Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution Research Articles

Angiosperm-wide analysis of fruit and ovary evolution aided by a new nuclear phylogeny supports association of the same ovary type with both dry and fleshy fruits.

Fruit functions in seed protection and dispersal and belongs to many dry and fleshy types, yet their evolutionary pattern remains unclear in part due to uncertainties in the phylogenetic relationships among several orders and families. Thus we used nuclear genes of 502 angiosperm species representing 231 families to reconstruct a well supported phylogeny, with resolved relationships for orders and families with previously uncertain placements. Using this phylogeny as a framework, molecular dating supports a Triassic origin of the crown angiosperms, followed by the emergence of most orders in the Jurassic and Cretaceous and their rise to ecological dominance during the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution. The robust phylogeny allowed an examination of the evolutionary pattern of fruit and ovary types, revealing a trend of parallel carpel fusions during early diversifications in eudicots, monocots, and magnoliids. Moreover, taxa in the same order or family with the same ovary type can develop either dry or fleshy fruits with strong correlations between specific types of dry and fleshy fruits; such associations of ovary, dry and fleshy fruits define several ovary-fruit "modules" each found in multiple families. One of the frequent modules has an ovary containing multiple ovules, capsules and berries, and another with an ovary having one or two ovules, achenes (or other single-seeded dry fruits) and drupes. This new perspective of relationships among fruit types highlights the closeness of specific dry and fleshy fruit types, such as capsule and berry, that develop from the same ovary type and belong to the same module relative to dry and fleshy fruits of other modules (such as achenes and drupes). Further analyses of gene families containing known genes for ovary and fruit development identified phylogenetic nodes with multiple gene duplications, supporting a possible role of whole-genome duplications, in combination with climate changes and animal behaviors, in angiosperm fruit and ovary diversification.

Discovery of Late Cretaceous amber from Guangzhou, South China

Cretaceous amber plays a crucial role in comprehending the origin and early evolution of terrestrial life, as well as understanding paleoclimate and paleoecology during the Late Mesozoic, especially the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution. Amber outcrops from the Cretaceous period are to date more abundant in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern one and are primarily distributed within an interval of approximately 54 million years, spanning from the Barremian to the Campanian (Delclòs et al., 2023). These outcrops are known for containing amber exceptionally rich in bioinclusions, as seen in locations such as Kachin in Myanmar (Grimaldi et al., 2002) and Lebanon (Maksoud et al., 2022).

A complete genus-level phylogeny reveals the Cretaceous biogeographic diversification of the poppy family

Angiosperms, a trigger for the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution (KTR), underwent a rapid expansion and occupied all the environments during the Mid-Upper Cretaceous. Yet, Cretaceous biogeographic patterns and processes underlying the distribution of angiosperm diversity in the Northern Hemisphere are still poorly known. Here, we elucidated the biogeographic diversification of the angiosperm family Papaveraceae, an ancient Northern Hemisphere clade characterized by poor dispersal ability and high level of regional endemism. Based on both plastome and multi-locus datasets, we reconstructed a robust time-calibrated phylogeny that includes all currently recognized 45 genera of this family. Within the time-calibrated phylogenetic framework, we conducted 72 biogeographic analyses by testing the sensitivity of uncertainties of area delimitation, maxarea constraints, and the parameters of the model, i.e., j (describing jump-dispersal events) and w (modifying dispersal multiplier matrices), to ancestral range estimations. We also inferred ancestral habitat and ecological niches. Phylogenetic analyses strongly support Papaveraceae as monophyletic. Pteridophylloideae is strongly supported as sister to Hypecoideae-Fumarioideae. Our results indicate that the j parameter and number of predefined areas strongly affect ancestral range estimates, generating questionable ancestral ranges, whereas maxarea constraint and w parameter have no effect and improve model fit. After accounting for these uncertainties, our results indicate that Papaveraceae differentiated in Asian wet forests during the Lower Cretaceous and subsequently occupied the Asian and western North American arid and open areas. Three dispersals from Asia to western North America via the Bering land bridge occurred in the Mid-Upper Cretaceous, largely in agreement with the KTR. Habitat shift and ecological niche divergence resulted in the subsequent disjunctions between Asia and western North America. These findings suggest that the interplay of range expansion and niche divergence-driven vicariance might have shaped Cretaceous biogeographic patterns of angiosperms with Papaveraceae-like ecological requirements and dispersal abilities in the Northern Hemisphere, hence contributing to the knowledge on the geographic expansion of angiosperms during the KTR.

Transcriptomic data recover a new superfamily-level phylogeny of Cucujiformia (Coleoptera, Polyphaga)

Cucujiformia, the largest taxon in the order Coleoptera, exhibits extraordinary morphological, ecological, and behavioral diversity. This infraorder is currently divided into seven superfamilies, but considerably incongruent relationships among superfamilies have been reported by recent phylogenomic studies. Here, we combined the 21 newly sequenced transcriptomes representing six superfamilies with nine previously published cucujiform genomes/transcriptomes to elucidate the phylogeny and evolution of Cucujiformia. The monophyly of each of five superfamilies were consistently supported by all phylogenetic analyses based on the twelve datasets (matrix occupancy, amino acid and nucleotide data) and the two analytical methods (maximum likelihood method and Bayesian inference). Both the amino acid datasets and the RY recoded nucleotide datasets recovered the monophyly of Cucujoidea. Topology test results statistically supported the following robust superfamily-level phylogeny in Cucujiformia: (Coccinelloidea, (Cleroidea, (Tenebrionoidea, (Cucujoidea, (Chrysomeloidea, Curculionoidea))))). Our divergence time analyses recovered a Permian origin of Cucujiformia and a Jurassic–Cretaceous origin of most superfamilies. The diversification of phytophagous beetles that occurred in the Cretaceous can be attributed to its co-evolution with angiosperms, supporting the hypothesis of a Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution.

Earliest evidence for fruit consumption and potential seed dispersal by birds.

The Early Cretaceous diversification of birds was a major event in the history of terrestrial ecosystems, occurring during the earliest phase of the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution, long before the origin of the bird crown-group. Frugivorous birds play an important role in seed dispersal today. However, evidence of fruit consumption in early birds from outside the crown-group has been lacking. Jeholornis is one of the earliest-diverging birds, only slightly more crownward than Archaeopteryx, but its cranial anatomy has been poorly understood, limiting trophic information which may be gleaned from the skull. Originally hypothesised to be granivorous based on seeds preserved as gut contents, this interpretation has become controversial. We conducted high-resolution synchrotron tomography on an exquisitely preserved new skull of Jeholornis, revealing remarkable cranial plesiomorphies combined with a specialised rostrum. We use this to provide a near-complete cranial reconstruction of Jeholornis, and exclude the possibility that Jeholornis was granivorous, based on morphometric analyses of the mandible (3D) and cranium (2D), and comparisons with the 3D alimentary contents of extant birds. We show that Jeholornis provides the earliest evidence for fruit consumption in birds, and indicates that birds may have been recruited for seed dispersal during the earliest stages of the avian radiation. As mobile seed dispersers, early frugivorous birds could have expanded the scope for biotic dispersal in plants, and might therefore explain, at least in part, the subsequent evolutionary expansion of fruits, indicating a potential role of bird-plant interactions in the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution.

Estimating the Drivers of Diversification of Stoneflies Through Time and the Limits of Their Fossil Record

AbstractDeciphering the timing of lineage diversification and extinction has greatly benefited in the last decade from methodological developments in fossil-based analyses. If these advances are increasingly used to study the past dynamics of vertebrates, other taxa such as insects remain relatively neglected. Our understanding of how insect clades waxed and waned or of the impact of major paleoenvironmental changes during their periods of diversification and extinction (mass extinction) are rarely investigated. Here, we compile and analyze the fossil record of Plecoptera (1,742 vetted occurrences) to investigate their genus-level diversification and diversity dynamics using a Bayesian process-based model that incorporates temporal preservation biases. We found that the Permian-Triassic mass extinction has drastically impacted Plecoptera, while the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution corresponds with a turnover of plecopteran fauna. We also unveiled three major gaps in the plecopteran fossil record: the Carboniferous-Permian transition, the late Early Cretaceous, and the late Cenomanian to Bartonian, which will need to be further investigated. Based on the life history of extant Plecoptera, we investigate the correlations between their past dynamic and a series of biotic (Red Queen hypothesis) and abiotic (Court Jester hypothesis) factors. These analyses highlight the major role of continental fragmentation in the evolutionary history of stoneflies, which is in line with phylogeny-based biogeographic analyses showing how vicariance drove their diversification. Our study advocates analyzing the fossil record with caution, while attempting to unveil the diversification and extinction periods plus the likely triggers of these past dynamics of diversification.

Archimetrosis: the evolution of a disease and its extant presentation

PurposeThis article presents a novel concept of the evolution and, thus, the pathogenesis of uterine adenomyosis as well as peritoneal and peripheral endometriosis. Presently, no unifying denomination of this nosological entity exists.MethodsAn extensive search of the literature on primate evolution was performed. This included comparative functional morphology with special focus on the evolution of the birthing process that fundamentally differs between the haplorrhine primates and most of the other eutherian mammals. The data were correlated with the results of own research on the pathophysiology of human archimetrosis and with the extant presentation of the disease.ResultsThe term Archimetrosis is suggested as a denomination of the nosological entity. Archimetrosis occurs in human females and also in subhuman primates. There are common features in the reproductive process of haplorrhine primates such as spontaneous ovulation and corpus luteum formation, spontaneous decidualization and menstruation. These have fused Müllerian ducts resulting in a uterus simplex. Following a usually singleton pregnancy, the fetus is delivered in the skull position. Some of these features are shared by other mammals, but not in that simultaneous fashion. In haplorrhine primates, with the stratum vasculare, a new myometrial layer has evolved during the time of the Cretaceous–Terrestrial Revolution (KTR) that subserves expulsion of the conceptus and externalization of menstrual debris in non-conceptive cycles. Hypercontractility of this layer has evolved as an advantage with respect to the survival of the mother and the birth of a living child during delivery and may be experienced as primary dysmenorrhea during menstruation. It may result in tissue injury by the sheer power of the contractions and possibly by the associated uterine ischemia. Moreover, the lesions at extra-uterine sites appear to be maintained by biomechanical stress.ConclusionsSince the pathogenesis of archimetrosis is connected with the evolution of the stratum vasculare, tissue injury and repair (TIAR) turns out to be the most parsimonious explanation for the development of the disease based on clinical, experimental and evolutionary evidence. Furthermore, a careful analysis of the published clinical data suggests that, in the risk population with uterine hypercontractility, the disease develops with a yet to be defined latency phase after the onset of the biomechanical injury. This opens a new avenue of prevention of the disease in potentially affected women that we consider to be primarily highly fertile.

The Jurassic rise of squamates as supported by lepidosaur disparity and evolutionary rates.

The squamates (lizards, snakes, and relatives) today comprise more than 10,000 species, and yet their sister group, the Rhynchocephalia, is represented by a single species today, the tuatara. The explosion in squamate diversity has been tracked back to the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution, 100 million years ago (Ma), the time when flowering plants began their takeover of terrestrial ecosystems, associated with diversification of coevolving insects and insect-eating predators such as lizards, birds, and mammals. Squamates arose much earlier, but their long pre-Cretaceous history of some 150 million years (Myr) is documented by sparse fossils. Here, we provide evidence for an initial radiation of squamate morphology in the Middle and Late Jurassic (174-145 Ma), and show that they established their key ecological roles much earlier than had been assumed, and they have not changed them much since.

New insights into the moss genus Vetiplanaxis with a description of V. obtusus sp. nov. from the mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber, Myanmar

Molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate that during the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution (KTR) around 125–80 Ma, the rapid rise and radiation of angiosperms probably triggered the diversification of mosses and substantial changes of their lineage composition. However, moss fossils which could substantiate these findings are generally rare in the Cretaceous. In this study, we investigate several sterile gametophyte fragments of mosses preserved in mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber from Myanmar. We describe a new sterile shoot as Vetiplanaxis obtusus sp. nov. (Hypnodendrales), make an emended description of V. pyrrhobryoides Bell based on additional fossil materials, and identify a linear-lanceolate leaf as V. cf. longiacuminatus Hedenäs et al. We confirm again the presence of geminate teeth in leaf margin of the above three species studied here, and report the presence of hair-like rhizoids in stem. The phyllotaxis in the species of Vetiplanaxis with complanate shoot is explained as pseudo-tetrastichous, really octostichous, formed by two right-handed Fibonacci spirals. Our findings provide new insights into the circumscription of the Cretaceous moss genus Vetiplanaxis, and add new evidence to indicate that there was a diverse pleurocarpous moss flora in the mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber forest of Myanmar.

Integrated phylogenomics and fossil data illuminate the evolution of beetles.

Beetles constitute the most biodiverse animal order with over 380 000 described species and possibly several million more yet unnamed. Recent phylogenomic studies have arrived at considerably incongruent topologies and widely varying estimates of divergence dates for major beetle clades. Here, we use a dataset of 68 single-copy nuclear protein-coding (NPC) genes sampling 129 out of the 193 recognized extant families as well as the first comprehensive set of fully justified fossil calibrations to recover a refined timescale of beetle evolution. Using phylogenetic methods that counter the effects of compositional and rate heterogeneity, we recover a topology congruent with morphological studies, which we use, combined with other recent phylogenomic studies, to propose several formal changes in the classification of Coleoptera: Scirtiformia and Scirtoidea sensu nov., Clambiformia ser. nov. and Clamboidea sensu nov., Rhinorhipiformia ser. nov., Byrrhoidea sensu nov., Dryopoidea stat. res., Nosodendriformia ser. nov. and Staphyliniformia sensu nov., and Erotyloidea stat. nov., Nitiduloidea stat. nov. and Cucujoidea sensu nov., alongside changes below the superfamily level. Our divergence time analyses recovered a late Carboniferous origin of Coleoptera, a late Palaeozoic origin of all modern beetle suborders and a Triassic–Jurassic origin of most extant families, while fundamental divergences within beetle phylogeny did not coincide with the hypothesis of a Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution.

Insect herbivory immediately before the eclipse of the gymnosperms: The Dawangzhangzi plant assemblage of Northeastern China

The Early Cretaceous terrestrial revolution involved global shifts from gymnosperm- to angiosperm-dominated floras. However, responses of insect herbivores to these changes remain unexamined. We evaluated 2176 highly sampled plant specimens representing 62 species/morphotypes from the 126Ma Dawangzhangzi plant assemblage of Northeastern China. Our study consisted of horsetails, ferns, ginkgoaleans, czekanowskialeans, conifers, and an angiosperm. Their herbivory was evaluated by the functional feeding groups of hole feeding, margin feeding, and surface feeding (ectophytic feeders); piercer and suckers, and ovipositing insects (ectoendophytic feeders); mining, galling, and borings (endophytic feeders); and pathogens, collectively constituting 65 damage types (DTs). The plant assemblage was assessed for herbivory richness by DT richness, component community structure, and DT specialization on plant hosts; for herbivory intensity, it was evaluated for DT frequency, herbivorized surface area, and feeding event occurrences. Using feeding event occurrences, the data supported seven species/morphotypes as most intensely herbivorized: Liaoningocladus boii (76.6%), Czekanowskia sp. 1 (8.4%), Czekanowskia rigida (4.10%), Lindleycladus lanceolatus (3.5%), Ginkgoites sp. 2 (2.0%), Podozamites sp. 1 (1.1%), and Solenites sp. 1 (0.9%). The most herbivorized taxa were pinaleans (conifers), then czekanowskialeans, and lastly ginkgoaleans; the monodominant component community was the conifer Liaoningocladus boii. DT host specialization levels were low. The plant assemblage had an overall low 0.86% of foliage removed by herbivores, explained by physical and chemical antiherbivore defenses, and parasitoid attack. Although Paleozoic, gymnosperm-dominated assemblages had greater herbivory, component community structure of the three most herbivorized taxa are more similar to modern bracken fern and willow than modern gymnosperm taxa.

Onset of Late Cretaceous diversification in Europe\u2019s freshwater gastropod fauna links to global climatic and biotic events

The Mesozoic rise of the European freshwater gastropod fauna is still poorly understood. Compared to the well documented Cenozoic history, little is known about the patterns and processes underlying the early diversification preceding their extinction crisis at the K–Pg boundary. We assess what is probably a first pulse of diversification of the Cenozoic-type fauna in the Late Cretaceous along with the potential abiotic and biotic controls for shifts in species diversification. We find strong support that the increase in the speciation rate in the Santonian (~ 85 Myr ago) is linked to a global sea level rise, which caused extensive flooding of continental areas and the formation of vast brackish-water ecosystems. The following decline of the speciation rate coincides with a rise in diversity and reflects increasing interspecific competition. The peak in the speciation rate postdates the Cenomanian–Turonian Thermal Maximum, which probably limited the potential for diversification among freshwater gastropods due to ecological constraints. The peak coincides moreover with the end phase of the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution, which sparked the radiation of angiosperms. The expansion and diversification of flowering plants, being an important food source for freshwater gastropods today, could have formed a necessary basis for gastropod diversification.

The evolution and biogeographic history of epiphytic thalloid liverworts

Among liverworts, the epiphytic lifestyle is not only present in leafy forms but also in thalloid liverworts, which so far has received little attention in evolutionary and biogeographical studies. Metzgeria, with about 107 species worldwide, is the only genus of thalloid liverworts that comprises true epiphytes. In the present study, we provide the first comprehensive molecular phylogeny, including estimated divergence times and ancestral ranges of this genus. Analyses are based on a plastid marker dataset representing about half of the Metzgeria species diversity. We show for the first time with molecular data that Austrometzgeria is indeed a member of Metzgeria and that two morpho-species M. furcata and M. leptoneura are not monophyletic, but rather represent geographically well-defined clades. Our analyses indicate that Metzgeria started to diversify in the Cretaceous in an area encompassing today’s South America and Australasia. Thus, Metzgeria is one of the few known epiphytic liverwort genera whose biogeographic history was directly shaped by Gondwana vicariance. Subsequent dispersal events in the Cenozoic resulted in the colonization of Asia, Africa, North America, and Europe and led to today’s worldwide distribution of its species. We also provide the first reliable stem age estimate for Metzgeria due to the inclusion of its sister taxon Vandiemenia in our dating analyses. Additionally, this stem age estimate of about 240 million years most likely marks the starting point of a transition from a terrestrial to an epiphytic lifestyle in thalloid liverworts of the Metzgeriales. We assume that the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution played a key role in the evolution of epiphytic thalloid liverworts similar to that known for leafy liverworts.

Growth and miniaturization among alvarezsauroid dinosaurs

Sustained miniaturization, here defined as a drop in body size of at least two orders of magnitude from ancestors to descendants, is a widespread and important phenomenon in animals,1-3 but among dinosaurs, miniaturization occurred only rarely, once in the lineage leading to birds and once in the Alvarezsauroidea,1,3-5 one of the most bizarre theropod groups.1,5-7 Miniaturization and powered flight are intimately linked in avialan theropods,3,5,6,8-11 but the causes and patterns of body size reduction are less clear in the non-volant Alvarezsauroidea.1,5,6,12,13 Here, we present results from analyses on a comprehensive dataset, which not only includes new data from early-branching alvarezsauroids but also considers the ontogenetic effect based on histological data. Our analyses show that alvarezsauroid body mass underwent rapid miniaturization from around 110 to 85 mya and that there was a phylogenetic radiation of small-sized alvarezsauroids in the Late Cretaceous. Our analyses also indicate that growth strategies were highly variable among alvarezsauroids, with significant differences among extremely small taxa. The suggested alvarezsauroid miniaturization and associated phylogenetic radiation are coincident with the emergence of ants and termites, and combining previous functional morphological data, our study suggests that alvarezsauroid miniaturization might have been driven by ecological changes during the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution, more specifically by a shift to the myrmecophagous ecological niche.

Simultaneous diversification of Polypodiales and angiosperms in the Mesozoic.

Comprising about 82% of the extant fern species diversity, Polypodiales are generally believed to have diversified in the Late Cretaceous. We estimated the divergence times of Polypodiales using both penalized likelihood and Bayesian methods, based on a dataset consisting of 208 plastomes representing all 28 families and 14 fossil constraints reflecting current interpretations of fossil record. Our plastome phylogeny recovered the same six major lineages as a recent nuclear phylogeny, but the position of Dennstaedtiineae was different. The present phylogeny showed high resolution of relationships among the families of Polypodiales, especially among those forming the Aspleniineae. The divergence time estimates supported the most recent common ancestor of Polypodiales and its closest relative dating back to the Triassic, establishment of the major lineages in the Jurassic, and a likely accelerated radiation during the late Jurassic and the Early Cretaceous. The estimated divergence patterns of Polypodiales and angiosperms converge to a scenario in which their main lineages were established simultaneously shortly before the onset of the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution, and further suggest a pre-Cretaceous hidden history for both lineages. The pattern of simultaneous diversifications shown here elucidate an important gap in our understanding of the Terrestrial Revolution that shaped today's ecosystems.

Ecomorphological diversification of squamates in the Cretaceous.

Squamates (lizards and snakes) are highly successful modern vertebrates, with over 10 000 species. Squamates have a long history, dating back to at least 240 million years ago (Ma), and showing increasing species richness in the Late Cretaceous (84 Ma) and Early Palaeogene (66–55 Ma). We confirm that the major expansion of dietary functional morphology happened before these diversifications, in the mid-Cretaceous, 110–90 Ma. Until that time, squamates had relatively uniform tooth types, which then diversified substantially and ecomorphospace expanded to modern levels. This coincides with the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution, when angiosperms began to take over terrestrial ecosystems, providing new roles for plant-eating and pollinating insects, which were, in turn, new sources of food for herbivorous and insectivorous squamates. There was also an early Late Cretaceous (95–90 Ma) rise in jaw size disparity, driven by the diversification of marine squamates, particularly early mosasaurs. These events established modern levels of squamate feeding ecomorphology before the major steps in species diversification, confirming decoupling of diversity and disparity. In fact, squamate feeding ecomorphospace had been partially explored in the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, and jaw innovation in Late Cretaceous squamates involved expansions at the extremes of morphospace.

Miniaturization and Phylogenetic Radiation in Alvarezsauroids: Insights From Histological Analysis

Miniaturization of body size is a widespread and important phenomenon in animals, but among dinosaurs, miniaturization occurred only rarely, once in the lineage leading to birds and once in the Alvarezsauroidea, one of the most bizarre theropod groups. Miniaturization and powered flight are intimately linked in avialan theropods, but the causes and patterns of body size reduction are less clear in the non-volant Alvarezsauroidea. Here, we present results from analyses on a comprehensive dataset, which not only includes new data from early-branching alvarezsauroids, but also considers the ontogenetic effect based on histological data. Our analyses show that alvarezsauroid body mass underwent rapid miniaturization from around 110 to 85 million years ago, and that there was a phylogenetic radiation of small-sized alvarezsauroids in the Late Cretaceous. Our analyses also indicate that growth strategies were highly variable among alvarezsauroids, with significant differences among extremely small taxa. The suggested alvarezsauroid miniaturization and associated phylogenetic radiation are coincident with the emergence of ants and termites, and combining previous functional morphological data, our study suggests that alvarezsauroid miniaturization might have been driven by the ecological changes during the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution, more specifically, by the shifts to myrmecophagous ecological niche.

Integrated phylogenomic and fossil evidence of stick and leaf insects (Phasmatodea) reveal a Permian-Triassic co-origination with insectivores.

Stick and leaf insects (Phasmatodea) are a distinctive insect order whose members are characterized by mimicking various plant tissues such as twigs, foliage and bark. Unfortunately, the phylogenetic relationships among phasmatodean subfamilies and the timescale of their evolution remain uncertain. Recent molecular clock analyses have suggested a Cretaceous–Palaeogene origin of crown Phasmatodea and a subsequent Cenozoic radiation, contrasting with fossil evidence. Here, we analysed transcriptomic data from a broad diversity of phasmatodeans and, combined with the assembly of a new suite of fossil calibrations, we elucidate the evolutionary history of stick and leaf insects. Our results differ from recent studies in the position of the leaf insects (Phylliinae), which are recovered as sister to a clade comprising Clitumninae, Lancerocercata, Lonchodinae, Necrosciinae and Xenophasmina. We recover a Permian to Triassic origin of crown Phasmatodea coinciding with the radiation of early insectivorous parareptiles, amphibians and synapsids. Aschiphasmatinae and Neophasmatodea diverged in the Jurassic–Early Cretaceous. A second spur in origination occurred in the Late Cretaceous, coinciding with the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution, and was probably driven by visual predators such as stem birds (Enantiornithes) and the radiation of angiosperms.

The delayed and geographically heterogeneous diversification of flowering plant families.

The Early Cretaceous (145-100 million years ago (Ma)) witnessed the rise of flowering plants (angiosperms), which ultimately lead to profound changes in terrestrial plant communities. However, palaeobotanical evidence shows that the transition to widespread angiosperm-dominated biomes was delayed until the Palaeocene (66-56 Ma). Important aspects of the timing and geographical setting of angiosperm diversification during this period, and the groups involved, remain uncertain. Here we address these aspects by constructing and dating a new and complete family-level phylogeny, which we integrate with 16 million geographic occurrence records for angiosperms on a global scale. We show substantial time lags (mean, 37-56 Myr) between the origin of families (stem age) and the diversification leading to extant species (crown ages) across the entire angiosperm tree of life. In turn, our results show that families with the shortest lags are overrepresented in temperate and arid biomes compared with tropical biomes. Our results imply that the diversification and ecological expansion of extant angiosperms was geographically heterogeneous and occurred long after most of their phylogenetic diversity originated during the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution.

Mimicry in Cretaceous Bugs.

SummaryMimicry is ubiquitous in nature, yet understanding its origin and evolution is complicated by the scarcity of exceptional fossils that enable behavioral inferences about extinct animals. Here we report bizarre true bugs (Hemiptera) that closely resemble beetles (Coleoptera) from mid-Cretaceous amber. The unusual fossil bugs are described as Bersta vampirica gen. et sp. nov. and Bersta coleopteromorpha gen. et sp. nov. and are placed into a new family, Berstidae fam. nov. The specialized mouthparts of berstids indicate that they were predaceous on small arthropods. Their striking beetle-like appearance implies that they were either involved in defensive mimicry or mimicked beetles to attack unsuspecting prey. The latter would represent the first case of aggressive mimicry in the invertebrate fossil record. These findings enrich our understanding of the paleoecological associations and extinct behavioral strategies of Mesozoic insects.