Occurrence Of Crime Research Articles

Diplomatic Agents' Privileges and Immunities

This research examines the extent of diplomatic immunity, specifically in cases where a diplomat commits a criminal offense. This situation raises concerns as it contradicts the fundamental principles upon which diplomatic relations between countries are established, namely, the promotion of economic, social, and cultural ties. The occurrence of such crimes committed by a diplomatic agent undermines the very purpose of fostering these relations. This issue necessitates an investigation into the fundamental characteristics and attributes of diplomatic immunity. It has been observed in global conventions and customary international law that states generally do not relinquish the immunity of their diplomatic representatives, unless the diplomat engages in a non-task-related criminal act, thereby permitting prosecution within the host state's jurisdiction.

Crime mapping and hot spot analysis using geospatial data in Jalingo metropolis of Taraba State, Nigeria

Crime mapping and hot spot analysis are topical and significant research across the fields of criminology, data digging, city planning and law enforcement for crime control. This study seeks to identify high crime areas which require an officer presence and predicting the possible response demand to increase the efficiency of response officer patrols. Crime type and patterns exist on a spatial level; these patterns and type can be grouped geographically by physical location, and analyzed contextually based on the region in which crime occurs. The study aimed at analyzing crime hotspots using geospatial data in Jalingo metropolis by identifying the different kinds of crime in the study area, determine the spatio-temporal variation of crime occurrences in the study area and determine the high crime density area (hotspot).This study proposed a method to identifying level crime, localize crime hotspots, identify relationship between spatiotemporal crime patterns and social trends, and analyze the resulting data for the purposes of knowledge discovery and anomaly detection. Several types of crime were analyzed in this dataset, including burglary, bribery, forgery ,murder ,rape ,theft drug abuse, assault, and robbery analysis, several interesting findings were drawn about crime in Jalingo metropolis, including: Crime mapping and hotspots with steadily increasing crime levels, hotspots with unstable crime levels, synchronous changes in crime trends throughout Jalingo metropolis as a whole, individual months in which certain hotspots behaved anomalously, and a strong relationship between crime hotspot locations. This type of statistical and correlative analysis of crime patterns will help law enforcement agencies predict criminal activity, allocate resources, and promote community awareness to reduce overall crime rates in Jalingo metropolis. Policing approaches like patrolling and response to crime incidents can be more effective if proper crime mapping and crime hot spot analysis data are available for policing is used to make decisions on crime control in the study area. Predictive policing in crime management use information such as historical crime data to predict crime patterns and response demand. Historical crime data is used to identify high crime areas through kernel density estimation. It is also used to anticipate the levels of response demand. Both of these factors are used to determine how to direct police patrols. This study revealed how kernel density estimation is used for crime mapping and hot spot.

Analisis Pola Asuh dan Komunikasi Orang Tua pada Remaja Geng Motor Kelurahan Jati Utomo Kota Binjai

Juvenile delinquency occurs along with the development of technology, where their behavior is deviant and violates norms to the occurrence of crime. In this phase, a good role and communication between parents and children is needed because there are many emotional, cognitive and physical changes.This study aims to determine the form of parenting and communication of parents in teenage motorcycle gangs in Jati Utomo Village, North Binjai, North Sumatra and the method used in this study is descriptive qualitative. This research data collection technique uses interviews, observations and literature studies. The subjects of the study were several motorcycle gang members and several neighborhood heads in Jati Utomo Village. The results of this study show that the form of parenting greatly affects the way adolescents get along, as well as the communication built between parents and children which is a guide in determining their social environment. Teenagers make the community formed as a forum that can express themselves and get a very wide scope of friends. While the form of parenting they get from parents is very minimal, ranging from teaching responsibility, mentoring worship problems and solving social life problems they experience Keyword: Parenting, Teen, Motorcycle Gangs

Analisis Pola Asuh dan Komunikasi Orang Tua pada Remaja Geng Motor Kelurahan Jati Utomo Kota Binjai

Juvenile delinquency occurs along with the development of technology, where their behavior is deviant and violates norms to the occurrence of crime. In this phase, a good role and communication between parents and children is needed because there are many emotional, cognitive and physical changes.This study aims to determine the form of parenting and communication of parents in teenage motorcycle gangs in Jati Utomo Village, North Binjai, North Sumatra and the method used in this study is descriptive qualitative. This research data collection technique uses interviews, observations and literature studies. The subjects of the study were several motorcycle gang members and several neighborhood heads in Jati Utomo Village. The results of this study show that the form of parenting greatly affects the way adolescents get along, as well as the communication built between parents and children which is a guide in determining their social environment. Teenagers make the community formed as a forum that can express themselves and get a very wide scope of friends. While the form of parenting they get from parents is very minimal, ranging from teaching responsibility, mentoring worship problems and solving social life problems they experience Keyword: Parenting, Teen, Motorcycle Gangs

National Survey of Victimization: Another Trend-Crime Mapping Tools

The concept of the "dark figure" refers to the discrepancy between the actual occurrence of criminal activities and the quantity of reported incidents received by the criminal justice system, particularly law enforcement agencies. The term "dark figure of crime" pertains to unreported criminal incidents that are not captured inside the criminal justice system. Inclusion of these unreported crimes in official crime statistics would result in a significant amplification of the overall crime figures. To address the disparity between police records, namely police crime statistics, and the actual occurrence of crimes, many regions have initiated efforts to incorporate victims as the focal point of their investigations. In Indonesia, surveys of victims are generally carried out by private groups, and relate to certain types of crimes. The hesitancy exhibited by victims in reporting their experiences might provide challenges for law enforcement officials in their efforts to uphold societal stability. Victim surveys can extend beyond individuals who have directly experienced crime, encompassing tertiary victims (i.e., indirect victims) who harbour concerns about potential victimisation. Victim surveys can also be utilised to examine victims' perspectives within the complex framework of the criminal justice system, particularly in cases involving many victimisation incidents. Keywords: crime, survey, victims

Measuring the Influence of Multiscale Geographic Space on the Heterogeneity of Crime Distribution

Urban crimes are not homogeneously distributed but exhibit spatial heterogeneity across a range of spatial scales. Meanwhile, while geographic space shapes human activities, it is also closely related to multiscale characteristics. Previous studies have explored the influence of underlying geographic space on crime occurrence from the mechanistic perspective, treating geographic space as a collection of points or lines, neglecting the multiscale nature of the spatial heterogeneity of crime and underlying geographic space. Therefore, inspired by the recent concept of “living structure” in geographic information science, this study applied a multiscale analysis method to explore the association between underlying geographic space and crime distribution. Firstly, the multiscale heterogeneity is described while simultaneously considering both the statistical and geometrical characteristics. Then, the spatial association rule mining approach is adopted to quantitatively measure the association between crime occurrence and geographic space at multiple scales. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed methods is evaluated by crime incidents in the city of Philadelphia. Experimental results show that crime heterogeneity is indeed closely related with the spatial scales. It is also proven that the influence of underlying geographic space on crime heterogeneity varies with the spatial scales. This study may enrich the methodology in crime pattern and crime explanation analysis, and it provides useful insights for effective crime prevention.

On Han Fei Tzu’s Thought of Crime Prevention

Crime prevention refers to the active intervention before the occurrence of crimes. Han Fei Tzu, a legalist during the pre-Qin period, viewed the suppression of criminal motives as the core of crime prevention, and brought out a series of measures to prevent crimes. In this paper, the author summarized his thoughts on crime prevention by analyzing his views on human nature, the causes of crimes, and crime prevention.

Occurrence City, Bangladesh of Street Crimes in Dhaka

This research looks on the complex relationship between spatial planning aspects and the prevalence of street-level criminal activity in Dhaka. The study investigates the relationship between the built environment and street crime by conducting a thorough examination of elements such as street layout, illumination, land use, and population density. This study gives a nuanced viewpoint by employing a mixed-methods approach that includes a survey of 400 inhabitants and a series of in-depth interviews with urban planners, architects, and law enforcement officials. The data show a strong link between spatial planning components and the occurrence of street crime in Dhaka. Poorly planned thoroughfares and inadequate illumination, in particular, emerge as key causes to these incidents. This study proposes a proactive agenda for urban designers and policymakers as a key takeaway: the importance of properly built urban places with appropriate illumination. The report believes that by doing so, Dhaka City may make considerable advances in reducing street-level criminal activity.

Moving Towards More Inclusive Definitions of Femicide: Intersectionality and Marginalised Identities

Femicide violence has long been invisible. Drawing on feminist scholarship, this article will discuss existing definitions of femicide that have been key to its recognition as a distinct phenomenon. However, the notion of patriarchy these definitions build upon is not enough to explain the occurrence of such crime causing these definitions to fall into the trap of essentialism. Femicide is the result of multiple intersecting systems of oppression, including race, class, sexuality, disability, and soforth which shape women’s’ experiences in a wide variety of ways. Considering this, the theoretical framework of intersectionality is fundamental to expand definitions of femicide as it recognises that women’s experiences cannot be categorised under the same umbrella, as there exist differences between them. Moreover, because there is a need to move towards more inclusive definitions, such an approach may successfully go beyond the traditional biological sex-based man/woman heteronormative binary. This binary contributes to the marginalisation of identities that are less visible, such as those of transgender women.

Using Street View Images to Examine the Impact of Built Environment on Street Property Crimes in the Old District of CA City, China

Property crimes on the street are common in cities, posing a certain threat to people’s daily life safety and social stability. Therefore, it is essential to analyze the characteristics and spatial patterns of street property crimes in the built environment to make cities safe. Based on environmental criminological theories, this study takes the MC old district in CA City as a case study and uses a negative binomial regression model to analyze the influencing factors of street property crimes in different periods. The results show the temporal and spatial differentiation in street property crimes. In terms of time, the number of crime cases presents the features of “three peaks and two troughs.” In terms of space, crime cases show spatial clustering patterns, mainly concentrated in the commercial and prosperous areas where the main roads of the city are located. During the whole day, openness, banks, bars, and restaurants have a significant positive effect on crime occurrence; closeness, police cameras, grocery stores, and distance to the nearest police patrol station had a significant negative effect on crime occurrence. There are two explanations for the positive and negative correlations of some environmental variables with a crime before dawn, daytime, and nighttime. This study explored the spatial-temporal distribution and factors that influence the old district street property crimes by extracting physical environmental characteristics from street view images using deep learning algorithms and providing a reference base for police departments to prevent and combat crime.

독일의 예방적 경찰활동과 비례원칙 법리 전개에 관한 연구

Counter-terrorism has emerged as a globally significant security issue as we entered the 21st century. Consequently, in various countries, beyond the fundamental role of the police in criminal investigations, there has been an emphasis on proactive activities to prevent the occurrence of large-scale crimes like terrorism. Preventive policing signifies actions taken to detect the causes or early signs of terrorist activities and respond before they occur. The primary aim is to intercept potential threats or preparations for terrorist activities beforehand. Such actions involve stages of information collection, analysis, and pre-emptive response. During the information collection phase, data related to terrorism is gathered through various means, including the activities of terrorist organizations, preparation statuses for terrorist attacks, and movement and communication of terrorists. The acquired information is evaluated from multiple perspectives during the analysis phase to determine the level and immediacy of specific threats. In the pre-emptive response phase, concrete countermeasures are planned and executed based on the analyzed information. Throughout this process, preventive policing must take into account legal, social, and political constraints.
 While preventive policing for counter-terrorism is a vital method to ensure the safety of nations and their citizens, it also poses risks to fundamental human rights and personal privacy. Hence, such activities should be conducted under the principles of transparency, accountability, and proportionality.

A REVIEW OF CHILDREN'S ILLEGAL RACING BASED ON LAW NO. 22 OF 2009 CONCERNING ROAD TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION

Background. The occurrence of illegal racing crime is caused by poor self-control of children and also weakening social control due to lack of family supervision, environment, school, and law enforcement to carry out their control functions. The study aimed to identify the chronology and illegal motorcycle street racing area that became a favorite place where illegal racers held in Ploso Kertosono Nganjuk and the surrounding area. Research Method. This research is considered as a field research or case study. It is used descriptive analysis method and the type of research is qualitative research. The data collection procedures of this study were observation, interviews, and documentation. The primary sources included interviewing illegal riders, the society around the illegal street racing area, and police officers from the county police of Nganjuk. The secondary data were collected from books, journals, and documents. The research analyzed from Ius Constitutum included No. 22 of 2009 about Indonesian traffic law. Findings. This research results more on the chronology and describes the flow of illegal races that are so popular with children in the Ploso Kertosono Nganjuk road area and its surroundings in Nganjuk Regency and is continued with an analysis in terms of Positive Law in the form of Law No. 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation. The final result is the absolute truth of Positive Law in analyzing illegal racing under applicable laws and regulations. Conclusion. The concept of Ius Constitutum analyzes illegal motorcycle street racing according to the applicable laws and regulations.

Location Optimization of Emergency Bell Based on Coverage Analysis for Crime Prevention

Typically, emergency bells are security facilities that, when activated, trigger an alarm and immediately dispatch a police car to prevent crime. However, there currently exists an ambiguity in the criteria for emergency bell installation. Consequently, this study aims to find an optimal location for emergency bells whilst considering several factors like cumulative crime incidents. In particular, we exploited emergency bell location data, data on five major crimes, and the geographic information of administrative dongs (primary division of districts) in this study. Specifically, we performed correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and K-means clustering for exploratory data analysis. To effectively cover all 17,437 crimes, which are not covered by the existing emergency bells in Gwangju metropolitan city from 2018 to 2021, the results from the implementation of the emergency bell location set-covering problem revealed the need for about 6228 emergency bells. More precisely, the emergency bell maximal covering location problem was employed to derive the coverage percentage for 250, 500, 800, 1000, and 1500 emergency bells. The results showed that 2850 emergency bells were required to cover over 80% of crime occurrence coordinates, saving over half of the budget compared with covering them all. Overall, this study is noteworthy in its potential role as a roadmap for the optimal placement of emergency bells for future crime prevention.

Four Digital Electronic Combination Key Using A 74HCT688 Comparator IC Accompanied with An Alarm as A Security

The development of science and technology is increasingly useful and has a positive impact on providing convenience in all areas of human life, so that various tools, books, information, facilities and others are increasingly new and developing more rapidly. In addition, the development of science and technology also has a negative or detrimental effect on human life, namely the occurrence of various rampant crimes, acts of theft, robbery, bank break-ins that often occur everywhere, for this the key role as a security device becomes very important. Various forms of locks are widely used, both mechanical and electronic, compared to electronic locks, mechanical locks are felt to be less secure for use as door security, a four-digit digital electronic combination lock is designed using a comparator IC 74HCT688 accompanied by an alarm as a door guard

Analisis Pola Asuh dan Komunikasi Orang Tua pada Remaja Geng Motor Kelurahan Jati Utomo Kota Binjai

Juvenile delinquency occurs along with the development of technology, where their behavior is deviant and violates norms to the occurrence of crime. In this phase, a good role and communication between parents and children is needed because there are many emotional, cognitive and physical changes.This study aims to determine the form of parenting and communication of parents in teenage motorcycle gangs in Jati Utomo Village, North Binjai, North Sumatra and the method used in this study is descriptive qualitative. This research data collection technique uses interviews, observations and literature studies. The subjects of the study were several motorcycle gang members and several neighborhood heads in Jati Utomo Village. The results of this study show that the form of parenting greatly affects the way adolescents get along, as well as the communication built between parents and children which is a guide in determining their social environment. Teenagers make the community formed as a forum that can express themselves and get a very wide scope of friends. While the form of parenting they get from parents is very minimal, ranging from teaching responsibility, mentoring worship problems and solving social life problems they experience

PERANCANGAN KUNCI PINTU RUMAH OTOMATIS MENGGUNAKAN E-KTP BERBASIS ARDUINO

Currently, cases of theft are still relatively high, because of this, tools or door locks with a more sophisticated security system are needed, such as the use of an e-KTP system. The door of the house is the main access to enter the house, but the security system at home used today is still relatively common and very vulnerable to theft or robbery. It is also very dangerous for the life of the home owner in the event of theft. So it takes a high level of security system to open or enter the door of the house. A system that can be implemented to improve security is one of them is a microcontroller-based electronic circuit system, this system makes it possible to design a home entrance security system with RFID to read e-KTP codes and manual passwords based on Arduino Mega 2560 and Arduino Nano. This system is designed with ±5V DC power supply, LCD, RFID, LED and ±12V DC solenoids. Arduino Mega 2560 and Arduino Nano as microcontrollers and solenoids and LCD as their outputs. Based on the test results, it can be concluded that the designed door security system works well and works optimally. With the help of a system that is made to open the door of the house automatically with RFID which reads the ID contained in the registered e-KTP or password, so as to minimize the occurrence of crime, especially cases of theft and burglary at the door of the house.

A Study of the Causal Factors of Animal Crimes in Malaysia

This research paper investigates the numerous factors influencing the occurrence of animal crimes in Malaysia. Through a thorough examination of literature, the study aims to uncover the underlying causes behind the prevalent animal-related offenses in the country. The findings reveal that several key factors contribute to this issue, including a lack of awareness regarding animal welfare, inadequate enforcement of animal protection laws, and cultural attitudes that diminish the value of animals. To tackle this problem effectively, the study proposes a range of potential solutions. These include raising public awareness about animal welfare, enhancing the enforcement of existing animal protection laws, and fostering a cultural shift that recognizes and respects the intrinsic worth of animals. One crucial aspect of this study is its revelation that animal crimes are not haphazard acts, but rather, they are deeply rooted in social and cultural influences. By pinpointing these contributing factors and offering practical remedies, this research holds significant importance as it can guide policy-making and direct actions to mitigate animal crimes in Malaysia effectively.

Analisis Perbandingan Kinerja Root Explorer Dan Oxygen Forensic Detective Pada Forensic Digital

Rapid information and communication technology has a positive impact in the form of speed and ease of obtaining information and data by using an Android-based smartphone. But, on the other hand, it also has a negative impact in the form of cybercrime. This study aims to raise evidence of digital data and information in identifying pornographic crime cases using the Tantan app. The forensics analysis process in this study uses the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) method and 1 forensic tool, namely Oxygen Forensics Detective. The research scenario is the occurrence of pornography crimes. The research scenario is the occurrence of pornography crimes. This research succeeded in finding evidence in the form of photographs, videos, music, contacts, and chats. Testing using the Oxygen Forensic Detective tool, where the data taken on the Android pad uses the help of the Root Explorer application

Forecasting the influx of crime cases using seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average model

Crime constitutes a profound challenge to the societal fabric of a nation and often finds its roots in factors such as avarice, destitution, and economic adversity. This study endeavors to proactively address the issue of crime through the employment of a crime forecasting model, aimed at uncovering latent correlations and underlying patterns. Specifically, it employs the Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model to project the future incidence of criminal cases. The research objectives encompass forecasting crime case numbers through time series analysis, appraising the statistical significance of monthly crime occurrences, and assessing the crime dataset utilizing the MATLAB Econometric Modeler. Leveraging historical crime data spanning from January 2018 to December 2021, sourced from nineteen municipalities in Negros Occidental, Philippines, forms the basis for crime case forecasting. An autoregressive test is applied to ascertain the acceptable confidence interval and goodness of fit for crime occurrences. Furthermore, MATLAB Econometric Modeler employs the Ljung-Box test to differentiate between stationary and non-stationary time series and residual crime cases. Notably, the study reveals a significant cyclic pattern in crime cases occurring every 20 months, underscoring the imperative for targeted crime prevention interventions. This study underscores the necessity for consistent and robust law enforcement measures by local government units across the nineteen municipalities in Negros Occidental, focusing on the five identified categories of criminal cases. It is recommended that these measures be implemented diligently to mitigate crime occurrences in the subsequent twenty-first month. Moreover, the study holds potential for extension to regions grappling with elevated crime rates due to inadequate control strategies in place.

The Effect of the Kumamoto Earthquakes on the Increase of Burglaries

Although the overall crime rate of an area decreases after a major disaster, the occurrence of some types of crime may increase. This may be explained by the routine activity theory, which suggests that the absence of a capable guardian and other factors induce occurrence of crime, such as when houses become temporarily unoccupied due to the evacuation of disaster victims and absence of competent guards. This study used interference analysis to investigate whether the aftermath of the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan, temporarily increased the number of burglaries in the affected areas. Specifically, we examined whether the number of recognized burglaries temporarily increased after the earthquakes by dividing the land in Kumamoto Prefecture into two areas: one with severe earthquake damage and the other with minor damage. Results demonstrated an increase in the number of burglaries in the severely damaged areas in April and May 2016. The impact of the earthquakes was significant in April, but decreased notably in May. Contrastingly, the number of burglaries remained unchanged in areas with minor earthquake damage. Therefore, a correlation was found between the severe damage caused by the earthquakes and the transient increase in the number of burglaries.