Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary Clay Research Articles

Analysis of the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary Clay: Methodology Questioned

Analysis of the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary Clay: Methodology Questioned

Clay Mineralogy of the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary Clay

Analyses of the clay mineralogy of samples from the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary layer at four localities show that the boundary clay is neither mineralogically exotic nor distinct from locally derived clays above and below the boundary. The significant ejecta component in the clay that is predicted by the asteroid-impact scenario was not detected.

Spheroids at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary are altered impact droplets of basaltic composition

Sand-size spheroids of K-feldspar in the Cretaceous-Tertiary (C-T) boundary clay at Caravaca, southern Spain, were interpreted by Smit and Klaver as having solidified from a melt resulting from the impact of a large extraterrestrial body. Sand-size spheroids of K-feldspar, glauconite, and magnetite-quartz have been found in the C-T boundary clay in northern Italy, and spheroids of K-feldspar and pyrite were found in the boundary clay at Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 465A, in the central Pacific. These spheroids have textures similar to those of rapidly crystallized feldspar and mafic silicates. They are interpreted as diagenetically altered microcrystalline spherules of basaltic composition produced by the impact of a large asteroid in an ocean basin at the end of the Cretaceous. They are analogous to the glassy microtektites produced by impacts on more siliceous target rocks. 21 references, 4 figures.

Age and provenance of the target materials for tektites and possible impactites as inferred from Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr systematics

Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr analyses of tektites and other impactites can be used to place constraints on the age and provenance of target materials which were impact melted to form these objects. Tektites have large negative ε Nd(0) values and are uniform within each tektite group while the ε Sr(0) are large positive values and show considerable variation within each group. Chemical, trace element, and isotopic compositions of tektites are consistent with production by melting of sediments derived from old terrestrial continental crust. Each tektite group is characterized by a uniform Nd model age, T CHUR Nd , interpreted as the time of formation of the crustal segment which weathered to form the parent sediment for the tektites: (1) ∼1.15 AE for Australasian tektites; (2) ∼1.91 AE for Ivory Coast tektites; (3) ∼0.9 AE for moldavites; (4) ∼0.65 AE for North American tektites, and (5) ∼0.9 AE for high-Si irghizites. Sr model ages, T UR Sr , are variable within each group reflecting Rb-Sr fractionation and in the favorable limit of very high Rb/Sr ratios, approach the time of sedimentation of the parent material which melted to form the tektites. Australasian tektites are derived from ∼0.25 AE sediments, moldavites from ∼0.0 AE sediments, Ivory Coast tektites from ∼0.95 AE sediments. Possible parent sediments of other tektite groups have poorly constrained ages. Our data on moldavites and Ivory Coast tektites are consistent with derivation from the Ries and Bosumtwi craters, respectively. Irghizites are isotopically distinct from Australasian tektites and are probably not related. Sanidine spherules from a Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary clay have initial ε Nd ∼ +2; ε Sr ∼ +5 and are not derived from old continental crust or meteoritic feldspar. They may represent a mixture of basaltic oceanic crust and sediments, implying an oceanic impact. These isotopic results are also consistent with a volcanic origin for the spherules.

A Major Meteorite Impact on the Earth 65 Million Years Ago: Evidence from the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary Clay

Evidence for a major meteorite impact on the earth 65 million years ago is shown by the presence of meteoritic debris in the "fish clay" from Denmark representing the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Noble metals (iridium, osmium, gold, platinum, rhenium, ruthenium, palladium, nickel, and cobalt), which are sensitive indicators of meteorites and are normally depleted on the terrestrial surface by factors of 10(4) to 10(2) relative to cosmic abundances, are enriched in this boundary clay by factors of 5 to 100 over the expected abundances. With the exception of rhenium, all the enriched noble metals in the clay are present in cosmic proportions, indicating that the impacting celestial body had not undergone gross chemical differentiation. The major extinction of life on the earth at the end of the Cretaceous Period may be related to the meteorite impact.