Crime Areas Research Articles

Intergenerational Associations in Crime for an At-Risk Sample of US Men: Factors that May Mitigate or Exacerbate Transmission.

To examine moderation of intergenerational transmission of crime and antisocial behavior of parents to adult arrests of sons (from age 18 years to ages 37-38 years). Moderators examined were from late childhood (constructive parenting and sons' inhibitory control, internalizing symptoms, and cognitive function), adolescence (delinquency and deviant peer association), and early adulthood (educational achievement, employment history, substance use, deviant peer association, and partner antisocial behavior). Study participants were parents and sons (N = 206) from the longitudinal Oregon Youth Study, recruited from schools in the higher crime areas of a medium-sized metropolitan region in the Pacific Northwest. Assessment included official arrest records, school data, interviews, and questionnaires. As hypothesized, parents' and sons' histories of two or more arrests were significantly associated. Predictions of sons' arrests from a broader construct of parental antisocial behavior were significantly moderated by sons' late childhood cognitive function and early adult employment history, substance use, and romantic partner's antisocial behavior. Overall, there was relatively little intergenerational association in crime at low levels of these moderators. Findings indicate relatively large intergenerational associations in crime. The identified moderators may be used as selection criteria or targeted in prevention and treatment efforts aimed at reducing such associations.

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The article reveals the problem of combating human trafficking as a criminal phenomenon and one of the global problems of mankind. Based on the analysis of the practice of anti-trafficking entities in Ukraine and Poland, a set of theoretical and practical issues related to the criminalization of human trafficking and legal analysis of the criminal offense under the current legislation of these countries is covered. It is noted that unlike Ukraine, which in most cases is a donor country for victims of trafficking, the Republic of Poland is a destination and transit country in this area of criminal business. The current state of human trafficking in Ukraine and Poland, the causes and conditions of this phenomenon, some determinants that lead to the commission of criminal offenses of this category in these countries are analyzed. One of the key factors has been found to be domestic violence, a particular issue that in itself needs to be addressed immediately. Therefore, an effective solution to one of the outlined problems is impossible without positive steps in solving the other. Attention is focused on the lack of definition of the term �trafficking in human beings� in the criminal law of both countries whose experience is being studied. In Ukraine, the legislator has distinguished a certain feature, in particular, in contrast to international acts, human trafficking has identified as a separate form of criminal offense, different from its main forms. The relationship between human trafficking, labour migration and domestic violence is considered, the consequences of labour migration for the social and economic sphere are analyzed; some differences for Ukraine and the Republic of Poland are identified, some statistical data and forecasts of specialists are given. In the context of the study, the concept of �social orphan hood� and its long-term impact on the crime situation and public life in the country is revealed. The activities of international organized criminal groups, including those formed in Poland and Ukraine, extend to all regions of the world and have reached a level previously inaccessible to them. The creating of sustainable channels for illegal migration and human trafficking is one of the most lucrative areas and areas of transnational organized crime in Eastern Europe. It is proposed to effectively combat these negative phenomena by developing an international strategy for joint action, to unite the efforts of law enforcement agencies and other actors in combating human trafficking in both donor and transit countries and to designate �living goods� at the regional and national levels. It is noted that attention should be paid not only to the fight against the very phenomenon of modern slavery, but also to its consequences and, most importantly, to the determinants.

Assessment of Cybercrime Governance in Ethiopia Since 2004

Communication technology is a recent phenomenon that links countries of the world together. Like other countries of the world Ethiopia also interconnected to global net work via internet technology and committed to expansion of the technology at home to substantiate its economic, social and political advancement goal. However, as a result of digitalization effort at home, the country becomes both source and target of cyber crime. Hence, in order to curb cyber crime, the government of the country engaged in to various activities and this work assess the initiatives under taken by Ethiopian government in the area of cybercrime governance. To do so, the research employs qualitative research methods and secondary source of data.To discharge its global responsibility and prevent itself from cyber crime, Ethiopian government works hard and undertakes various measures. Hence, the government begins its work of fighting cyber crime for the first time by initiating criminal code in 2004 that penalize limited cyber crime in the country. As such, the first initiatives followed by scattered legislations which cover limited area of cyber crime like Telecom fraud offense legislation, National payment system proclamation and recently computer crime proclamation. Similarly, the government also initiates policy measures like ICT policy and strategy, National information security policy and Criminal justice policy. To implement these policies and legislations the government also establishes various institutions.However, these all legislations and policy initiatives are inadequate in cyber crime governance in Ethiopia, due to failure of government to couple its unilateral effort and commitment of fighting cyber crime with transnational cooperation and capacity building. Hence, there is no meaning full and continues capacity building undertaken by Ethiopian government. As a result, there is gap of knowledge and human resource in the country related to cyberspace which in turn creates fertile ground for cyber crime. Ethiopian government also does not engaged into comprehensive and functional transnational cooperation and dormant to be party to any regional and international cyber crime convention. Thus, its domestic effort to fight cyber crime become less significant since cyber crime is borderless. Therefore, in order to successfully defense cyber crime, Ethiopian government should complement its domestic initiative by continues capacity building and transnational cooperation.On the other hand, legislated cyber crime in Ethiopia also infringes freedom of expression and privacy right of peoples. Thus, government should work hard to ensure compatibility within international human right law and cyber crime law as much as possible. DOI: 10.7176/NMMC/96-01 Publication date: May 31 st 2021

On the relationship between police force presence and crime in Mexico: A spatial analysis

ABSTRACT This study seeks to contribute to the literature on the deterrence effect of police on crime by looking at the dynamic between police force presence (number of officers) and criminal behavior on a state level in Mexico. In order to do this, we estimate a panel data pooled ordinary least-squares model, a spatial Durbin model, and a spatial error model to analyze the spatial distribution of police force presence and the behavior of two categories of robberies – street and non-street – between 2009 and 2017. Our results show a positive relationship between the number of assigned officers and criminal behavior; however, this correlation does not derive from either a transversal or temporal relationship between states. This result has implications for state security policies as it suggests that the deployment of police in high crime areas, although responsive in character, has no particular impact on criminal behavior.

Analyzing the Effectiveness of Networks for Addressing Public Problems: Evidence from a Longitudinal Study

AbstractWhile scholars and practitioners frequently laud the potential of networks to address complex policy problems, empirical evidence of the effectiveness of networks is scarce. This study examines how changes in network structure (centralization and transitivity), network composition (sector diversity and geographic range), and tie properties (stability and strength) influence community‐level outcomes. Relying on a statutory requirement in the state of Iowa requiring local governments to file all instances of intergovernmental and intersectoral collaboration, we measure collaboration networks in 81 counties over 17 years in the areas of crime and economic development. Using fixed effects models, we examine how changes in the structure and composition of these county‐level networks affect substantive policy outcomes. Our findings indicate that network properties matter, but that the specific properties may be context dependent. We find network centralization and stability are stronger predictors of crime while network composition is more strongly associated with economic development.Evidence for Practice The performance of intergovernmental collaborations is rarely studied, either in terms of the outcomes of individual agreements or from the networks resulting from multiple agreements. The properties (structure, composition, stability) of the networks that emerge from the actions of local government officials to address critical public problems are generally not visible to the public, state policy makers, or even the local officials themselves. Our research suggests that properties of these networks of agreements affect their impact on improving public problems, suggesting opportunities for policy makers to encourage more effective structures. Our finding suggests that county networks effectively designed to improve economic development would differ in meaningful ways from one effectively designed to reduce crime. Our findings indicate that network centralization and stability are stronger predictors of crime rates while network composition is more strongly associated with indicators of economic development. Stable networks, as measured by average amount of time the agreements are in place, may reduce violent crime, property crime, and unemployment.

Computational supporting decision-making in self-government bodies using machine learning

The article discusses the problem of building a model and algorithm for supporting decision-making in self-government bodies by machine learning. As a method of machine learning, a multiple linear regression method is selected for processing the training sample. In the training sample, independent data consists of parametric assessments in the numerical form of self-government organs in three areas of activity, as, education, social environment and crime. A dependent parameter consists of generalized expert assessments of self-government bodies, also in numerical form. A model and an algorithm for the decision support process for making decisions using the multiple linear regression method is built. Based on the built model and the proposed algorithm, the ratios of the function coefficients to support the decision-making are identified. With this model, a generalized expert assessment in a numerical form is determined for the new self-government body, which is interpreted as a proposed solution to improve the state of the object.

The Internet and its Opportunities for Cybercrime – Interpersonal Cybercrime

With the advancement in technology, computers and the internet are easily accessible to the masses. It has made it easier for people to keep in touch across long distances and have also provided a platform to collaborate for purposes related to business, education, and culture. However, this free flow of information has given rise to irresponsible behavior online. It is used not only for the benefit of individuals but also exposes them to numerous crimes that are being committed online. It is the duty and responsibility of the legal systems to keep pace with the same and to ensure that such technologies do not become tools of exploitation and harassment. Through World Wide Web, user can circulate images, text, videos, and sounds. Websites provide a plethora of opportunities to the individuals. However, they are also used to circulate offensive content such as child sexual abuse, hate speech, and defamation. The intellectual property rights of authors and artists are also violated through the unauthorized circulation of their works. Internet provides the convenient shield of anonymity and fake identities. Errant persons become more emboldened in their offensive behavior if they think that they will not face any consequences. Those who post personal information about themselves on job and marriage websites or social networking websites are often at the receiving end of ‘cyber-stalking’. Women and minors who post their contact details become especially vulnerable since lumpen elements such as sex-offenders can use this information to target potential victims. Digital unlawful acts perpetrated against persons incorporate different law violations like the transmission of child pornography, person harassment utilizing computer, and others. The trafficking, posting, appropriation, and spread of revolting material including erotica and foul presentation, constitutes a standout amongst the most vital cyber law violations known today. The technological advancement has made the world a global village. There are virtually no boundaries in this Global village and the distance between places and people has been reduced to a mere nothing. This has influenced the phenomenon of globalization, which has created an impact on the socio-economic and the cultural texture of the society. Thus, the information technology has become a boon to the human community, but this paradigm-shift in the human being all over is also reflected in the area of crime, as along with the positives there is a wide spectrum of negatives which has become a cause of worry because the negative facets are being efficiently utilized by the sadistic minds of the society for committing crimes in the virtual environment called the Cyber Crimes.

Review: Black Food Geographies: Race, Self-Reliance, and Food Access in Washington, D.C., by Ashanté M. Reese

Review: <i>Black Food Geographies: Race, Self-Reliance, and Food Access in Washington, D.C.</i>, by Ashanté M. Reese

Cyber Crime and Children in Digital Era

Cyberspace is a virtual world or online world. It is an artificial world created by computers or internet enabled devices or components to communicate. It is digital platform where users interact and communicate with one another with the help of internet. The cybercrime is a rapid growing area of crime in the world. It is defined as a crime in which computers or internet enabled devices to commit an offenses which is categorized into two types such as property crimes (hacking, spamming, identity theft, fraud and copyright infringement) and crimes against the person ( child pornography, sexual abuse of children, cyber stalking, cyber bullying). Crimes in the virtual world is serious threat to the people as cybercriminals uses computer technology to access the personal and professional information or documents of person or organization for evil or malevolently reasons. The aim of the paper is to render the psychology of child predation and child pornography online in India. This paper will discuss about the different measures which should be taken to protect and educate the children about cyber bullying and cyber stalking in India. It will also highlight the legal intervention, effects on victims, punishment and preventative measures for a broad range of cybercrimes. The study will also understand the psychology behind the cybercrimes such as child sex offences and how such crimes can be prevented. The aim of the study is to discuss the role of government and policy makers for the rehabilitation of victims against cybercrimes. The paper will suggest some measures for the holistic development and security of children.

Big Data, Data Mining, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning Concepts in Crime Data

Along with the rapid change of information technologies and the widespread use of the internet over time, data stacks with ample diversity and quite large volumes has emerged. The use of data mining is increasing day by day due to the huge part it plays in the acquisition of information by making necessary analyses especially within a large amount of data. Obtaining accurate information is a key factor affecting decision-making processes. Crime data is included among the application areas of data mining, being one of the data stacks which is rapidly growing with each passing day. Crime events constitute unwanted behaviour in every society. For this reason, it is important to extract meaningful information from crime data. This article aims to provide an overview of the use of data mining and machine learning in crime data and to give a new perspective on the decision-making processes by presenting examples of the use of data mining for a crime. For this purpose, some examples of data mining and machine learning in crime and security areas are presented by giving a conceptual framework in the subject of big data, data mining, machine learning, and deep learning along with task types, processes, and methods.

Visokotehnološki kriminalitet

Cybercrime is an activity that originates from a hacker's workstation, spreads through the web and affects the endpoint infrastructure. From a professional point of view, it's one of the most requiring criminologist cases in all crime areas, because it needs a plenty of skill to be recognized, managed and resolved. The modern global landscape shows a certain tendency of not being capable to respond to such a security challenge. In other words, the cyber criminals are well-motivated and work for a high profit, so it's obvious why that branch of criminality cannot be fully covered at present. Indeed, we need much better capacities to tackle such a concern and as the entire world suffers so obvious cyber skill shortage it's clear why we are dealing in maze. In this paper, we discuss high-tech crime as a social, economical and above all; security challenge trying to indicate some recommendations that could provide us a deeper understanding of the topic.

Assessment of Cybercrime Governance in Ethiopia Since 2004

Communication technology is a recent phenomenon that links countries of the world together. Like other countries of the world Ethiopia also interconnected to global net work via internet technology and committed to expansion of the technology at home to substantiate its economic, social and political advancement goal. However, as a result of digitalization effort at home, the country becomes both source and target of cyber crime. Hence, in order to curb cyber crime, the government of the country engaged in to various activities and this work assess the initiatives under taken by Ethiopian government in the area of cybercrime governance. To do so, the research employs qualitative research methods and secondary source of data.To discharge its global responsibility and prevent itself from cyber crime, Ethiopian government works hard and undertakes various measures. Hence, the government begins its work of fighting cyber crime for the first time by initiating criminal code in 2004 that penalize limited cyber crime in the country. As such, the first initiatives followed by scattered legislations which cover limited area of cyber crime like Telecom fraud offense legislation, National payment system proclamation and recently computer crime proclamation. Similarly, the government also initiates policy measures like ICT policy and strategy, National information security policy and Criminal justice policy. To implement these policies and legislations the government also establishes various institutions.However, these all legislations and policy initiatives are inadequate in cyber crime governance in Ethiopia, due to failure of government to couple its unilateral effort and commitment of fighting cyber crime with transnational cooperation and capacity building. Hence, there is no meaning full and continues capacity building undertaken by Ethiopian government. As a result, there is gap of knowledge and human resource in the country related to cyberspace which in turn creates fertile ground for cyber crime. Ethiopian government also does not engaged into comprehensive and functional transnational cooperation and dormant to be party to any regional and international cyber crime convention. Thus, its domestic effort to fight cyber crime become less significant since cyber crime is borderless. Therefore, in order to successfully defense cyber crime, Ethiopian government should complement its domestic initiative by continues capacity building and transnational cooperation.On the other hand, legislated cyber crime in Ethiopia also infringes freedom of expression and privacy right of peoples. Thus, government should work hard to ensure compatibility within international human right law and cyber crime law as much as possible. DOI: 10.7176/NMMC/96-01 Publication date: May 31 st 2021

"Acting for another", a problem of criminal dogmatics related to economic crime

This article analyzes one of the current problems of criminal dogmatics in relation to economic crime, related to the institution of “act by another.” Although this institution is being included in modern Criminal Codes under different forms of regulation, it is not without controversy. The lack of clarity and diversity of criteria about its constituent elements and certain inconveniences that arise from its practical application has caused great controversy in current criminal dogmatics. The detractors of “act by another” openly label it as an unnecessary and ineffective institution; however, those who defend it weigh its importance in the context of modern Criminal Law to solve a significant problem of imputation in the area of ​​economic crimes. However, there are still issues that must be taken into account to resolve issues that have not yet been resolved by said institution, at least in the way it is regulated in the various substantive criminal laws that contain it. It is also necessary to continue deepening their dogmatic and normative study in order to improve and develop it.

Granting Legal Personhood to Artificial Intelligence Systems and Traditional Veil-Piercing Concepts To Impose Liability

This article discusses some of the issues surrounding artificial intelligence systems and whether artificial intelligence systems should be granted legal personhood. The first part of the article discusses whether current artificial intelligence systems should be granted rights and obligations, akin to a legal person. The second part of the article deals with imposing liability on artificial intelligence beings by analogizing with incorporation and veil piercing principles in company law. It examines this by considering that a future board may be replaced entirely by an artificial intelligence director managing the company. It also explores the possibility of disregarding the corporate veil to ascribe liability on such an artificial intelligence beings and the ramifications of such an approach in the areas of fraud and crime.

Prawne aspekty przeciwdziałania przestępczości kampusowej w szkołach wyższych w USA

This article discusses the legal aspects of campus crime prevention in colleges and universities in the United States. The issue of campus crime has not yet been presented in the Polish legal writings. The author of this paper recognized the importance of expanding the knowledge on this subject given the importance of this topic in view of interesting solutions deployed by the American legislature. The paper presents selected symptoms of campus crime as well as the results of the analysis of four federal legal acts that aim at counteracting the problem of campus crime. The research was conducted using three research methods: a method of analysis and criticism of the legal literature, a dogmatic method and a method of analysis of secondary data. The research has led to a finding that, in the area of campus crime, the growing sexual and hate crimes pose a serious problem. However, the U.S. legislature is fighting against this phenomenon by requiring universities to strictly control campus crime by collecting information about each such case and informing the university community and the relevant law enforcement agencies as well as the U.S. Department of Education about it.

COLD CASE HOMICIDES IN POLAND - POSSIBILITIES FOR FURTHER RESEARCH AND IMPROVEMENT

Currently, there are over a thousand unsolved homicide cases in Poland. Up to this point, numerous, mostly popular science, research papers have been focusing on the individual units in charge of these difficult cases. This paper, however, is an attempt to represent the current state of investigations that were discontinued due to the fact that the perpetrators could not be found, hereinafter referred to as Cold Case Homicides. This paper depicts both the researcher's perspective and the statistical side of such conduct. Furthermore, it presents the first results of a pilot study conducted among the prosecutors, concerning the problem of Cold Case Homicides from their perspective, the possibility of cooperation with the academics, and their opinion on the idea of complex research, concerning the reconstruction of events in this specific area of crime.

A case report of an aorto-pulmonary-venacaval fistula after penetrating cardiac injury.

BackgroundPenetrating cardiac injury (PCI) is an accepted burden in high violent crime areas. Traumatic intracardiac fistulae are however not that commonly detected on initial presentation, with most of these injuries being detected post-operatively or at routine follow-up. The literature is devoid of general principles around the pre-operative planning and intra-operative management in these cases, and thus warrant documented case reports by clinical units experienced in the management of these challenging clinical scenarios.Case summaryWe describe a case report of a 29-year-old male patient presenting to our Cardiothoracic Unit with an aorto-pulmonary-venacaval fistula after a traumatic PCI. We describe the clinical presentation, diagnostic challenges, and institutional experience in the operative management of this case.DiscussionThe patient was treated successfully with repair via sternotomy and femoral cardiopulmonary bypass with no neurological, pulmonary, or cardiac sequelae at early follow-up. The importance of selective pre-operative imaging in PCI, appropriate pre-operative surgical planning, and surgical experience in the management of these injuries is highlighted in this case presentation.

ORGANISED CRIME: UNDERGROUND ECONOMY AND REGULATIONS TO COMBAT CYBERCRIME

Criminal organizations, with the advent of new information technologies, have found additional ways and spaces through which to commit crimes, especially in online hidden markets and through new means of laundering illicit proceeds. The opening of these new illegal markets has helped to increase the capital of criminal organizations which, if spread and rooted in the territory, can influence the various spheres of politics and decision-making processes of an entire country. Despite the seriousness of the threat, organised crime is not sufficiently understood. Although regulatory interventions and actions to prevent and combat cybercrimes perpetrated by organised crime have been implemented, through the international collaboration of the police forces with the various investigative agencies, the individual states intend to maintain full sovereignty in the area of criminal justice; all this leads to a lack of uniformity between both national and European institutions in the area of organized crime, while adequate regulation is still lacking in the dark web. In the light of the exponential increase in online criminal activity in recent years and even 25% between the first and second quarter of 2020 due to the coronavirus emergency, it is therefore essential that the individual Member States put aside uncertainties, exploiting the European Union as a fulcrum in the fight against transnational organised crime. A common solution would be to criminalize access to some areas of the Onion Routing, integrate the provisions of the article 416 of the Penal Code to apply them also to the digital context and establish the crime of mafia-type criminal association in the European legislative landscape as explained in article 416-bis of the Italian Penal Code.&#x0D; &#x0D; Interpol; Europol; Postal police; Criminal law; Darknet

Understanding iatrogenic effects for evidence-based policy: A review of crime and violence prevention programs

Abstract This article has two main objectives. The first is to advance primary research on intervention studies that report iatrogenic effects. In short, we need to know a great deal more about why interventions cause harm. The second objective is to make the case that a body of knowledge on iatrogenic effects can play an important role in informing evidence-based policy. We view this knowledge as another key input in the policymaking process. Some primary research has been conducted on interventions with iatrogenic effects, and several studies with crime and violence outcomes are reviewed. Building on a number of important advances from this work, as well as from prior reviews on the subject, a research agenda is proposed to help enrich our understanding of interventions that cause harm and contribute to evidence-based policy in the area of crime and violence prevention. Directions for future research include carrying out longer follow-up assessments of interventions with iatrogenic effects and investigating the role of theory failure and implementation failure as potential explanations. In the same way that immediate action is needed to end interventions that cause harm, using the knowledge base on iatrogenic effects has the potential to provide policymakers with an important tool to help avoid causing harm in the first instance.

Transitions: The London Bridge of Health Care

Transitions: The London Bridge of Health Care