Abstract
Squamates (lizards and snakes) are highly successful modern vertebrates, with over 10 000 species. Squamates have a long history, dating back to at least 240 million years ago (Ma), and showing increasing species richness in the Late Cretaceous (84 Ma) and Early Palaeogene (66–55 Ma). We confirm that the major expansion of dietary functional morphology happened before these diversifications, in the mid-Cretaceous, 110–90 Ma. Until that time, squamates had relatively uniform tooth types, which then diversified substantially and ecomorphospace expanded to modern levels. This coincides with the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution, when angiosperms began to take over terrestrial ecosystems, providing new roles for plant-eating and pollinating insects, which were, in turn, new sources of food for herbivorous and insectivorous squamates. There was also an early Late Cretaceous (95–90 Ma) rise in jaw size disparity, driven by the diversification of marine squamates, particularly early mosasaurs. These events established modern levels of squamate feeding ecomorphology before the major steps in species diversification, confirming decoupling of diversity and disparity. In fact, squamate feeding ecomorphospace had been partially explored in the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, and jaw innovation in Late Cretaceous squamates involved expansions at the extremes of morphospace.
Highlights
Extant squamates, represented by lizards, snakes and amphisbaenians, are one of the most successful groups of living vertebrates with a diversity of over 10 200 living species [1]
In order to explore this question, we focus on the Mesozoic fossil record of squamates, the first twothirds of their history
Pairwise comparisons based on Bray–Curtis dissimilarity highlight the stepwise changes in dental disparity, with high dissimilarity scores for all Late Cretaceous stages when compared with the Early Cretaceous, and high dissimilarity between the Campanian and Maastrichtian bins compared with the Cenomanian–Santonian interval
Summary
Extant squamates, represented by lizards, snakes and amphisbaenians, are one of the most successful groups of living vertebrates with a diversity of over 10 200 living species [1]. This diversity is matched by a great range of dietary modes, including herbivory, insectivory and carnivory, sometimes associated with the use of venom, as well as more specialized diets such as seagrass-eating and mollusc-eating [1]. Squamates have existed on Earth for 240 million years (Myr) or more Their fossil record is relatively 2 sparse for the first half of their history [2,3,4,5,6,7]. Our question is whether the fossil data document a parallel rise in dietary ecomorphological disparity through the Cretaceous, or whether diversity and disparity are decoupled, as has commonly been observed in fossil examples, when disparity commonly increases before diversity [11]
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