Crime Categories Research Articles

Criminal law analysis regarding liability for establishing and managing financial Ponzi schemes in certain countries

Relevance. Crimes related to investment (financial) pyramids pose a threat to state stability and the economic security of both the country and the individual citizens. The research relevance is predetermined by the need to ensure effective counteraction to the phenomenon in the current environment. Purpose. The research aims to analyse the criminal legislation of the United States of America, Germany, China and Russia concerning combating pyramid schemes to develop proposals for further improvement of the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan on this issue. Methodology. The analytical, comparative, statistical, legal, and dogmatic methods were used. Results. The authors conducted a comparative analysis of the criminal law provisions in Kazakhstan and other jurisdictions, examining the various ways in which liability for establishing and operating pyramid schemes is codified, including the different forms, approaches, and techniques employed in the legislative framework. The authors identified common and distinctive trends and developed recommendations for improving the legislative framework in this area. The authors provides a forensic characterisation of the crime of creating and organising pyramid schemes. The statistical data of the Republic of Kazakhstan on this type of crime are studied. In addition, the authors identifies the criteria by which preliminary investigation of this category of crimes should be carried out, which will contribute to a more effective investigation and prosecution of perpetrators. Conclusions. This study contributes to deepening the scientific understanding of the topic and improving legislation. The results of the study can be used by law enforcement agencies, legislative bodies, and the scientific community to develop and improve legal norms and procedures related to combating pyramid schemes. Keywords: investment manipulation; historical development; comparative characteristics; economic offences; pre-trial investigation

Camera-Based Crime Behavior Detection and Classification

Increasing numbers of public and private locations now have surveillance cameras installed to make those areas more secure. Even though many organizations still hire someone to monitor the cameras, the person hired is more likely to miss some unexpected events in the video feeds because of human error. Several researchers have worked on surveillance data and have presented a number of approaches for automatically detecting aberrant events. To keep track of all the video data that accumulate, a supervisor is often required. To analyze the video data automatically, we recommend using neural networks to identify the crimes happening in the real world. Through our approach, it will be easier for police agencies to discover and assess criminal activity more quickly using our method, which will reduce the burden on their staff. In this paper, we aim to provide anomaly detection using surveillance videos as input specifically for the crimes of arson, burglary, stealing, and vandalism. It will provide an efficient and adaptable crime-detection system if integrated across the smart city infrastructure. In our project, we trained multiple accurate deep learning models for object detection and crime classification for arson, burglary and vandalism. For arson, the videos were trained using YOLOv5. Similarly for burglary and vandalism, we trained using YOLOv7 and YOLOv6, respectively. When the models were compared, YOLOv7 performed better with the highest mAP of 87. In this, we could not compare the model’s performance based on crime type because all the datasets for each crime type varied. So, for arson YOLOv5 performed well with 80% mAP and for vandalism, YOLOv6 performed well with 86% mAP. This paper designed an automatic identification of crime types based on camera or surveillance video in the absence of a monitoring person, and alerts registered users about crimes such as arson, burglary, and vandalism through an SMS service. To detect the object of the crime in the video, we trained five different machine learning models: Improved YOLOv5 for arson, Faster RCNN and YOLOv7 for burglary, and SSD MobileNet and YOLOv6 for vandalism. Other than improved models, we innovated by building ensemble models of all three crime types. The main aim of the project is to provide security to the society without human involvement and make affordable surveillance cameras to detect and classify crimes. In addition, we implemented the Web system design using the built package in Python, which is Gradio. This helps the registered user of the Twilio communication tool to receive alert messages when any suspicious activity happens around their communities.

Insignificance of the Act in Criminal and Administrative Tort Law: Nature and Content

The study develops an idea of the criminal legal nature of the insignificance of the act. The author arguments in favor of the fact that such nature is due to the differentiated approach of the federal legislator to assessing the level of public danger of actions and inaction provided for by criminal law. At the same time, the high role of the law enforcement officer in determining the scale of the threat posed by a specific offense for the object of criminal law protection is stated. Studying the mitigating and aggravating circumstances of the act, the personal characteristics of the offender and the line of their behavior, the court decides on the degree of public danger of the relevant act. Its minimal value becomes the reason for raising the question of recognizing the committed action or inaction as insignificant. The paper considers issues on categories of crimes that the offense formally falls under and thus can be assessed on the grounds of insignificance. It is argued against a well-known judgment that the insignificance of the act containing structural elements of the corpus delicti serves as the basis for evaluating what was done according to the norms and provisions of another branch of Russian legislation. A mechanism for developing the insignificance category potential at the level of an individual criminal wrong, known as a criminal offense, is proposed. The study offers a set of arguments proving the inconsistency of the position of the legislator and law enforcement officer on the issue of the possibility of recognizing an administrative offense as insignificant. Their essence boils down to the fact that the formal essence of administrative offenses excludes their differentiation into groups according to the level of harmfulness. This implies the inexpediency of using the category of insignificance in the legislation on administrative offenses.

Are We Underestimating the Crime Prevention Outcomes of Community Policing? The Importance of Crime Reporting Sensitivity Bias

One of the key policing innovations of the last three decades has been community-oriented policing. It is particularly important because it is one of the only proactive policing approaches that consistently improves citizen evaluations of the police. At the same time, a series of reviews have concluded that there is not persuasive evidence that community policing reduces crime. In this paper we argue that these conclusions are likely flawed because of what we term crime reporting sensitivity (CRS) bias. CRS bias occurs because community policing leads to more cooperation with the police and subsequently increased crime reporting. Such increased crime reporting bias adjusts crime prevention outcomes of community policing downward. We illustrate this process by reanalyzing data from the Brooklyn Park ACT Experiment (Weisburd et al., 2021). We begin by showing the specific crime categories that contribute most to CRS bias. We then use a difference-in-differences panel regression approach to assess whether the experimental intervention in Brooklyn Park led to significant CRS bias. Finally, we use bounded estimates from the Brooklyn Park Experiment to adjust meta-analytic results from prior community policing studies to examine whether the conclusion that community policing does not impact on crime would need to be revisited if CRS bias was accounted for. We find that adjusted estimates tell a very different, more positive, story about community policing, suggesting that future studies should recognize and adjust for CRS bias, or identify other measures not influenced by this mechanism.

MODERN PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS FOR CRIMINAL LEGAL REGULATION OF LIABILITY FOR THE ILLEGAL TRANSFER OF NARCOTIC DRUGS OR PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES

Among the effective means of combating crime, criminal law is the particular importance. One of the methods used to achieve its objectives is the application of criminal legal sanctions to persons who have committed socially dangerous acts. Strict observance of the rule of law and ensuring reliable protection of the legitimate rights and interests of the individual, society and the state are the key to directions of modern criminal policy. This requires a clear and justified application of legislation, including criminal law, which serves as the legal basis for the classification of crimes.

DUAL SANCTIONING OF HATE CRIMES AND HATE SPEECH AS PART OF EXTREMISM IN THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC: CONCEPTUAL, LEGISLATIVE AND PRACTICAL ISSUES

Background: Extremism poses a cross-border social problem, lacking a universally accepted definition. In principle, so-called hate crimes are specific types of criminal offences that cut across all types of extremism. We can even talk about their conceptual overlap. A special category of hate crimes is represented by so-called verbal attacks, known as hate speech, which are considered an abuse of freedom of expression from an international perspective as well as in jurisprudence of the European Court on Human Rights. As a result of such a perception, their criminal sanction comes into consideration. In accordance with the principle of subsidiarity of criminal law repression, another method of sanctioning hate crimes and hate speech is also possible, namely by administrative law. The existence of “multiple legal regulations” on extremism as delict caused a dual sanctioning system of extremism. It leads to application problems in legal practice, for example, an unclear understanding of offences from criminal and administrative perspectives or even the weak possibility of investigating such acts by State power. The main objective of the contribution is to point out the dual legal regulation (criminal and administrative) of the sanctioning of extremism, in particular its special category – hate crimes and hate speech. Moreover, the objective of the contribution is to assess its unclear issues in legal understanding and to identify specific application problems caused by its dual system (criminal and administrative). Special attention is focused on applicable sanctions in both the criminal law area and administrative law areas. At the end, suggestions on how to solve indicated problems are introduced. Methods: The primary sources used for the elaboration of the contribution are scholarly sources (books, studies, scientific papers, etc.), legislative instruments (national and international legislation) and case law (of Slovak national courts and the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union). The authors use traditional methods of legal scientific (jurisprudential) research – general scientific methods and special methods of legal science (jurisprudence). The general scientific methods used in the paper are predominantly logical methods, namely, the method of analysis, the method of synthesis, the method of analogy, and the descriptive method. The descriptive method has been used to familiarise the reader with the current legal regulation of extremism. The method of analysis has been used regarding relevant legal provisions and case-laws of courts. The method of synthesis has also been used. The special methods of legal science used here predominantly include methods belonging to a group of interpretative methods, namely, the teleological method, the systematic method and the comparative method. The teleological method has been used to explain the purpose of legislative instruments. The systematic method has been used to classify the relevant applicable law. The comparative method has been used to examine the relationship between legislative perspectives – criminal and administrative. Results and Conclusions: Regarding extremism offences committed in the Slovak Republic, in specific cases, the decision making whether the committed offence is criminal or of an administrative nature depends on the attitude of the person who committed it. In the Slovak Republic, legislative amendments are intended to address the area of extremism offences, but they have not been introduced as final. A new legal regulation of the administrative offences of extremism is envisaged in terms of their definition. A new sanctioning policy of extremism administrative offences by juvenile offenders is also expected. Moreover, the application of probation in case of offences committed by juvenile delinquents in the area of extremism is recommended and preferred. It would highlight the importance of restorative justice, including its strengthening. Probation would allow the court, when sanctioning extremism in the criminal law area, to create a so-called tailor-made sanction, which would strengthen the individualisation of the sanction, the educational purpose of the sanction and the achievement of both the purpose of the sanction and the purpose of the Criminal Code, which is to protect society from criminal offences and their perpetrators. Even the Constitutional Court of the Slovak Republic partially examined the modification of the elements of criminal offences of extremism.

Describing the geographical linkage between the UK Millennium Cohort Study and crime incidents in England and Wales

BackgroundEnhancing longitudinal cohort studies by linking routine external data to them is increasingly used to evaluate how local environments impact participants' outcomes (e.g. crime on adolescents' perception of security and victimisation). ObjectiveTo describe the geographical linkage between the UK Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) and street-level crime incidents reported to the Police in England and Wales, and to estimate crime count and rates around MCS participants' residences. MethodsEight years of monthly street-level police data were linked to the residential postcodes of MCS participants living in England and Wales in surveys 5, 6 and 7 to create individual-level variables of neighbourhood crime counts and rates (28,724 surveys and 11,365 individuals). Radial buffers around participants' residences were created at ages 11, 14 and 17. Crime counts and rates were created prior to the month of interview (at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months prior). A homogenisation of crime categories reported in the police data was conducted to evaluate changes over time and areas. Multivariate models were used to study the association between MCS participants' demographic characteristics and derived measures of neighbourhood crime. ResultsWhile total crime rates and counts around MCS participants remain stable over the period, they hide heterogeneous upward and downward trends in specific sub-categories, with violence and sexual offences showing a larger increase. We observe a negative socioeconomic gradient between household income deciles, recorded at age 11, and subsequent exposure to neighbourhood crime. ConclusionLinking routine crime data to longitudinal studies, such as the MCS, which follow children and their families through a critical period of development, can provide a new resource to understand how local crime impacts child and adolescent outcomes.

The legal framework of the European Union in the field of combating environmental crimes

The article focuses on the activities of the European Union regarding the development of an effective legal framework for combating environmental crimes considering modern realities. It is noted that the existing norms on combating environmental crime in the EU are based on the provisions of the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU which sets the competence of the EU to define criminal offenses and sanctions in the spheres of EU policy to which harmonization measures apply (Article 83(2)). Attention is paid to the provisions of the following directives: Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the protection of the environment through criminal law and replacing Directive 2008/99/EC, which supplemented the list of illegal acts with new categories of crimes, established a deterrent level of sanctions, which ensures a more consistent application of conditions for enterprises in the EU; Directive 2004/35/CE of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 on environmental liability with regard to the prevention and remedying of environmental damage, which sets rules based on the «polluter pays» principle and related directives 2000/60/EC, 2008/56/EC, 2009/147/EC and 92/43/EEC. It is noted that the EU constantly works on improving the provisions of the acts adopted by it in the specified area, as evidenced by the directives, on the basis of which changes and amendments were made to the above-mentioned directives, regarding safety issues, waste management, simplification of reporting obligations in the field of environmental legislation (Directives 2006/21/EC, 2009/31/EC, 2013/30/EC, Regulation (EC) 2019/101).
 Attention is focused on acts related to the protection of certain objects, including: 1) acts aimed at combating pollution from ships: Directive 2005/35/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 September 2005 on ship-source pollution and on the introduction of penalties, including criminal penalties, for pollution offence (as amended), Council Framework Decision 2005/667/JHA of 12 July 2005 to strengthen the criminal-law framework for the enforcement of the law against ship-source pollution; 2) acts on combating trade in wild animals: Regulation (EC) No 338/97 (as amended), Commission regulation (EC) No 865/2006 (as amended), Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 792/2012 97 (as amended), Revision of the EU action plan against wildlife trafficking of 2022.
 It is noted that EU legislation is based on international universal acts adopted within the UN in the relevant field (International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) of 1973, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) of 1982, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) of 1975), which simplifies law enforcement and the introduction of measures to combat environmental crime.
 The importance of strategic acts adopted by the EU, including the Agenda and Action Plan on Drugs 2021–2025 and the Biodiversity strategy for 2030 is emphasized. Relevant conclusions have been drawn.

Countering Artificial Intelligence Crimes in a Criminal Law Perspective

This research aims to analyze artificial intelligence crime as a new form of crime in the future as well as artificial intelligence crime prevention policies in Indonesia. By using the method research law Normative, using Approach Legislation (Satatute Approach), Conceptual Approach (Conceptual Approach), Approach Analytical (Analytical Approach), Approach Philosophy (Philosophical Approach). Results study This showing that describe Artificial intelligence crimes include any form of illegal or malicious action against digital structures carried out using computers or digital devices with more complex forms of crime. Artificial intelligence crimes can be crimes against national security, attacking people, or attacking a company. The categories of artificial intelligence crimes are divided into high risk, medium risk and low risk. Then Efforts that can be made to overcome artificial intelligence crime by using situational crime prevention produce the concept of short-term and long-term countermeasures.

The Impact of Weather Shocks on Violent and Property Crimes in Jamaica

Abstract Developing countries face the largest exposure to the negative effects of climate change. However, as temperature and rainfall patterns change, we have a limited understanding of their impact on these countries and the mitigation strategies that may be needed. In this paper, we utilize administrative panel data to examine the impact of weather shocks on violent and property crimes in Jamaica. We find strong evidence that a one-standard-deviation increase in the daily temperature (2○C) increases violent crime by 3.67 percent, due to an increase in the number of murders (3.44 percent), shootings (7.53 percent), and cases of aggravated assault (6 percent). However, our results suggest that temperature changes have no statistical impact on property crime. In addition, we find that a one-standard-deviation increase in rainfall (2 mm) reduces crimes such as shootings (1.53 percent), break-ins (2.27 percent), and larcenies (3.85 percent), but it has a minimal impact on other categories of crime.

Suicide While Locked Up in Texas: Risk Factors for Death by Suicide in Custody.

In the United States, suicide is a leading cause of death in prisons and jails, with incarcerated individuals being nine times more likely to die by suicide than the general population. Identifying vulnerabilities at each stage of custody (prebooking, jail, prison) and factors that increase suicide risk can improve prevention efforts. A hierarchical binary logistic regression was conducted on data from the Texas Justice Initiative's Deaths in Custody Report. Variables included race/ethnicity, sex, age at death, days in custody, classification of crime as violent or nonviolent, and custody type of prebooking, jail, or prison. Among main effects, when compared to suicide rates in prison, jail suicide deaths were over three and a half times more likely (OR = 3.61), and the period of prebooking emerged as a period of staggering risk of suicide death, with suicides being over 5,000% more likely than at other stages of custody (OR = 50.86). When interactions were entered, Latinx individuals were at a particularly increased risk of suicide death (OR = 10.46), likelihood of suicide death decreased with each year of age (OR = .89), nonviolent offenders were just under three and a half times more likely to die by suicide when compared to violent offenders (OR = 3.45), and each stage of custody was shown to affect the relationship between age-related rates of suicide in different ways. Results call for further investigation into suicide among understudied populations in corrections, such as Latinx individuals, juveniles in the prison system, and nonviolent offenders, to identify the groups at the highest risk of premature death in correctional systems.

The Elements of Crime under the Pakistani Legal System: An Overview

Under criminal jurisprudence, a crime is generally different from an offence, however, in Pakistan, both of them are seen as the same thing. There are different categories of crimes under Anglo-American jurisprudence, however, Pakistan does not follow this model and has categorized offences into three types on the touchstone of the presence of mens rea as the significance of mens rea is such that its presence or lack thereof changes the whole category of crime altogether. There are three essential elements of a crime: mens rea, actus reus, and concurrence, and the Pakistani Courts with a handful of exceptions mention the first two as the only elements while forgetting concurrence. While there is a presumption of mens rea for every offence, the same can be ruled out by the statute itself. The onus to prove the guilt of the accused is on the prosecution through reliable and admissible evidence as a person is deemed innocent until proven guilty. The methodology used in this paper is doctrinal.

Intangible space as a new form of crime scene: doctrinal aspect

The article discusses the problems of defining cyberspace and information space as a possible place of commission of a crime or other optional sign of an objective party in relation to specific acts provided for by the norms of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The properties and characteristics of cyberspace are determined, and a comparison is made with the intangible and information space. The problem of determining the connection of cyberspace to specific objects of the material world - computer media, servers, the impossibility of the existence of cyberspace in isolation from three-dimensional reality at this stage of scientific and technological development, which predetermines the criminal legal classification of crimes, is noted. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that the article substantiates an innovative approach to determining the place of intangible space in the system of composition characteristics. The author notes that the current realities force us to take a fresh look at the perception of the content of such a sign of the objective side of the crime as the place where the latter was committed, since its traditional understanding from the position of an object of material reality - a specific section of the earth’s surface, which has its own geographical landmarks and coordinates - does not meet the modern needs of the theory and practice of applying criminal law. As a result of the research, the author concludes that the development of computer technologies, communications and the information and telecommunications network “Internet” contributed to the emergence of a new – information – space, which by its nature is intangible and actually does not exist in a three-dimensional dimension.

Statute of Limitation on Corruption-Related Offences: International Experience

The article examines international experience in establishing the statute of limitations for corruption offences depending on the category of crime, as well as in calculating the statute of limitations based on the scale of the corruption crime and the public danger. In the current policy of Mongolia, especially in view of the loss of differentiation between serious and minor crimes in determining the statute of limitations, the theoretical concepts of this process remain unclear, which is the subject of consideration and scientific analysis from the point of view of legal regulation.

Protection of Natural Environment and Cultural Property during Armed Conflict: An International Humanitarian Law Perspective

With the evolution and development of jus in bello, conflicts of both internal and international character have given due consideration to limit human casualties and minimize suffering. Post-World War trials in Nuremberg and Tokyo played a crucial role in influencing modern International Criminal Law. The international community soon realized the necessity to draft various international legal documents and establish the International Criminal Court to prosecute individuals for various categories of crimes including War Crimes. Article 8 of the Rome Statute has classified acts of destruction of the natural environment and cultural property within the ambit of the definition of War Crime. However, with a higher threshold required to prove the crime of destruction of the natural environment and a human rights approach taken in cases of destruction of cultural property, both areas seem to need much exploration and research. This paper scrutinizes the development of laws of war and dives deep into the jurisprudence laid down in various decisions of the ICC to protect these civilian objects during armed conflict. It further elucidates the lacunas in the law and explains how they may lose their protection guaranteed by humanitarian law and can be the target of attack if these civilian objects are used to achieve a military advantage. Based on the elucidation of various primary sources like legislations and case laws along with secondary sources like legal textbooks and commentaries, law review articles, and legal encyclopedias, the paper generated is descriptive with a slight element of critical analysis of the international legal framework.

Justice : A Predicting Criminal Acts According To IPC Section

The AI-driven IPC Section Prediction for Crime Classification project is a groundbreaking initiative with far- reaching implications for the legal and law enforcement sectors in India. Traditional crime classification and the assignment of the appropriate IPC section are often time-consuming and prone to human error. Our web application addresses these challenges by offering an efficient, accurate, and user-friendly solution. One of the key strengths of our application lies in its adaptability. It can process a wide range of crime descriptions, including those involving complex legal language or colloquial terms, ensuring its utility in diverse scenarios. Additionally, our system is designed to continuously learn and evolve. It adapts to changes in legal terminology, updates in the IPC, and emerging crime trends, thereby maintaining its relevance and precision over time. The social impact of this project cannot be overstated. By streamlining crime classification, it empowers law enforcement agencies to allocate resources more efficiently and prioritize cases based on severity and relevance. It also aids legal professionals by expediting case preparation and documentation. Moreover, it facilitates greater public engagement with the legal system, enabling citizens to better understand and navigate the complexities of the IPC. In conclusion, our AI-driven IPC Section Prediction web application is a pioneering tool that has the potential to revolutionize crime classification and legal processes. Its adaptability, continuous improvement, and positive societal impact make it an asset for law enforcement, legal practitioners, and the general public alike.

ANALISIS YURIDIS PERTANGGUNG JAWABAN PIDANA TERHADAP PELAKU PENCEMARAN NAMA BAIK MELALUI MEDIA SOSIAL (PUTUSAN NOMOR 710/PID.SUS/2021/PN JKT.TIM

Defamation is an event where social interaction in the community environment harms one party, both materially and immaterially. With the development of the digital world, which moves social interaction from the real world to the digital world, it causes a newtype of crime, namely defamation on social media, and this type of crime is included in the category of computer-related crime. The legal basis for enforcing this criminal act of pollution is regulated in the Criminal Code and Law Number 19 of 2016 concerningInformation and Electronic Transactions. With the existence of dif erent forms of accountability for perpetrators of criminal acts, this is the basis for the creation of this paper using the library research method. This type of research is normative, with the nature of analytical descriptive research, and draws conclusions using deductive logic. There are several similarities in the acquittal and guilty verdicts, namely the existence of acts that allegedly attacked the victim's honor by perpetrators based on slander and the application of errors in the judge's considerations that looked more at psychological errors than normative errors

Val McDermid's Lindsay Gordon: A Revolutionary Portrait in Tartan- Noir

Considered as one of the most influential crime fiction writers of our time, Val McDermid combines her works with Scotland’s city and town culture. Having the opportunity to closely observe the problems faced by the working class in the town of Fife where she spent her childhood, McDermid enriches her fiction with these narratives. These experiences led her to be the voice of the forgotten, oppressed, and marginalised segments of society in her later writing life. Also challenging the male-dominated structure of traditional crime fiction, McDermid brings a new atmosphere to crime fiction by creating fictional characters such as Lindsay Gordon. Classic crime fiction, which spent its golden age under the hegemony of British writers in the 1930s, presents the reader with stories in which typical male detectives are the protagonists. By the 1970s, Scottish crime fiction, or Tartan-Noir writers, produced essential works in this field. McDermid, who took the title of the Queen of crime fiction, puts women at the centre of her narrative, and in this way, she differs from male Tartan-Noir writers. In this study, McDermid, who deconstructed the male-dominated structure in traditional detective fiction and placed strong female detectives such as Lindsay Gordon into fiction, will be examined. Additionally, McDermid’s criticisms of the Margaret Thatcher period will be explained to readers with examples from her novels.

Comparing the criminal careers of organized crime offenders in Italy and the Netherlands

The concept of organized crime has dynamically evolved, with researchers contending that it is a social construct or an umbrella concept encompassing different empirical manifestations. Scholars have often suggested classifying organized crime groups into those involved in “racketeering” or “governing” and those engaged in “transit crime” or “trading.” However, these propositions were never assessed at the level of individual criminal careers. We address two primary objectives: first, we test differences in the criminal careers of organized crime offenders between organized crime contexts that are historically different—comparing Italy, which is primarily known for racketeering organized crime, to the Netherlands, which is characterized more by transit crime. Second, we explore differences between criminal careers of organized crime offenders born in different decades; doing so allows us to measure differences in offending patterns in shifting organized crime contexts due to broader social changes while considering more country-specific changes in law enforcement and organized crime policies. The study relies on the criminal careers of 4480 organized crime offenders in Italy ( n = 3360) and the Netherlands ( n = 1120). We analyze the distributions of criminal career parameters, crime categories, age-crime curves, and offending trajectories. Offenders in Italy exhibit higher offending, earlier violence, earlier onset, and decline; offenders in the Netherlands display later onset, slower decline, and a greater involvement in drug and property offenses. Also, both samples show generalist offending patterns, long-lasting careers, and involvement in organized crime in adulthood. We also find substantial variation across decades of birth, with younger offenders in both countries reporting higher frequencies. We attribute this to the interplay of increased offending among younger individuals, the implicit selection bias in the sampling, and greater law enforcement pressure due to stricter anti-organized crime policies since the 1980s and 1990s.

К вопросу о понятии и видах преступлений против семьи и несовершеннолетних, совершаемых посредством насилия

The article substantiates and provides the author's classification of crimes combined in Chapter 20 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation into crimes that can be committed by applying physical and/or mental violence to a minor (Articles 150, 151, 1512, 156 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) and crimes committed in a non-violent way (Articles 1511, 153, 154, 155, 157 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). The criminal law definition of "crimes against the family and minors committed through violence" is given.