Crime Areas Research Articles

No Place Like Home? Local Crime and Older Adults’ Time at Home

ABSTRACT Home is a locus of everyday activity among a growing population of Americans who are “aging in place,” and for whom leaving the home is generally thought to benefit quality of life and well-being. Sociological and criminological theory has often assumed that higher levels of local crime constrain individuals’ activities to the residential environment, although few studies have empirically tested this assumption. We use longitudinal smartphone-based GPS data and ecological momentary assessments from 409 older adults in the Chicago Health and Activity Space in Real-Time study, linked with administrative crime data, to test this relationship through a series of multilevel linear regression models. Our findings suggest that older adults living in higher crime areas spend less time at home, on average, compared to older adults who live in lower crime areas. This association is especially evident among older adults who experience higher levels of unsafety at home. We discuss the implication that neighborhood characteristics can permeate the boundaries of the home, adversely affecting an already vulnerable population in ways that may exacerbate inequality in community engagement, collective efficacy, and health. Our findings prompt a more nuanced understanding of what leaving the home represents among the aging population.

형사실체법에서 법익개념과 피해자의 지위 - 해악의 원칙: 형사입법의 제한에 피해자는 기여하는가?

The principle that there is no crime without legal interest to protect serves to set the limits of criminal legislation. In such a theory centered on the legal interest, it is not known what function the victim performs in the criminal law. However, in the criminal law regulations protecting individuals, the victim's traces appear in that the person attributing legal interests is the victim, and it is not an active marker of the criminal law. Here is looked at whether the areas that are difficult to solve with the theory of legal interest can be supplemented with the principles of common law system. The “Harm to Others Principle,” which the state sees as the most legitimate purpose of restricting individual freedom to prevent acts of harm to others, presupposes the existence of the victim. Next, Offense theory is a theory that the state's penal intervention becomes possible when the infringement of an individual's special feelings is accepted as a serious infringement beyond the subjective tendency, unlike the moral or ethical violation as a common behavior of a community. While debating whether personal legal interests and ecological or functional- human-centered legal interests should interpret legal interests centered on human interests or expand them beyond that, it was confirmed that the principle of harm and its derivative principle could be solved simply but more clearly. If the principle of harm is accepted, the victim can be determined in any way and the criminal substance law can be restricted centered on the victim, because it can have the effect of limiting the area of crime through crimes of harming interests by determining the category of harm. On the other hand, it was also examined that while the existence of the victim may perform a systematic critical function of restricting criminal legislation on the one hand, there is a concern that excessive crime may be expanded by interpreting and expanding the existing criminal constituent requirements in interpretation centered on the victim. Of course, even if the principle of harm is accepted, judgment based on an individual's subjective emotion of pleasure or displeasure still cannot be a complete solution in that there is a concern of arbitrary interpretation. This paper would be liked to terminate without concluding what is reasonable. Instead, would like to replace the conclusion with the effect that it is necessary to rethink the basis of “what” criminal law should be legislated clearly.

A descriptive evaluation of children presenting with Technology Assisted-Harmful Sexual Behaviour (TA-HSB) within a regional Forensic Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service (FCAMHS)

ABSTRACT Unsupervised technology use by children is increasing rapidly and with it, a common area of crime is emerging: Technology Assisted-Harmful Sexual Behaviour (TA-HSB). Previous research has demonstrated that there are significant differences between adult offenders displaying TA-HSB, offline Harmful Sexual Behaviour (offline HSB) and those displaying both (dual HSB). This study aimed to investigate these differences further within a community adolescent forensic population over a period of four years (1 April 2018 to 31 March 2022). The demographic characteristics and TA-HSB typologies of an adolescent forensic population who were displaying TA-HSB (n = 43), offline HSB (n = 116) and dual HSB (n = 130) were examined. The implications for future research are discussed. PRACTICE IMPACT STATEMENT This evaluation promotes a greater sense of awareness and knowledge of the characteristics of young people engaging in TA-HSB in a community adolescent forensic service and the incidence and types of TA-HSB they engage in. Findings help develop an understanding of risk formulation, differential needs and support of young people presenting with TA-HSB.

Investigating the Spatial Relation between Landuse and Property Crime in Kuching, Sarawak through Location Quotient Analysis

Urban areas are often associated with higher crime rates, which is a growing concern among communi-ties. This study aim to investigate the spatial relation between landuse and property crime in Kuching, Sarawak through location quotient analysis. There are three method were applied in this study inclu-ding multiple buffer analysis, Pearson’s correlation and location quotient. Based on initial findings, there is an observed increase in crime levels as the distance from the centroid extends from 150 to 750 meters and decrease beyond the 750-meter. The study findings reveal a strong and consistent positive correlation between property crime and land use areas across 2015-2017. Property crime is more pre-valent in urban and associated areas compared to other land use categories. Offenders in Kuching of-ten utilize various tools to break into houses and digs holes, break locks, climb gates, engage in snatch theft using motorcycles, and break car windows to steal handbags that are placed on the right seat. In certain locations, CCTV cameras are positioned far away from the target areas. All of these factors contribute to creating opportunities for offenders. Property crimes were more common during the day-time than at night as during the daytime may be attributed to more people being active outside their homes, providing criminals with easier targets. At night, people tend to stay home, the opportunity for property crimes decreases. The study provides crucial geographic crime information to the Commis-sion of Kuching North City Hall and the Council of the City of Kuching South to enhance urban safety.

From urban crime areas to urban resilience: lessons learned from Bandung City, Indonesia

From urban crime areas to urban resilience: lessons learned from Bandung City, Indonesia

An efficient safest route prediction-based route discovery mechanism for drivers using improved golden tortoise beetle optimizer

ABSTRACT Several commercialised route recommendation systems only consider the metrics like cost, time, and distance. The essential metric ‘safety’ is neglected by the existent systems. It suggests only the short way and doesn’t include any safety information, such as crime awareness, road availability. This paper describes an inventive ideology to discover the safest route with minimal risk score for security of the road travellers. Hence, a new safety route navigation mechanism is developed to solve the challenges in the traditional route discovery approaches using deep learning. In the developed route discovery mechanism, the examination of the safest roads is done by the developed deep learning network, where the network is trained with the inputs obtained from the roads, such as road surface conditions, Road users, weather conditions, traffic conditions, accidental cases, and crime areas. The availability of the safest route will be determined by the ‘Long Short-Term Memory with Attention Mechanism’ (LSTM-AM). The route discovery is done with the help of a developed ‘Fitness-based Golden Tortoise Beetle Optimizer’ (FGTBO) with multi-objective constraints like distance, time, and road availability. The implementation outcome of the developed route discovery scheme will be validated with the traditional route discovery approaches concerning various measures.

Gender, Race, and Authorship in Criminological and Criminal Justice Journals: A New Look With an Old Result

There is a wealth of research that has tested faculty productivity in criminology and criminal justice (CCJ) journals over the past 30 years, although only a modest proportion of these studies have analyzed the gender of authors publishing in CCJ journals. Moreover, only a couple of studies have assessed the race of the authors in these journals, with their focus placed on either African American productivity or the comparison of non-White and White authors. The present study examines 1,836 journal articles in 14 journals from 2016 to 2018, including the top eight CCJ journals, the top three sociology and psychology journals, and the top three gender-focused journals in the area of crime and justice. We broke author productivity in these journals down by specific demographic categories and found that White men account for the majority of authors publishing in the CCJ journals, followed by White women. We also found that the advances for women authors found in some journals are primarily due to White women authors, as the production of all minority groups in the journals remains low regardless of gender.

Do hotspot policing interventions against optimal foragers cause crime displacement?

Optimal forager theory (OFT) initially emerged from ecological studies, elucidating how foraging organisms seek resources. In recent decades, this ecological theory has migrated to the realm of criminology, where it is used to identify burglary offenders and inform crime analysis. Several police services employ optimal forager theory-based analysis to guide hotspot patrol interventions aimed at reducing domestic burglary. Crime displacement resulting from hotspot interventions has been a subject of debate, with approximately a quarter of cases experiencing some form of displacement, the underlying reasons for which remain unclear. This study postulates that the presence of the optimal forager typology of offender may be one contributing factor. To test this hypothesis, we analyze the cumulative crime diffusion and displacement effects of ten optimal forager theory-inspired hotspot interventions employing the weighted displacement quotient (WDQ) technique (Bowers and Johnson, 2003) and the Cambridge harm index (CHI) (Sherman et al., 2016). The findings reveal the interventions' marked efficacy in reducing domestic burglary within response areas. However, this reduction is overshadowed by the substantial spatial and offense displacement they induce, encompassing both crime count and harm. These results provide insights into the proportion of hotspot interventions that trigger crime displacement, and policy implications for the choice and selection of crime reduction strategies. Supported by ecological studies of optimal foragers, we argue that this phenomenon stems from the exceptional motivation of foraging offenders and their inclination toward anti-detection behavior, specifically, relocating to alternative crime areas.

Rape Crime in India: A Spatio-temporal Analysis

Analysing crime spatiotemporally involves studying the spatial and temporal patterns of criminal incidents. It helps identify high crime areas and times, aiding law enforcement in resource allocation. Using National Crime Records Bureau's (NCRB), crime in India reports, this study analysed the spatial-temporal patterns of rape crime in India to see how incidents of rape crime are distributed in the country. Arc GIS (10.4) software was employed to map these patterns. The results shows that the spatial pattern of rape crime in India displays a picture of irregular distribution.

Economic Aspects of Prevention

Economic aspects of prevention refer to the costs and benefits associated with measures aimed at preventing various problems and risks. Prevention can include measures aimed at preventing disease, crime, harmful behavior, environmental problems and other areas. There are several important economic aspects of prevention: cost reduction, productivity gains, social and human benefits and long-term sustainability. It is important to realize that prevention requires initial investments and often its economic impact is not immediately visible. However, a long-term evaluation of costs and benefits shows that prevention can be an economically beneficial strategy that brings a large number of socioeconomic benefits for the individual and society as a whole.

ИНТЕГРАЛЬНАЯ ОЦЕНКА НАЛОГОВОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ РЕГИОНОВ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ПРИВОЛЖСКОГО ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОГО ОКРУГА)

The process of economic comparison of tax revenues based on data from past years makes it possible to analyze the financial condition of the country and its constituent entities. The main task of the authorities and competent departments is to maintain a sufficient level of tax security in order to minimize the risks of creating a deficit budget based on the use of diagnostic models. This study presents a model for assessing the tax security of the region, containing group and integral diagnostic indicators. An algorithm for conducting tax security diagnostic procedures has been developed. Based on the author’s methodology, a diagnosis of the state of tax security of the Volga Federal District subjects in 2010-2022 was carried out. It has been established that the dynamics are heterogeneous, but in general we can talk about a decrease in tax security. Average and higher levels of security in the period under study are provided by regions with an average or high state of the region’s tax potential the Republic of Tatarstan, the Udmurt Republic, the Perm Territory and the Orenburg Region. The greatest security risks have been identified in the area of tax crimes.

The Role of Cryptocurrencies in Committing Terrorist and Extremist Crimes in Modern Conditions

Countering and combating manifestations of terrorism and extremism is an urgent and priority task for law enforcement agencies. These provisions underlie the national security of the state, and the fight against manifestations of this kind of crime rightfully deserves the most serious attention. The article presents the prerequisites for the use of cryptocurrencies for criminal purposes, based on the features of its functioning and use. The role of cryptocurrencies in the financing of terrorist and extremist activities in the current international financial and economic environment is indicated. The main problems that law enforcement agencies have to face in identifying and suppressing criminal activity, the financing of which can be organized with the help of cryptocurrencies, are reflected. Substantiated points of view are presented regarding the danger of the spread of cryptocurrencies in crimes of this direction, not only in relation to the Russian Federation, but also to the world community as a whole. The author presents statistical data of the indicated areas of crime and analyzes it. The results of a study by third-party organizations specializing in research in the field of cryptocurrencies are also presented and summarized. Examples of the use of cryptocurrencies to finance terrorist and extremist activities are noted. The ways of solving the presented problems are proposed, taking into account the mechanisms already proposed by scientists for preventing crimes using cryptocurrencies. In particular, the main emphasis is placed on the need to modernize the existing mechanisms of financial control and the reasonable involvement of representatives of large IT companies in this activity, since the main flow of information capable of exposing criminal activity is accumulated by them.

Areas of Crime in Cities: Case Study of Lithuania

In all countries, cities and their suburbs are the most densely populated areas. They are also the places visited by the largest number of tourists and one-day visitors, who inevitably run the risk of becoming victims of crime. It is, therefore, important, not only at national but also at the international level, to know the structure of urban crime and identify urban areas that differ in terms of their criminogenic situation. This requires a geographical approach and regionalisation based on the quantitative data that can offer it. This paper presents the results of a study using big data regarding violent crime, property crime and infringements against public order registered by the police in 2020 in the territories of three major Lithuanian cities and their suburbs (n = 149,239). Events in open spaces were separately addressed. A series of experiments were carried out using several spatial clustering methods. The automatic zoning procedure method that gave the best statistical results was then tested with different combinations of parameters. In each city, seven types of areas of urban crime were identified. Maps of crime areas (regions) were created for each city. The results of the regionalisation have been interpreted from a socio-geographical point of view and conform with previous sociological urban studies. Seven types of areas of crime have been identified, which are present in all the cities studied and, according to a preliminary assessment, roughly correspond to the socio-demographic and urban zones of each city. The maps of crime areas can be applied for crime prevention planning and communication, real estate valuation, strategic urban development planning and other purposes.

Study of crimes in the city of Kokand using GIS technologies and sociological questionnaires

Formulation of the problem. It is known that the influence of the demographic, social and economic conditions of the region on criminal activity is significantly high. In this place, researching the types of crime characteristic of cities with different functions, and identifying hotspots where criminal activity has intensified within the city will further enrich the scientific and practical aspects of the geography of crime. The use of geographic information systems (hereinafter GIS) in the implementation of these tasks is an important issue on the agenda of the field today. Analysis of recent research and publications. Today, in most developed countries, GIS is widely used to identify common crime areas and organize preventive measures for crime prevention. Research in this regard is almost undeveloped in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Formulation of the purpose of the article. In this study, theft and drug-related crimes committed in the city of Kokand, Fergana region, were investigated using the Hot Spot analysis method of the Arc GIS (version 10.8) program. The problems of combating crime in identified theft and drug-related crime centres were studied with the help of sociological surveys (conducted with prevention inspectors) and an action plan for crime prevention was developed. Presentation of the main research material. The indicators of crime levels in the small administrative areas of Kokand, in the Fergana region, have been examined in this study. In addition to the types of crimes that are most commonly committed in large social infrastructures (for example, markets, parks, public places) and their specific characteristics, we also discussed the levels of these types of crimes according to age, gender and population size. Problems and prospects of the development of crime geography in Kokand city. Hotspot analysis consists of identifying hotbeds of crime in the area and developing proposals and recommendations based on this. Proposals and recommendations for reducing crime in the city of Kokand. First, this technology is effective in identifying crime trends, organizing preventive measures, planning crime prevention strategies, and improving public safety. Second, GIS is adapted for data processing, mapping, and spatial analysis, thereby increasing the effectiveness of crime analysis and quickly creating a quality criminal analysis map. Thirdly, according to the results of this technology, optimization of the distribution of law enforcement officers, proper and planned deployment, and development of more effective crime reduction measures will help.

Organized forms of crime in the companion animals market – criminological study

The subject of the study is the illegal market for companion animals in Poland. This issue falls within the scope of a paradigm in criminology referred to as “green criminology”. The subject undertaken in the study is part of the social discourse on the legal protection of pet animals. The work is of innovative nature, as the phenomenon of the illegal companion animal market has not been the subject of criminological research in the Polish literature. The research might have an implication dimension and can contribute to setting the direction of criminal policy in the area of green crime. The aim of the study is to depict the phenomenon of the illegal companion animal market in Poland, to determine whether organized criminal groups are involved in illegal practices, to determine the structure of crime, and to analyze the legal regulations in terms of their effectiveness. The results of the research might be helpful in identifying areas of importance for countering pathologies in the animal market.

Crime mapping and hot spot analysis using geospatial data in Jalingo metropolis of Taraba State, Nigeria

Crime mapping and hot spot analysis are topical and significant research across the fields of criminology, data digging, city planning and law enforcement for crime control. This study seeks to identify high crime areas which require an officer presence and predicting the possible response demand to increase the efficiency of response officer patrols. Crime type and patterns exist on a spatial level; these patterns and type can be grouped geographically by physical location, and analyzed contextually based on the region in which crime occurs. The study aimed at analyzing crime hotspots using geospatial data in Jalingo metropolis by identifying the different kinds of crime in the study area, determine the spatio-temporal variation of crime occurrences in the study area and determine the high crime density area (hotspot).This study proposed a method to identifying level crime, localize crime hotspots, identify relationship between spatiotemporal crime patterns and social trends, and analyze the resulting data for the purposes of knowledge discovery and anomaly detection. Several types of crime were analyzed in this dataset, including burglary, bribery, forgery ,murder ,rape ,theft drug abuse, assault, and robbery analysis, several interesting findings were drawn about crime in Jalingo metropolis, including: Crime mapping and hotspots with steadily increasing crime levels, hotspots with unstable crime levels, synchronous changes in crime trends throughout Jalingo metropolis as a whole, individual months in which certain hotspots behaved anomalously, and a strong relationship between crime hotspot locations. This type of statistical and correlative analysis of crime patterns will help law enforcement agencies predict criminal activity, allocate resources, and promote community awareness to reduce overall crime rates in Jalingo metropolis. Policing approaches like patrolling and response to crime incidents can be more effective if proper crime mapping and crime hot spot analysis data are available for policing is used to make decisions on crime control in the study area. Predictive policing in crime management use information such as historical crime data to predict crime patterns and response demand. Historical crime data is used to identify high crime areas through kernel density estimation. It is also used to anticipate the levels of response demand. Both of these factors are used to determine how to direct police patrols. This study revealed how kernel density estimation is used for crime mapping and hot spot.

흑인 탐정 추리소설의 지형학

Chester Himes’ Harlem Cycle, the series of black detective fiction comprising nine novels, made him one of the most prominent black detective fiction writers in the U. S. His representation of Harlem in the series, however, has been criticized as a sensational and unreal geography distorted for a popular market. This paper intends to verify the validity of the criticism regarding Himes’s representation of Harlem. Examining the history of residential segregation by race in the U. S. cities and the resulting condition of Black residential areas, this paper proves that his representation of Harlem does not create a landscape of imaginary Harlem but provides a realistic record of Harlem. It further argues that Harlem Cycle is not written for commercial purpose but for exposing the racism in the housing policies of the U. S. government and accusing the greed of white capitalists in the urban renewal projects. In the later novels of Harlem Cycle, Himes’ representation of Harlem transforms from an internal colony of whites to the site of Black riots. Sick and tired of racial segregation and exploitative redevelopment, Black people in Harlem begin a fierce struggle. Moving from an area of poverty and crime to a war zone in representing Harlem, Himes warns against the possible future of the violent clash between Blacks and the ruling whites.

“Neighborhood fear of crime and disadvantaged areas: a comparative longitudinal study”

AbstractThe current study explores how neighborhood fear of crime (“worry about specific crimes”) changes over time in neighborhoods with different levels of disadvantage. With a comparative design, 81 and 123- neighborhoods in two cities in Sweden are followed over a six-year period. Fear of crime trajectories are assessed through growth curve modeling. We consider how differences in neighborhood processes, such as social and physical disorder, might influence fear of crime levels. The results show that fear of crime increased over time in both cities and the increase was related to higher levels of physical disorder in several areas. Furthermore, the change differed depending on the neighborhood type – in highly disadvantaged neighborhoods, the fear was stable at a high level. In contrast, the largest increases in fear could be seen in the areas with the lowest disadvantage in both cities. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Geospatial Location of Crime-Prone Areas in Igangan, Tapa and Ayete Community in Ibarapa North Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria

Due to insecurity, Ibarapa land is believed to be the most challenging zone in Oyo State. Ibarapa axis of Oyo has been the hotbed of several violent clashes between the bandits and the indigenous farmers where farmers can no longer go on their daily faming activities due to kidnapping by the herdsman. This study aimed at depicting the geographical locations of crime prone areas in Ibarapa North Local Government Areas of Oyo State, Nigeria. The study adopted field survey methods which involved field surveying method. IKONOS satellite imagery was employed as a tool to depict the geographical location of crime prone areas. The field surveying method involved the use of Handheld GPS (Garmin 78s) for data ground truth and kidnapping crime hotspots in Igangan, Tapa and Ayete. The study was able to visited Eight (8) crime hotspots in Igangan, five (5) in Tapa community and none in Ayete as all crime areas are in the/along farmland, and due to security reasons, the study cannot further to all the locations. Further processing was done using ArcGIS 10.4 (Arcmap 10.4 version). The results from the study were presented in form of tables, map and map queries. However, proximity of police stations to the crime areas was done to determine how close/near of the crime hotspots to the nearest police station through buffer analysis. Therefore, the study recommends the establishment of more security agents by the government, community vigilante be established also and empower them and as well create more police stations in the study areas.

The association between lifetime trauma exposure typologies and mental health outcomes among veterans

We know little about veterans’ lifetime trauma exposure patterns and how such patterns are associated with mental health outcomes. This study sought to identify lifetime trauma exposure typologies among veterans and examine associations between these typologies and mental health outcomes. It used baseline data from a national longitudinal mail-based survey of 3,544 veterans and oversampled for women (51.6%) and veterans living in high crime areas (67.6%). Most veterans (94.2%) reported trauma exposure, and 80.1% reported exposure to two or more traumas. Prevalence of mental health outcomes was: 27.7% anxiety, 31.3% depression, 37.9% posttraumatic stress disorder, 44.4% alcohol use disorder, 10.4% suicide attempt, and 33.5% mental health comorbidity. Latent class analysis was used to identify patterns of lifetime trauma exposure and logistic regression was used to examine the odds of mental health outcomes as a function of class membership. Five lifetime trauma exposure typologies emerged: (1) low trauma; (2) high combat and community violence; (3) intimate partner violence trauma; (4) high global physical assault; and (5) high trauma. Classes showed differential associations with mental health outcomes. Findings have implications for clinical practice including informing providers’ mental health treatment plans to correspond to each veteran's trauma exposure typology.