax evasion, poor health and safety, and underpayment of workers. Building on previous work from the state-corporate crime agenda, this article places industry at the forefront of discussion, by examining how “criminogenic industry structures” emerge in construction work. The article refers to the key instances of worker blacklisting and “umbrella company” tax fraud, situating them within broader discussions on systemic processes that enable state-corporate harm to develop. This paper contributes to the state-corporate crime agenda by demonstrating how discussions on criminogenic industry structures provide critical links between organizational processes and broader political-economic dynamics, which is crucial for developing a criminological discourse.

Criminal psychology trend prediction based on deep learning algorithm and three-dimensional convolutional neural network

In the modern era, the empirical analysis of countermeasures against crime has developed rapidly from the perspective of crime causes. The concept of punishment based on preventionism has been vigorously developed. We aimed to apply the principle of convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm in deep learning to frame a crime prediction model in three-dimensional CNN (3D CNN) for representative driver behaviours offenses. Results indicated that the 3D CNN prediction model predicted road traffic offences through the detection of five driver offender behaviours with an accuracy rate of 96%. The prediction model we propose appears to hold great prospects for driver offender behaviour trending and to provide a reference for future studies on crime prevention.

A Community Area Perspective of Real Estate and Crime in Chicago

This paper examines the relationships between crime-types and property values in the community areas of Chicago. Using a variety of unconventional web-based data sources, the authors use correlations, mapping, and regression analyses to find that while crime generally associates negatively with property values, not all crime-types have similar effects. Lower incidence of violent crimes and sex offenders in neighborhoods can have pronounced positive impacts on property values whereas certain types of property crimes gravitate toward neighborhoods with expensive homes. Further, crime rates may be similar or even higher than those in cheaper/disadvantaged areas. These types of offenses do not necessarily follow the price-dropping effect like other crime-types do on housing values. However, property crimes such as thefts do not follow this trend. They, thus, recommend that property crime alone should not be a factor when making decisions concerning home buying and/or where to live.

The poverty business: landlords, illicit practices and reproduction of disadvantaged neighbourhoods in Czechia

This paper is guided by the question: How do illicit practices of organized groups contribute to the formation and reproduction of disadvantaged neighbourhoods in Czechia? By asking this question we depart from the dominant understanding of disadvantaged neighbourhoods in the study of organized crime. Instead of seeing them as “breeding grounds of organized crime”, it is explored how regular neighbourhoods can decline as a result of illicit practices carried out by certain organized groups. The context of the paper is the so-called “poverty business”, which refers to the renting of overpriced, substandard housing, financed considerably using housing benefits and thus exploiting the housing need of vulnerable social groups, namely Roma. Using the literature on Roma marginalization and illicit housing practices, an analytical framework that consists of the concepts of speculation, exploitation and liquidation is created and applied to two cases of disadvantaged neighbourhoods: “the Hostel” in Brno and “the Neighbourhood” in Litvínov. In conclusion, the adequacy of the organized crime perspective is critically discussed and the need for further research articulated.

Načelo zakonitosti i suđenje za zločin protiv čovečnosti u Bosni i Hercegovini

The paper deals with the principle of legality from the perspective of crime against humanity proceedings in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). During the armed conflict in BiH many war crimes were committed, among all others, a lot of crimes against humanity. In the time when the crimes were committed, a crime against humanity was not prescribed by the in effect criminal code. Despite that fact, criminal courts in BiH convicted numerous offenders for crimes against humanity on the basis of its prescription in international law. That led the author to the question: what was the path of crime against humanity proceedings in BiH? In the first part of the paper, the author gives an overview on the matter of jurisdiction for crime against humanity in BiH and position of principle of legality in the BiH legal system. That part also contains the insight into the main characteristics of the principle of legality's understanding in different legal traditions, but also the insight into this principle understanding in the international (criminal) law. In the second part, the author analyses Court of BiH's judgments in order to find out what was the source of law used by this court for its crime against humanity convictions. Thereafter, the author analyses Constitutional Court of BiH's decisions related to the alleged breach of BH Constitution and ECHR in relation to the principle of legality regarding crime against humanity proceedings. At the end, the paper gives the overview of ECtHR case law related to the crime against humanity proceedings in BiH - Šimšić v. BiH and Maktouf and Damjanović v. BiH cases. In the last part, the author, taking into consideration understanding the principle of legality in BiH legal tradition, presents the main conceptual problems that were raised from the crime against humanity proceedings in BiH.

Criminogenic Dynamics of the Construction Industry: A State-Corporate Crime Perspective

Construction industries provide significant opportunities for criminal and harmful processes to occur, including fraud, tax evasion, poor health and safety, and underpayment of workers. Building on previous work from the state-corporate crime agenda, this article places industry at the forefront of discussion, by examining how “criminogenic industry structures” emerge in construction work. The article refers to the key instances of worker blacklisting and “umbrella company” tax fraud, situating them within broader discussions on systemic processes that enable state-corporate harm to develop. This paper contributes to the state-corporate crime agenda by demonstrating how discussions on criminogenic industry structures provide critical links between organizational processes and broader political-economic dynamics, which is crucial for developing a criminological discourse.

TINDAK KEJAHATAN CYBER CRIME DALAM PERSPEKTIF FIKIH JINAYAH

Technological progress is an inevitable growth along with the progress of human civilization to make humans integrate without space and time limit in cyberspace, but this technological progress is boarded by people who are not responsible for committing crimes in cyberspace termed cyber crime, then this paper tries to discuss cyber crime from the perspective of Jurisprudence. The main problem in this article is how the jurisprudence perspective of cyber crime, from here the authors formulate a sub-issue namely how the terminology of cyber crime according to jurisprudence jinayah. The method used in this article is descriptive qualitative, sourced from fiqh books and books related to the topics discussed in this article with the method of collecting data using literature studies.The author's findings in this article, that the current form of cyber crime is not spared from jinayah fiqh studies because even though cyber crime is a new crime model, but it has similarities with the cases discussed in jurisprudence, one of the cyber crime crimes is hacking (stealing data) or breaking into an ATM is the same as Syariqah (stealing) only that distinguishes it is the way to do it, so if Syariqah is done in the real world while cyber crime is done in cyberspace. For more details, please look at the next discussion.