Crime In City Research Articles

The relationship between social order and crime in Nottingham, England

AbstractStudies of organized crime in cities have traditionally concentrated on the global south or ethnic enclaves and traditional mafia territories within the global north. Here this study turns its attention to governance-type organized crime in the English city of Nottingham, where the main protagonists are white and British born. It investigates whether such a gang can govern communities by reducing ordinary crimes. We conduct in-depth interviews with local officials and analyze a novel dataset of the public’s phone calls to the Nottingham police from 2012 to 2019, encompassing spatio-temporal information and police-labeled crime types. We identify Nottingham’s ward of Bestwood as the site of an entrenched, governance-type organized crime group, whereas its most similar ward, Bulwell, is not. Further comparative analyses indicate that certain ordinary crime rates are significantly lower in Bestwood than in Bulwell. We conclude that governance-type organized crime can emerge in a country with a high capacity to police and in a nonimmigrant, less affluent community. Our findings suggest that traditional explanations of the emergence of criminal governance in cities need to be revisited.

Spatial analyses of crime in a host city: contextualizing current crime for future mega-event delivery in Los Angeles

ABSTRACT Winning the bid to host the Olympic Games and other large events offers host cities opportunities such as exposure, status, and tourism. However, hosting the events also include negative externalities impacting the local community and businesses. We examine the spatial distribution of crime in Los Angeles to expand upon the existing literature and corresponding theories that examine the relationship between crime and event sport tourism, as well as offer an applicable analysis of crime that can be used by future mega-event host cities to identify spaces potentially vulnerable to criminal activity. Spatial analysis of the incidents’ data was based on GIS embedded machine-learning analyses and a hot-spot statistical examination. Both analyses demonstrated a concentration of criminal incidents across different types in downtown Los Angeles and clusters of crimes in other areas of the city, some of which are near other venues that will be used in future mega-event delivery.

Spatial Analysis for patterns the crime in Al-Najaf City

Spatial Analysis for patterns the crime in Al-Najaf City

Political pressure and information bias in arrests hearings in Mexico city

The initial hearings of the criminal justice system are a space where, when deciding on the legality of detention, the police power to arrest people can be evaluated. This study analyses the control of detention in the criminal justice system of Mexico City based on two dimensions that have an impact on the better or worse protection of the rights of detainees by the police. The first, an informative dimension about the reconstruction of the “facts”, the second, a political-normative dimension derived from the punitive context in which the justice system is questioned for releasing “criminals”. Based on the observation of 776 initial hearings in criminal courts in Mexico City and interviews with judicial officials, we analyze 1. the balance of the information entered regarding detention; and 2. the difference in the result of detention control between priority crimes of public security policy versus other crimes. The results indicate that: a) the facts of a detention are reconstructed with a clear bias towards the views of police and prosecutors; and b) when dealing with crimes that are a priority for the city's crime policies, a detention is less likely to be declared illegality.

How Do Institutional and Technological Innovations Influence the Smart City Governance? Focused on Stakeholder Satisfaction and Crime Rate

Effective institutional and technological development are key to governance in smart cities. This study investigates the fundamental complexities of institutional and technological innovations in smart cities. A city’s innovation capabilities depend significantly on its technology and implementation capacity. This study suggests that institutional and technological innovation serve a role that moderates the relationships between smart city governance, stakeholder satisfaction, and crime rate. Multiple regression models were developed by surveying 496 Pakistani citizens with a questionnaire. Using stakeholders and innovation theories, analyzing the relationships between smart governance, stakeholder satisfaction, and city crime rates reveals a moderating role of institutional and technological innovation. The findings showed that institutional and technological innovations have strengthened the stakeholder satisfaction level while weakening the crime rate in a smart city.

A data‐driven adaptive geospatial hotspot detection approach in smart cities

AbstractHotspot detection from geo‐referenced urban data is critical for smart city research, such as traffic management and policy making. However, the classical clustering or classification approach for hotspot detection mainly aims at identifying “hotspot areas” rather than specific points, and the setting of global parameters such as search bandwidth can lead to inaccurate results when processing multi‐density urban data. In this article, a data‐driven adaptive hotspot detection (AHD) approach based on kernel density analysis is proposed and applied to various spatial objects. The adaptive search bandwidth is automatically calculated depending on the local density. Window detection is used to extract the specific hotspots in AHD, thus realizing a small‐scale characterization of urban hotspots. Through the trajectory data of Harbin City taxis and New York City crime data, Geo‐information Tupu is used to analyze the obtained specific hotspots and verify the effectiveness of AHD, providing new ideas for further research.

An Analysis of the Challenges Encountered by the Cauayan City Crime Laboratory Office in Deoxyribonucleic Acid Testing

DNA profiling is a cornerstone of modern forensic investigation due to its unique ability to identify individuals. This study explored the challenges encountered by the Cauayan City Crime Laboratory Office (CCCLO) in Isabela, Philippines, in conducting Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) analyses. Employing a descriptive qualitative design, data were collected through in-depth interviews with seven CCCLO personnel using purposive sampling. The study conducted from June 2020 to July 20202. Thematic analysis revealed primary challenges to include lack of core DNA analysis equipment, shortage of DNA analysts, and the absence of dedicated DNA laboratory facility. While the CCCLO has implemented strategies such as DNA sample transportation to National Head Quarters-Crime Laboratory Division and limited training initiatives, these measures appear insufficient to address the identified problems. The findings underscore the critical need for enhanced resources and capacity building to optimize DNA analysis capabilities in Philippine crime laboratories.

Areas of Crime in Cities: Case Study of Lithuania

In all countries, cities and their suburbs are the most densely populated areas. They are also the places visited by the largest number of tourists and one-day visitors, who inevitably run the risk of becoming victims of crime. It is, therefore, important, not only at national but also at the international level, to know the structure of urban crime and identify urban areas that differ in terms of their criminogenic situation. This requires a geographical approach and regionalisation based on the quantitative data that can offer it. This paper presents the results of a study using big data regarding violent crime, property crime and infringements against public order registered by the police in 2020 in the territories of three major Lithuanian cities and their suburbs (n = 149,239). Events in open spaces were separately addressed. A series of experiments were carried out using several spatial clustering methods. The automatic zoning procedure method that gave the best statistical results was then tested with different combinations of parameters. In each city, seven types of areas of urban crime were identified. Maps of crime areas (regions) were created for each city. The results of the regionalisation have been interpreted from a socio-geographical point of view and conform with previous sociological urban studies. Seven types of areas of crime have been identified, which are present in all the cities studied and, according to a preliminary assessment, roughly correspond to the socio-demographic and urban zones of each city. The maps of crime areas can be applied for crime prevention planning and communication, real estate valuation, strategic urban development planning and other purposes.

Intangible Identity Theft and Intimate Partner Violence.

While tougher domestic violence laws and protective orders are frequently credited with attenuating intimate partner violence (IPV), one unexplored explanation for this observed reduction is that intimate partner abusers are shifting their abusive behavior to intangible identity theft to thwart legal mechanisms traditionally used to deter IPV. Unlike the monetary motive associated with document identity theft, intangible identity theft is committed by someone with a preexisting grievance against the victim because the theft's primary purpose is to tarnish the victim's reputation. Results from a multilevel analysis show that a woman has a lower probability of being a victim of an intimate rather than nonintimate partner crime in cities with a higher intangible identity theft rate. Such a finding suggests that intangible identity theft may be a form of intimate partner abuse with few adverse consequences for offenders because identity thieves are rarely arrested and prosecuted. Nevertheless, the current study is only preliminary. Further research is needed before our findings and conclusions can be universally accepted.

The Crimes Accompanying Rapid Urbanisation Take Place in Kampala City, Uganda

Purporse :This study examined the urban policing paradox in Uganda with specific regard to how rapid urbanisation poses challenges for policing and urban peace enforcement in Kampala city. The specific objectives of this study were to explore the crimes accompanying rapid urbanisation in Kampala city; examine the role of the Uganda Police Force in urban policing and peace enforcement in Kampala city; analyse the challenges of urban policing and peace enforcement in Kampala city and finally explore the current responses by the Uganda Police Force in enhancing urban peace enforcement in Kampala city. The study employed two theories:the social contract and broken windows. Methodology : Different materials and sources were used during data collection, which included documentary reviews, key informant interviews and focus group discussions. Findings :The study found out that Kampala city remains a vulnerable place to urban insecurity primarily due to an ever increasing population, coupled with the challenges that hinder effective policing in the city. Population increase in Kampala was found out to be leading to an exponential increase in the number of slums and informal settlements which breed criminality in the city. Among the common crimes were theft, drug abuse, forgery, domestic violence, murder, cybercrimes especially fordgery and terrorism. The relationship between crime and urbanization in Kampala city included an ever increasing population, informal settlements, inadequate planning, corruption and logistical challenges within the Uganda Police Force. However, the study revealed that the Uganda Police Force has made various milestones like the CCTV Cameras, forensics capabilities , 999 communication system, in promoting peace and security in Kampala city.

The Short-Term Impact of Formal Controls on Subsequent Offending and Future Formal Controls in a German and UK City

The study of sanctioning effects has a rich history in deterrence and labeling theory. Most analyses have only used official data to study these effects. Yet, some more recent studies indicate that it is necessary to investigate self-reported as well as official data since it appears that sanctioning has differential effects on self-reported delinquency and formal control interventions. The current study contributes to this small body of research by using propensity score matching to analyze panel data from an ongoing English (Peterborough Adolescent and Young Adult Developmental Study) and a German (Crime in the modern City) study. We estimated average treatment effects of system contacts on both reoffending and subsequent contacts for juveniles living in Peterborough (ENG) and Duisburg (GER). Our findings are that (1) although official contacts have no substantial effects on the prevalence or versatility of reoffending, (2) they substantially increase the risk of a future formal contact. These results were almost identical at both sites, which may indicate a more general finding on the effects of formal control interventions.

The Deterrence Effect of Police Stations on Crime in Buenos Aires and Mexico City

Police stations are not only necessary but constitute a physical representation of police force presence in neighborhoods. The deterrence effect that their location has on crime is supported by structural deterrence theory. However, few studies have empirically examined this deterrence effect, much less from a comparative perspective. Based on the cases of Buenos Aires and Mexico City, this study finds descriptive evidence of a deterrence effect of police stations and micro stations on crimes of homicide, carjacking, and vehicle theft. These findings are further supported by the examination of significantly different crime distributions around parking lots and bank locations as counterexamples to police locations.

The Application of Emergency Management Principles to Violent Crime Response and Urban Resilience

Abstract Violent crime is on the rise in many American cities and the annual cost to police and the community increases proportionally. Violent crime scenes are similar to the calamity experienced with natural or human-made disasters. Understanding how it could have been prevented, what services were needed, and what remaining gaps still exist in services and resources is critical. The narrative can be shifted by treating violent crime like naturally occurring disasters and applying comprehensive emergency management strategies to prepare, mitigate, respond, and recover from this whole community hazard. This dynamic emergency management-based approach outlines coordination across key agencies and stakeholders, and has the potential to mitigate the impact of violent crime in major urban cities in the United States (US). Using the District of Columbia (DC) as a sample study area, this policy proposal is supported by a qualitative analyses of available data, including from the limited existing literature and from related DC agencies. Findings demonstrate how the DC Homeland Security and Emergency Management Agency (DCHSEMA), can coordinate response and hold agencies accountable within its current capacity while supporting the interoperability of all related violent crime agencies involved. These findings have both national and international implications.

The Health Consequences of Power Outages - Electricity Load-Shedding Problem in Country

Electricity powers the economic system. Households need stable electricity since many tasks require it1. Pakistan had frequent power outages for decades. The monopolistic supplier used cyclical load shedding over many hours a day in much of the country to avoid unplanned blackouts and meet power demand due to power production losses. Load shedding occurs when power demand exceeds the supply2. Pakistan's major power resource for heating, cooking, and lighting is electricity, although load shedding's economic impacts are mostly highlighted due to the country's difficult economic circumstances. Health effects and expenses are poorly documented. This is concerning because hospital reports relate blackouts to health effects, such as excessive stress on already overburdened personnel after procedures2. For individuals who try to deal with electricity, unannounced load shedding is worse. Protesters block highways over power cuts. The police have confirmed lots of crime in big cities. Power interruptions disrupt industrial consumers' regular operations. Power failures shuttered tube wells and water pumps, affecting water supply and mills.3 Electrical network breakdowns raise hospitalizations, health problems, and death, while natural calamities and severe weather events which were followed by power outages, damaged the population's overall well-being by increasing emergency admissions4.

Violencia contra las mujeres en la frontera entre Brasil y Paraguay: legislación y feminismo decolonial

The objective of this article is to analyze violence against women on the border between Brazil (state of Mato Grosso do Sul) and Paraguay (Department of Amambay) through online journalistic reports and the legislation of both countries. From readings of decolonial feminism, it was possible to identify and describe how these information channels give visibility to gender violence on that border. Qualitative research of documentary analysis was carried out with the use of the descriptors women and violence. Femicide is the most recurrent crime in the twin cities; its modus operandi sometimes has characteristics equivalent to execution-type crimes and is usually perpetrated by people close to the victim. It is hoped that this study will contribute to the awareness and visibility of violence against women in this border region.

Urban Crime and Its Net Implicit Price to North Carolina Households

This study investigates the impact of urban crime rates—property and violent—on wages and rents and estimates the net implicit monetary value of crime rates for living in metropolitan areas, using the American Community Survey 2019 data for cities in North Carolina. A seemingly unrelated regression estimation finds that the crime rates are capitalized into both wages and rents, and suggests crime rates affect wages positively and rents negatively. This investigation estimates a negative value of $51.80 per month—the average net marginal implicit price—for living in cities with high city crime rates. This negative value suggests that households are being compensated for living in cities with high crime rates.

“Lucky Enough”: The Music and Stories That Make Vaughan's Lounge, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States

“Lucky Enough”: The Music and Stories That Make Vaughan's Lounge, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States

Transit crime and sexual violence in cities: international evidence and prevention

Transit crime and sexual violence in cities: international evidence and prevention

The impact of civil registration-based demographic heterogeneity on community thefts

Because of China's unique civil registration system (Hukou), using the proportion of floating population or domestic migrants as an index of racial/ethnic heterogeneity is a common practice to apply social disorganization theory to explain crime in Chinese cities. However, this method does not fully reflect the substantive connotation of racial/ethnic heterogeneity in Chinese cities. In this study, we add the heterogeneity of civil registration, i.e. Hukou, in addition to the proportion of floating population when studying crime in a big Chinese city. Following social disorganization theory, we use negative binomial regression models with theft data in 2017, the Sixth National Population Census data, and Point of interests (POI) to delineate effects of the heterogeneity of civil registration and proportion of floating population on thefts. We have four major findings: 1) the Hukou-based ethnic heterogeneity index can better illustrate the ethnic heterogeneity in the Chinese context and have a significant impact on thefts; 2) communities with more rental housing units tend to experience more thefts; 3) there are more thefts in communities that are under the jurisdiction of neighborhood committee; and 4) the agglomeration of Internet cafes, banks, supermarkets, and restaurants tend to exacerbate the thefts in communities. This study subdivides the community residents' civil registration categories to delineate racial/ethnic heterogeneity, explores its impact on community thefts, and constructs a more optimized indicator that better suits communities in China. This is a meaningful supplement to crime theory and existing methods in non-western societies.

Hybrid of deep learning and exponential smoothing for enhancing crime forecasting accuracy.

The continued urbanization poses several challenges for law enforcement agencies to ensure a safe and secure environment. Countries are spending a substantial amount of their budgets to control and prevent crime. However, limited efforts have been made in the crime prediction area due to the deficiency of spatiotemporal crime data. Several machine learning, deep learning, and time series analysis techniques are exploited, but accuracy issues prevail. Thus, this study proposed a Bidirectional Long Short Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) and Exponential Smoothing (ES) hybrid for crime forecasting. The proposed technique is evaluated using New York City crime data from 2010-2017. The proposed approach outperformed as compared to state-of-the-art Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Averages (SARIMA) with low Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) (0.3738, 0.3891, 0.3433,0.3964), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE)(13.146, 13.669, 13.104, 13.77), and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) (9.837, 10.896, 10.598, 10.721). Therefore, the proposed technique can help law enforcement agencies to prevent and control crime by forecasting crime patterns.