Crime Analysis Research Articles

Analysis of Crimes Committed by the Elderly from the Perspective of Law and Economics

In recent years, the research enthusiasm for crimes committed by the elderly has gradually declined, and if crimes committed by the elderly are not prevented, with the acceleration of the aging process of the population and the growth of the number of elderly people, the social harm will become increasingly significant and crime among the elderly will also become increasingly difficult to control. This paper will start from the perspective of law and economics, and introduce the way of thinking of economics to fill the shortcomings of traditional law, making it more visual, from abstract to concrete. From the cost and benefit level in economics and combined with the actual situation, the reason for the crime of the elderly is because of its low crime cost and high crime income, and at the same time combined with economic knowledge to think about how to reduce the probability of elderlys crime.

Hate Crime and Class Vulnerability: A Case Study of White Nationalist Violence Against Unhoused Indigenous People

Abstract Advocates and academics have increasingly called on governments to recognize anti-homeless violence as a hate crime and type of domestic extremism, representing a broader trend in Westernized countries for responding to social issues through anti-hate policies. Can these approaches protect unhoused people? Drawing upon ethnographic interviews and observation with 50 unhoused community members in a Canadian city, we outline their experiences with anti-homeless and anti-Indigenous violence. Our findings show how hate crime approaches often (1) fail to consider intersectionality, especially how class contributes to vulnerability, and (2) overlook place-based victimization and how institutions enable class vulnerability. We call for more localized analyses of hate crime and introduce the concept of ‘cumulative risk of hate crime victimization’ to help address intersectionality.

Assessing damage to agricultural fields from military actions in Ukraine: An integrated approach using statistical indicators and machine learning

The ongoing full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine has led to widespread damage of agricultural lands, jeopardizing global food security. Timely detection of impacted fields enables quantification of production losses, guiding recovery policies and monitoring military actions. This study presents a robust methodology to automatically identify agricultural areas damaged by wartime ground activities using free Sentinel-2 satellite data. The 10 m resolution spectral bands and vegetation indices are leveraged, alongside their statistical metrics over time, as inputs to a Random Forest classifier. The algorithm efficiently pinpoints damaged fields, with accuracy metrics around 0.85. Subsequent anomaly detection delineates damages within the fields by combining spectral bands and indices. Applying the methodology over 22 biweekly periods in 2022, approximately 500 thousand ha of cropland across 10 regions of Ukraine were classified as damaged, with the most significant impacts occurring from March to September. The algorithm provides updated damage information despite cloud cover and vegetation shifts. The approach demonstrates the efficacy of automated satellite monitoring to assess agricultural impacts of military actions, supporting recovery analysis and documentation of war crimes.

Managing difference: Preliminary research to an enculturational care strategy in the triple periphery of Eastern Saxony, Lower Silesia and North-Eastern Bohemia

There may be areas in the world where reflection on strengthening intercultural resilience belongs to the group of amenities–nice to have, but not a must be, and a mere object of evening chit-chat among well-mannered people, after which the brave citizen goes to bed. The triple periphery of East Saxony, Lower Silesia and North-East Bohemia does NOT belong to this type of area. Here, on the contrary, the future of society and its economy, depends on successful intercultural resilience, and not least its political including its party-political preferences.
 For the following reflections, we choose the example of the care labour market and focus in particular on the situation in the German part of the European City of Görlitz-Zgorzelec as pars pro toto of the three-countries’-region. A small preliminary empirical study by Monique Ritter commissioned by us can be found in the same volume.
 The intercultural integration of care workers from overseas requires special efforts. Max Frisch (1965) wrote about the situation of Italian “guest workers” in Switzerland: They have called for labour, and human beings are coming. This sentence has a special truth when it comes to people who come from far away and hope to find a new home here.
 A critical question to be asked in the following is whether the city of Görlitz is at all suitable for such a project, and how the research can do justice to the complex situation in the border triangle. Can the findings from Leipzig (Decker et al., 2023) be transferred one-to-one to the situation in Görlitz? What insights does a more detailed analysis of crime and constitutional protection statistics offer for the safety of foreign trainees in Görlitz? What is the need for research on enculturation? This article concentrates on the background picture from which the concrete research on care will start.

A Detection and Investigation Model for the Capture and Analysis of Network Crimes

Investigation in the field of network forensics involves examining network traffic to identify, capture, preserve, reconstruct, analyze, and document network crimes. Although there are different perspectives on the practical and technical aspects of network forensics, there is still a lack of fundamental guidelines. This paper proposes a new detection and investigation model for capturing and analyzing network crimes, using design science research. The proposed model involves six processes: identification, verification, gathering, preservation, examination, analysis, and documentation. Each process is associated with several activities that provide the investigation team with a clear picture of exactly what needs to be performed. In addition, the proposed model has a unique activity, namely reporting. As a result, this model represents a comprehensive approach to network forensics investigations. It is designed to work in conjunction with established forensic techniques to ensure that forensic evidence from the network is collected and analyzed efficiently and effectively following accepted forensic procedures. The proposed model was compared with existing models in terms of completeness, showing that it is complete and can be adapted to any type of network and legal framework.

Police Training for Managing Crime: With Special Reference to the Crime Data Management System of Bangladesh Police

Initiations of the Crime Data Management System (CDMS) have led e-policing to a higher level of accuracy. The purpose of this study is to explore the existing training on CDMS, assess the training needed on CDMS, and recommend some ways forward. This study follows the mixed methodology where the primary data were collected by using surveys, key informant interviews (KIIs), and FGDs. This study reveals that since its initiation in 2005, CDMS has been working to depict case information, investigation reports, and crime analysis. In 2010, this system introduced online medium, and the Police Headquarters took over total control from the Crime Investigation Department (CID). Gradually in 2015, the Dhaka Metropolitan Police (DMP) introduced this system and in 2016, this system has been used at all police stations throughout the country. Moreover, this study also finds that from 2009 to 2020 more than half of the police officials did not receive any training on CDMS. The training receivers express their dissatisfaction with its short duration, and the aged and newly promoted officers remain vulnerable due to the partial training system. Additionally, police officials working in local thanas remain largely untrained and they also need to use this software on a regular basis. Social Science Review, Vol. 40(1), Jun 2023 Page 73-88

STRP-DBSCAN: A Parallel DBSCAN Algorithm Based on Spatial-Temporal Random Partitioning for Clustering Trajectory Data

Trajectory clustering algorithms analyze the movement trajectory of the target objects to mine the potential movement trend, regularity, and behavioral patterns of the object. Therefore, the trajectory clustering algorithm has a wide range of applications in the fields of traffic flow analysis, logistics and transportation management, and crime analysis. Existing algorithms do not make good use of the temporal attributes of trajectory data, resulting in a long clustering time and low clustering accuracy of spatial-temporal trajectory data. Meanwhile, the density-based clustering algorithms represented by DBSCAN are very sensitive to the clustering parameters. The radius value Eps and the minimal points number MinPts within Eps radius, defined by the user, have a significant impact on the clustering results, and tuning these parameters is difficult. In this paper, we present STRP-DBSCAN, a parallel DBSCAN algorithm based on spatial-temporal random partitioning for clustering trajectory data. It adopts spatial-temporal random partitioning to distribute balanced computation among different computing nodes and reduce the communication overhead of the parallel clustering algorithm, thus improving the execution efficiency of the DBSCAN algorithm. We also present the PER-SAC algorithm, which uses deep reinforcement learning to combine the prioritized experience replay (PER) and the soft actor-critic (SAC) algorithm for autotuning the optimal parameters of DBSCAN. The experimental results show that STRP-DBSCAN effectively reduces the clustering time of spatial-temporal trajectory data by up to 96.2% and 31.2% compared to parallel DBSCAN and the state-of-the-art RP-DBSCAN. The PER-SAC algorithm also outperforms the state-of-the-art DBSCAN parameter tuning algorithms and improves the clustering accuracy by up to 8.8%. At the same time, the proposed algorithm obtains a higher stability of clustering accuracy.

From Meaning to Ecocide: The Value of Phenomenology for Green Criminology

The planetary crisis that we face today is not only a result of human-induced environmental degradation, but also of a deep crisis of meaning and value in human existence. In consequence, this article will demonstrate the value of phenomenology towards the existential paradigm within green criminology and its importance to overcome a lived experience that is opposed to the planet’s ecological balance. The article will present Martin Heidegger’s phenomenology through his conception of ‘being-here’, which elaborates on the modes of unreflective and unselfconsciousness of everyday existence. This will then be developed into the theory of being-towards-ecocide that is concerned with the meaning of the individual’s encounter with ecocide. Finally, the value of phenomenology as a conceptual tool for the analysis of green crimes and harms will be outlined as a necessary shift towards transcending ecocide and for an existential, theoretical, and systematic construction for the world of everyday life.

War crimes in the International Criminal and Humanitarian Law and in the Criminal Law of Ukraine: theoretical and practical aspects

The article reveals the criminal law characteristics of war crimes in the International Criminal Law, International Humanitarian Law and under the National Criminal Law. The category of “war crimes” is analysed and its Criminal Law description is made in terms of substantive, international and national components in the context of combining theoretical and applied aspects of war crimes research. A comparative analysis of war crimes in both International Criminal Law and National Criminal Law has been made, with the examples of application of Article 438 of the CC of Ukraine from judicial practice provided, and the legislative regulation of the term “war crimes” in the CC of Ukraine has been proposed, given the trend of clear separation of the category of war crimes which has been observed since the beginning of the armed conflict in Ukraine in the National Criminal Law science and in law application which remains doctrinal.
 The range of problematic issues of interpretation and enforcement of Art. 438 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine arising in court practice in the course of implementation of this provision has been outlined, such as the “international legal” blanket nature of the disposition of Art. 438 of the CC of Ukraine, the need for ratification of the Rome Statute and implementation of its provisions into national legislation, low sanctions for war crimes, distinguishing war crimes from other international crimes, as well as war crimes from “general criminal” offences provided for in other articles of the Special Part of the CC of Ukraine. It has been proved that courts in criminal proceedings should establish a contextual element when qualifying violations of the laws and customs of war under Article 438 of the CC of Ukraine as an independent element of war crimes, which makes it possible to distinguish them from "general criminal" offences provided for in other sections of the CC of Ukraine. The low sanction of Part 1 of Art. 438 of the CC of Ukraine has been stated and proposals have been made to strengthen it in order to establish in the Criminal Law a relevant punishment for persons who committed war crimes during the armed conflict in Ukraine, which is a requirement of today.

Overcoming unreported violence using place‐based ambulance data: The case for mapping hotspots based on health data for crime prevention initiatives

AbstractA key concern in crime analysis is the “hidden crime” problem. Crime events unaccounted for in police records limit the external validity of official statistics and, more importantly, hinder the ability of the police to manage crime and utilize their resources effectively. The problem is exacerbated in proactive initiatives aimed at curbing violence through hotspot policing, where inaccuracies and imprecision, or, worse, no data at all, diminish prevention efforts. Previous studies have sought to overcome the data problem by juxtaposing police records with ambulance data on assault callouts and have found profound disparities. Specifically, researchers matched “crime hotspots” with “ambulance hotspots” (rather than individual events) because patient confidentiality considerations have prevented health professionals from sharing subject‐level data with the police. However, health services can safely share spatial data on wider areas that do not disclose personal information. We build on this line of inquiry by analyzing data from the Thames Valley, United Kingdom, and observing spatial hotspots of different sizes. The results demonstrate that while the police and ambulance services attend to the same communities and similar types of facilities, the police are “blinded” to the location of nearly 8 out of 10 assaults. The incongruency is shown even with severe assaults, but to a lesser extent. We then simulate the reduction in injuries if the police had access to health data at different spatial levels and show that even under the most conservative set of assumptions, such an approach can prevent between 113 and 116 violent injuries each year that might otherwise require hospitalization.

Beyond genocide: Towards an improved analysis and understanding of the Syrian regime's mass atrocity crimes in the Syrian Civil War

AbstractIn the course of the Syrian Civil War, prominent former Syrian Regime politicians, human rights observers, and foreign observers have accused the Syrian Regime of committing genocide against the country's Sunni majority. This article views these accusations as part of a wider politicization of genocide, and instead progresses beyond them to outline the case for an alternative “framing” of large‐scale atrocities committed against civilians. It accordingly proposes strategic displacement, or the deliberate large‐scale uprooting and dispersal of established communities for tactical and strategic purposes, as a preferable and more sustainable framework of engagement and analysis, and seeks to more clearly distinguish it from “ethnic cleansing” with the aim of demonstrating and underlining its unique contribution to the analysis and understanding of violent conflict. This has two benefits—first, it provides a different basis for conceptual and theoretical engagement that makes it possible to view mass atrocity as a tactical innovation in response to conflict exigencies; and second, it draws attention to internal displacement, an aspect of the conflict that has been repeatedly overlooked by international observers.

Zagrożenie dziedzictwa kulturowego przestępczością – analiza wydarzeń w 2021 roku

There are a variety of methods that may be used in the analysis of crimes against cultural heritage which allow us to determine the level of risk. A comprehensive study covering all instances of crime against cultural goods during the period of one year allows us to note tendencies in criminals’ behaviour and helps develop methods to counteract similar crimes in the future. The article presents the selected cases of crime in 2021 based on statistics prepared by the police, National Revenue Administration and border police. The study is a part of an annual series and aims to illustrate the trends and threats to monuments and cultural assets throughout a given year. The complementary presentation of collective information on the threats posed to cultural heritage is essential to develop a strategy for its protection from a research perspective.

From larceny and concealed births, to indecent assault and attempted suicide: An analysis of rural crimes committed in three small Irish villages between 1941-1943

This article explores an under-researched area within Irish criminology: rural crime during the 1940s. It analyses a volume of recorded rural crimes that were committed in an area encompassing three small Irish rural villages between the years 1941-1943. Set against the backdrop of World War II and Ireland’s state of emergency, many crimes committed were larceny, relatively minor in nature and related to “culprits” living in, or perhaps trying to survive the hardships of war, poverty and rationing. However, other crimes, such as embezzlement, indecent assault, concealment of birth, attempted suicide and sacrilege also feature within the volume. Examining these crimes provides a vignette into Ireland’s past, shining light on what Irish social life was like for some individuals and groups living through a state of emergency in a small rural area and in a society dominated by religiosity. Crime and sin were deeply intertwined at this time. The volume also provides some insight into the habitus of those who recorded the crimes: Gardaí who were exclusively male, predominantly Catholic and who policed with moral authority that was bestowed upon them by State and Church.

A criminal macrocause classification model: An enhancement for violent crime analysis considering an unbalanced dataset

This study introduces a novel model designed to classify macrocauses of violent crimes. The model’s practical application is demonstrated through its integration into the framework of the Natal Smart City Initiative in Brazil. Utilizing the Design Science methodology, the study details the model’s development, its subsequent implementation through a machine learning pipeline, and its assessment employing four prominent classification techniques: Decision Trees, Logistic Regression, Random Forest, and XGBoost. XGBoost performed exceptionally well, achieving an average accuracy of 0.961791, an F1-Score of 0.961410, and an AUC of ROC curve of 0.994732. Accurate classification of criminal macrocauses is crucial for developing effective public safety policies. The proposed model can provide public safety institutions and criminal analysts with a valuable tool for better understanding aspects related to violent crime analysis in their cities. This can streamline the analysis and management process and provide more accurate information for decision-making. This study also has important implications for the emerging field of smart cities. By providing a tool to assist in decision-making and planning public safety strategies, this work contributes to the development of innovative, data-based, and theory-based solutions to address urban challenges.

Criminological characteristics of war crimes committed by the russian army against the civilian population in Chernihiv region from February 24 to April 2, 2022

The article highlights the regional aspect of war crimes committed by the Russian army against the civilian population in the Chernihiv region. It is noted that Chernihiv was under the siege from February 24 to April 2, 2022, and many villages and communities of the Chernihiv region were occupied.The author emphasizes the analysis of war crimes committed by Russian servicemen against the civilian population. The current international act regarding the understanding of war crimes is the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, which was signed in 1998. During the war, the Russian Federation violated the legal norms of Article 8 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and Art. The analysis of war crimes committed by Russian servicemen was carried out on the basis of the data of the Chernihiv Regional Prosecutor’s Office and the report of the UN commission on war crimes committed by Russians in Chernihiv Oblast. The following crimes were recorded in Chernihiv Oblast: shooting of civilians, torture, intentional attacks on buildings intended for religious, educational, artistic, scientific, or charitable purposes; keeping people in the basement (like a concentration camp); the use of cluster weapons, which are prohibited in 90 countries of the world. In the village іt is true that in Chernihiv оblast, the occupiers drove the entire population of the village into the school basement, where they held them for almost a month. So far, employees of the Chernihiv Regional Prosecutor’s Office have announced the suspicion of 15 russian servicemen who committed crimes against the civilian population.A criminological portrait of Russian servicemen who committed offensive and humiliating treatment of the civilian population, murder, and torture was compiled. Most of them are representatives of national minorities, who show a cruel mentality towards people, besides, for whom war is also a way of making money. As a conclusion, all recorded war crimes are indisputable evidence of the atrocity of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, which violated the requirements of international humanitarian law regarding the conduct of war. should bear criminal responsibility before the International Criminal Court. The Russian Federation must be held accountable before the International Criminal Court.

A Multiscale Assessment of the Impact of Perceived Safety from Street View Imagery on Street Crime

Perceived safety of the built environment—a cognitive assessment different from emotional fear of crime—might affect the number of potential crime victims in an area and thus affect crime opportunities. The perceived safety derived from street view imagery has propelled scholars to examine its relationship with crime. The literature, however, has not addressed the related geographic scale variability issue; that is, the choice of the geographic analytical units might affect the relationship between area-based perceived safety and crime. This study explores how the relationships between street-view-derived perceived safety and both street thefts and street robberies vary by different spatial scales in Cincinnati. Results of negative binomial models show that perceived safety is positively associated with street thefts and street robberies at both the street segment and census block levels, but is negatively associated with these crimes at the census block group level. The relationship is not statistically significant at the census tract level. This variability is explained by the different freedom of avoidance behaviors in response to perceived safety, which change by geographic scale. The research further evaluates the within variance and between variance of perceived safety at different scales. Compared to between variance, within variance is smaller at both the street segment and block levels, but larger at both the block group and tract levels. This variability can be a source of model instability across multiple geographical scales. In short, the multiscale assessment shows that larger spatial units like the census tract are unsuitable for perceived safety–crime analysis.

Cybercrime in India: An analysis of crime against women in ever expanding digital space

AbstractThe ever expanding digital space and government initiatives like Digital India have increased connectivity, digitization, remote employment which empowered us with technology and made our lifestyle easy and fast but as digitization is enhancing, cyberattacks are proportionally growing. In the initial stage of this study, it was observed from the data analysis and it was evident that women are particularly a soft target of many cybercriminals and cyber fraudsters. Women feel insecure in cyberspace, hence there is a need to dive deeper into our understanding and statistics of cybercrimes against women in India. It becomes necessary to determine the factors that have led to the clear surge of such crimes in recent years. In recent studies no such analysis is done focusing on geographical factors and top most cybercrime types committed against women. Therefore, in this article, prediction for cybercrime trends against women was performed using statistical tools and techniques to provide a better insight into the current scenario revolving around cybercrimes and women. A regressive statistical analysis of cybercrime data of all states of India to understand the current trend of cybercrimes, identification of the most vulnerable states of India and specific cybercrime with their percentage in whole, also where cybercrime afflicted women stand in those numbers. Further, for preventive measures a robust guidelines is proposed to combat cybercrimes for a better future.

Exploring the Nexus of Gender-Based Violence: A Psychological and Sociological Analysis of Crimes Against Women in India

Gender-based violence against women is a pervasive global issue with profound psychological and sociological implications. This theoretical research paper delves into the complex nexus of gender-based violence by examining the psychological and sociological factors contributing to its occurrence and persistence in India. Drawing upon existing literature and theories, this study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted nature of crimes against women, shedding light on the interplay between individual and societal factors. By analyzing both perspectives, this research underscores the urgency of addressing these perspectives in shaping effective policies and interventions for a safer and more equitable world for women.

Where are the Parents? The Drama of Youth Crime in the Media an Australian Focussed Discourse Analysis

The language in media stories surrounding the high drama of juvenile and youth crime is very alarmist and continues to fuel political debates and demands for tougher penalties rather than the proverbial slap on the wrist for young offenders. Further there are fear discourse elements that suggest that for some politicians cited in the daily news cycle as being “out of control”. In opposition to this fear and alarmist discourse in the notion that the media news cycle highlights youth crime for its sensationalist perspectives and poor reporting of youth courts and their judgments in such matters. A comprehensive discourse analysis of youth crime reporting may suggest that media must take the blame for some of the inappropriate focus on youth crime as being selective. This yearlong study suggests that the public need more information to see for themselves whether the current moves and political debates need to be reviewed and refreshed. In addition, family supports are a signal to consider as presented by expert authorities involved in decision making and reporting.

Comparative Analysis of Crimes Provided for in Articles 110.1 and 151.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation

In the article the author analyzes the causes of the occurrence on the pages of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of the elements of crimes regulating criminal liability for inciting a minor to suicide and facilitating its commission, as well as the involvement of adolescents in actions dangerous to their life and health. The author conducts a comprehensive comparative analysis of the elements of crimes provided for in paragraph "a" of Part 3 of Article 110.1 and Part 1 of Article 151.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, describes their main, common and distinctive features, raises qualification problems. When writing the scientific work, the author used dialectical, logical, statistical, comparative, formal and legal research methods. The degree of study of the problems raised in the article is represented by the scientific research of such legal figures as Kharlamov V.S., Levandovskaya M.G., Shchetinina N.V., Kiryukhin V.V., etc. The main conclusions of the study are the mutually exclusive nature of criminal acts, their differentiation by optional objective signs of corpus delicti. The novelty of the scientific work lies in the conclusions of the author made based on the results of the study, as well as in the proposal to reform the provisions of the current legislation by the inclusion of a special subject of given crimes.