Credit Policy Research Articles

Strategic or substantive green innovation: How do non-green firms respond to green credit policy?

How does a green credit policy shape non-green firms' green innovation behavior? Previous literature shows that the green credit policy stimulates the quantity of green innovation but is less focused on its quality. Using the enforcement of the Green Credit Guidelines (GCG) in China as a natural experiment, we investigate the influence of the green credit policy on different types of green innovation (i.e., high and low quality). Consistent with the greenwashing hypothesis, we find that non-green firms strategically increase low-quality green innovations but not high-quality ones after the enforcement of the GCG. Additionally, we show that non-green firms are more likely to increase their patenting activities rather than innovation inputs to boost green patents after the enforcement of the GCG. Our study reveals the unintended consequences of the green credit policy and sheds light on non-green firms' strategic green innovation behavior.

INTERBANK TRANSACTIONS, FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE AND SUSTAINABILITY IN DEPOSIT MONEY BANKS

This paper discusses current studies on interbank transactions and the financial performance and sustainability of Nigeria’s deposit money banks (DMBs). Banks’ capacity to absorb liquidity shocks and lend to one another is critical for financial stability and economic development, since strains in interbank transactions may put pressure on non-financial companies and consumers’ financing circumstances, resulting in increased credit risk. The sub-market analysis may be used to determine the performance of other financial markets. The data for DMBs were examined using appropriate statistical methods. In light of the study performed, it can be concluded that interbank transactions have an effect on the financial performance and sustainability of deposit money banks in Nigeria. The research found that, while adhering to regulatory requirements for credit policy, deposit money banks should perceive interbank loans and deposits as less hazardous investment alternatives and thus be prepared to trust one another in order to improve their financial performance.

Has Green Credit Improved Ecosystem Governance Performance? A Study Based on Panel Data from 31 Provinces in China

Pollution prevention enhancement and ecological civilization construction serve as the keys to optimizing economic structure and promoting green sustainable development in China. Employing the balanced panel data of 31 provinces from 2011 to 2020, this study empirically examines the impacts of green credit on ecosystem governance performance. The results demonstrate that green credit can significantly contribute to the improvement of ecosystem governance performance in each province. Additionally, regional heterogeneity in the impacts of green credit on the performance of ecological environmental governance, which passed the significance test in economically developed and underdeveloped regions, eastern and non-eastern regions and resource-based and non-resource-based regions, respectively, was further confirmed. Hence, we suggest further improving the green credit policy system, continuously stimulating green financial innovation, releasing the right signals for green development and boosting the balanced development of green credit in all regions.

The Nexus Between Green Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Development: An Econometric Study

Rising industrialization helps with economic growth and is responsible for environmental pollution as well as global warming. Here, green entrepreneurs play a significant role in the reduction of this environmental pollution and sustainable development. Although the study of green entrepreneurship and its relationship with economic, social and financial growth is limited and at a nascent stage. Therefore, this study examines the relationships among green entrepreneurship and credit policy, financial development, sustainable development goals and trade openness using the ‘Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis’. From this perspective, 114 countries worldwide are considered and subdivided into three sub-categories, including lower-income, middle-income and higher-income countries, based on panel data collected from the World Bank’s database. Descriptive statistics, a cross-sectional dependence test, a unit root test, long-run estimations and a multicollinearity test have been used for the data analysis. The findings of the study show that green entrepreneurship decreases environmental pollution throughout the world and enhances financial development and credit policy around the world. Likewise, income per capita helps with credit policy, economic development and green entrepreneurship. Moreover, environmental factors are positively associated with financial development and sustainable development goals. Finally, the EKC hypothesis supports the relationship for all variables throughout panel and subpanel data. Additionally, these findings could help policymakers improve policies for managing environment-friendly products and enhance green funding, considering clean investment and other green aspects of sustainable development.

Examine the level of environmental, social and governance disclosure in sustainability report – a study of the Indian banking sector

Purpose Sustainable development (SD) is widely acknowledged as the center around which all development efforts should revolve. Banking is a crucial component of SD, and the adoption of sustainable banking practices by various banking institutions is a powerful catalyst for its achievement. This paper aims to investigate the level of adoption of environmental, social and governance (ESG) indicators in India and the extent to which financial institutions use these strategies. In addition, the banks have been classified according to their sustainable banking performance and showing a relationship between ESG and sustainability. Design/methodology/approach An ESG framework has been developed for the Indian banking system that focuses on the behavior of banks. The evaluation of literature helps to identify the gaps in particular frameworks for analyzing sustainable banking practices in developing nations because of the variation in economic criteria between developed and developing countries. An attempt to construct a common framework for measuring the banking sector’s sustainable efforts has been done in the past. Specifically in India, where the social and environmental dimensions of sustainability are of equal importance to governance indicators, these studies fall short of providing relevant indicators. Multiple financial reports, nonfinancial reports, corporate social responsibility reports and business responsibility reports of this sector were analyzed using content analysis techniques against ESG indicators for sustainability attainment. Findings The result of this study shows that both the sectors are disclosing their environmental indicators more as compared to other dimensions. While the analysis says that private companies are going better than public companies in terms of disclosing their ESG indicators. As compared to the international banking sector, adoption of Global Reporting Initiatives standards, United Nations Environment Programme Financial Initiatives (UNEP FI), Green Credit Policy and Equator Principles (EP) is near to the ground in India. IDFC bank is the only entity that started implementing EP practices and Yes bank also is doing a wonderful implementation of the green policies and is the signatory to UNEP FI. Practical implications The current state of sustainable banking in India is reflected in the implementation of the proposed framework. To better integrate sustainability problems into banking, this study provides helpful information for banks and other stakeholders. In addition, this study corrects the lack of research in the Indian context on sustainable banking. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge by far, this is one of the prime studies to inspect the degree of ESG disclosure by the Indian banking sector in their sustainability report.

Assessment of the Five Cs of Credit in the Lending Requirements of the Nigerian Commercial Banks

Credit evaluation and decision like any investment decision requires utmost due diligence from the decision makers to avoid high default rates. It is expected of the lender to apply caution all the way by eliminating all forms of asymmetry information that could lead to adverse selection and non-performing loans. To avoid adverse selection and high default rates that could jeopardize the lender’s going concern and profitability, caution is the silent C emedded in the five Cs of credit. The study administered a structured questionnaire to all the Nigerian banks that survived the 2005 recapitalization era and were still in operations at the time of this study. While the structured questions required the respondents to rank the five Cs of credit based on the importance their credit policy and practice attached to them, the hypothesis tested centred on the impacts of the Cs of credit on risk asset quality. The qualitative data were also analyzed using a module of the SPSS statistical software. The study observed that all the Cs of credit have a direct and significant correlation with the asset quality (non-performing loan ratio). The study recommended that Caution which it considered as a slient C of credit embedded in the five Cs and the only C provided by the lender should be the watchword throughout the credit risk management process. It imay be pertinent to also note that while the traditional five Cs (character, capacity, capital, collateral and conditions) are required from the borrower, the caution is required from the lender as a check on traditional five Cs.

Unveiling drivers of sustainability in Chinese transport: an approach based on principal component analysis and neural networks

ABSTRACT The paper analyzes the sustainability of the Chinese transportation sector by examining the relationship between energy consumption (and CO2 emissions), transportation modes, and macroeconomic variables. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Neural Networks (NN) are combined using monthly data from January 1999 to December 2017. Our goal is to propose a model that links China's transportation footprint to major macroeconomic factors while simultaneously controlling each mode of transportation. Inflation and credit policies exert relatively weak effects on the explained variable. In contrast, trade and fixed asset investments, as well as monetary and fiscal policies, show a positive and significant impact. The use of waterways and airways plays an imperative role in sustainable development compared to the use of roads.

Media information support of bank's credit activity: themes and key meanings

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the media information content that accompanies the processes of bank lending. The author examines the key parameters of the credit policy through the prism of their coverage in specialized media texts from the point of view of lexical and semantic meanings. The subject of the study is the peculiarities of understanding the main lexical-semantic units (words and phrases) denoting the criteria and parameters of banking activities related to credit policy, the key concepts of the credit and financial sphere, which constitute the main content of media texts as a terminological and categorical apparatus, are required to be used, when promoting banking credit products, but require clarification for a mass audience in connection with the need to minimize credit risks. The article shows how semantic frames are formed, the most important thematic sections are systematized and keywords and expressions are suggested, including the terminological sphere. The most significant semantic positions have been identified and it has been determined that thematically framed textual media accompaniment, focused on the promotion of lending services, reduction of credit risks and credit information education of the audience, is becoming a critical condition for effective media management in the banking sector today. It has been determined that the media information policy of the bank, related to the text support of lending, should be based on the interpretation of key concepts, their intelligible explanation to the mass audience.

Development Management of Interbank Competition in the Corporate Lending Market

Introduction. The effective functioning of the banking sector is a prerequisite for the economy development and one of the main sources of providing monetary resources for economic activity of entrepreneurship, regardless of ownership forms and spheres of management. The urgent problem of business development today is the lack of own financial resources for economic activity and a significant reduction in corporate bank lending. Therefore, it is relevant to study and solve the problems of renewing lending by banks to the corporate sector at the present time, taking into account the prevention of the increase in the level of credit risk.
 Aim and tasks. The purpose of the study is to manage the development of interbank competition in the corporate lending market based on a study of the bank lending state to corporate clients and further prospects in the absence of an accurate forecast of the economic situation in Ukraine.
 Results. The analysis of the dynamics of the bank lending total volume to business in 2022-2023 and the structure of the provided corporate loans showed that since mid-2022 there has been a tendency to decrease the volume of loans to entrepreneurship, which is caused by a decrease in demand from borrowers and an increase in the cost of credit from banks. In addition, more than 70% of the loans provided are concentrated in five larger banks in Ukraine, including 4 state-owned ones, preferential lending to businesses with state support prevails. To further assess the development of corporate bank lending, a prediction of lending volumes for 2023 was carried out, which made it possible to establish that lending volumes by banks of non-financial corporations have a forecast downward trend.
 Conclusions. Recommendations for improving corporate bank lending processes are proposed, namely: development of credit policy directions that will prevent a new crisis of confidence in banks and the banking system; development of measures that will prevent the curtailment of preferential targeted lending programs; developing measures to reduce the level of non-performing loans and solving the problem of lowering the cost of financing sources.

Does green credit really increase green technology innovation?

Considering China's green credit policy (GCP) as a quasi-natural experiment, this study discusses the effect of GCP on enterprise green innovation (GI) using a difference-in-difference method based on data from Chinese listed companies from 2009 to 2020. The results indicate that green credit enhances the strategic GI of heavy polluters while significantly inhibiting essential GI, thus suggesting the nonexistence of the Porter effect. In addition, the inhibition effect is attributed to an increase in financing constraints and a reduction in government subsidies, firm research and development investment, and employment scale. This disincentive effect is particularly pronounced in privately owned firms, small cities, and capital-intensive low-profitability firms. Resource misallocation caused by the GCP fails to stimulate the green transformation of heavily polluting industries through the Porter effect. Hence, governments should establish a diversified green financial system, integrate green venture capital and GI elements, and guide the flow of social capital toward green industries.

Cuentas por cobrar y su incidencia en el rendimiento sobre la inversión en la empresa en una MYPE peruana

Accounts receivable are essential in the return on investment in a company, in this sense the present has as a general objective to determine the influence of accounts receivable on the return on investment, in the company Rotemar EIRL, periods 2019-2021 In this sense, the research awaits a quantitative approach methodology, of a causal or explanatory type, its design is non-experimental and cross-sectional, the financial information of the company was used, from the years 2019-2021. Coming to conclude that accounts receivable (Credit Policies, Collection Policy), has a positive and significant influence on the return on investment, by 54.4%, so it is determined that in the company the accounts receivable is important and their recovery is important because in this way there will be a good return on the investment made.

A Supply Chain Model with Carbon Emissions and Preservation Technology for Deteriorating Items under Trade Credit Policy and Learning in Fuzzy

In this study, a supply chain model is proposed with preservation technology under learning fuzzy theory for deteriorating items where the demand rate depends on the selling price and also treats as a triangular fuzzy number. The deterioration rate of any item cannot be eliminated due to its natural process, but it can be controlled with the help of preservation technology. Some harmful gases are emitted during the preservation process due to deteriorating items that harm the environment. In general, it can be easily seen that most of the sellers offer a trade credit policy to their regular buyers. In this paper, the retailer’s inventory stock reduces due to demand and deterioration. It is also assumed that some units are defective due to machine defects or delivery inefficiency. The retailer accepted the policy of trade credit offered by the seller. The aim of this paper is to enhance the profit of the supply chain partners. We proposed a theorem to get the optimal values of the selling price and cycle length. The retailer’s total profit is a function of selling price and cycle length, and the retailer’s total profit is optimized with respect to selling price and cycle length under trade-credit. Numerical examples are also presented for the validation of the present study, and sensitivity analysis is also discussed to know the robustness of the supply chain model. Managerial insight and observation have been given in the sensitivity section. Limitations and future work of this paper have been presented in the conclusion section.

ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF NON-PERFORMING CREDIT POLICIES ON CONVENTIONAL BANK FINANCIAL STABILITY IN INDONESIA

Credit risk is the risk that occurs when customers fail to fulfill their obligations to the bank, both principal and interest. (Risna Eka Peratiwi, 2018 )The non-performing loan policy is a step taken by a bank to overcome credit risks arising from bad or uncollectible loans. Financial stability is an important indicator in determining the financial soundness and continuity of a bank's operations. The purpose of this research is to examine and find out the influence of non-performing credit policy arrangements on financial stability, identify the factors that can influence non-performing credit policy arrangements on financial stability, and analyze how the strategy of the Financial Services Authority (OJK) increases the effectiveness of non-performing credit policies on financial stability in Commercial Banks in Indonesia. The results of this study indicate that non-performing credit arrangements have a significant influence on financial stability in conventional commercial banks in Indonesia, by implementing effective non-performing credit policies, banks can reduce the risk of non-performing loans, strengthen financial position and at the same time increase overall financial stability. . Several factors that are significant in setting non-performing loan policies include the quality of the bank's financial condition, the quality of a bank's risk management, and the development of the banking industry. As well as the research results show that OJK implements several strategies in its efforts to increase the effectiveness of a non-performing loan policy regulation. by implementing an effective non-performing credit policy, banks can reduce the risk of non-performing loans, strengthen their financial position and at the same time increase overall financial stability. Several factors that are significant in setting non-performing loan policies include the quality of the bank's financial condition, the quality of a bank's risk management, and the development of the banking industry. As well as the research results show that OJK implements several strategies in its efforts to increase the effectiveness of a non-performing loan policy regulation. by implementing an effective non-performing credit policy, banks can reduce the risk of non-performing loans, strengthen their financial position and at the same time increase overall financial stability. Several factors that are significant in setting non-performing loan policies include the quality of the bank's financial condition, the quality of a bank's risk management, and the development of the banking industry. As well as the research results show that OJK implements several strategies in its efforts to increase the effectiveness of a non-performing loan policy regulation. the quality of a bank's risk management, and the development of the banking industry. As well as the research results show that OJK implements several strategies in its efforts to increase the effectiveness of a non-performing loan policy regulation. the quality of a bank's risk management, and the development of the banking industry. As well as the research results show that OJK implements several strategies in its efforts to increase the effectiveness of a non-performing loan policy regulation.

Is green finance capable of promoting renewable energy technology? Empirical investigation for 64 economies worldwide

Research background: As an outcome of a global consensus on combating climate change, green finance is expected to play an important role in promoting green growth and innovation progress. Some studies note that green credit policy yields a negative influence on green innovation, while how green finance affects renewable energy innovation has received scant attention in academia. This study focuses on the impact of green finance on renewable energy innovation. Purpose of the article: This research investigates the influence of green finance on an economy's renewable energy innovation by using green bond data from the Climate Bonds Initiative. This research further tests whether it varies for different kinds of energy types and economic development levels. Given that policies are key to renewable energy technology development, this research checks whether government stability changes the relationship between green finance and renewable energy innovation. Methods: Using the panel fixed effects model and big-scale data from 64 economies worldwide during the period 2014-2019, we investigate green finance's impact on renewable energy innovation. In the robustness test, the dynamic panel model and the panel Tobit model are employed. Findings & value added: This research finds that green finance has a positive effect on renewable energy innovation. This effect is prominent in non-OECD economies as well as middle-income and low-income economies. Government stability enhances the influence of green finance on renewable energy innovation. Moreover, the results indicate that green finance mainly promotes innovation progress for wind energy and produces little effect for other renewable energies. The subsample analysis also sheds light on the heterogeneity of the role of green finance in promoting renewable energy innovation.

Research on the Impact of Green Credit on Carbon Emission and Mechanism Analysis

Green credit policy is one of the important measures to promote the green transformation of economy and society and achieve the double carbon goal, which has developed rapidly in recent years. The sample was selected from 30 provinces and cities in China (excluding Tibet) from 2008 to 2019 to empirically investigate the effect of green credit on carbon emission intensity, and the study found that (1) green credit reduces carbon emission and plays a role in environmental protection. (2) Green credits act on carbon emissions through three major mediating variables: scale, technology, and structural effects, respectively, and ultimately reduce carbon intensity. This study provides a scientific basis for the formulation of green credit policy in China's energy conservation and emission reduction policy, and proposes policy measures to give full play to green credit to improve the quality and enthusiasm of economic and social growth, and to transform the economic development model to promote green economic development.

The effect of credit composition on entrepreneurship

In this study, we aim to assess the relevance of credit composition to entrepreneurship empirically in light of the Schumpeterian perspective. The results of such an analysis can imply whether central banks should continue with the so-called neutrality principle or undertake an active credit policy. We employ a panel data model to quantify the effect of credit composition on entrepreneurship in 54 high- and middle-income economies from 2001 to 2016. To capture credit composition, we disaggregate total credit as credit to non-financial and financial businesses as well as credit to households and mortgages, and we hypothesize that the larger share of credit for non-financial businesses and households would be associated with greater entrepreneurship. The results indicate that credit composition is important for both high- and middle-income economies, but the effective composition of credit is different in the two sub-samples, which is why the effectiveness of credit allocation should not be taken for granted and active remedies are required. This paper corroborates the Schumpeterian view on the ties between credit allocation and entrepreneurship in both high- and middle-income economies.

Does the green credit policy affect the carbon emissions of heavily polluting enterprises?

Green finance is important in carbon reduction, but few studies pay attention to Green Credit Policy (GCP). This study examines the relationship between GCP and CO2 emissions of Chinese heavily polluting enterprises (HPEs). Taking the implementation of Green Credit Guidelines (GCG) as a quasi-natural experiment, we design a Difference-in-Difference (DID) model using panel data. The evidence reveals that GCG can indirectly decrease CO2 emissions by increasing financing costs and improving technical efficiency. Further studies find that companies with non-state background, medium-sized companies and companies in eastern regions are more sensitive to the policy. The paper provides policy implications for building a green financial system and supporting endeavors to achieve carbon peak and carbon neutrality.

The local technology spillovers of multinational firms

This study examines how innovation by U.S. multinational firms affects the productivity of domestic Chinese firms in the same counties as the U.S. subsidiaries. After manually matching U.S. multinational firms with their manufacturing subsidiaries in China, I use citation-weighted patent stock to measure U.S.-produced external knowledge in Chinese counties and employ an instrumental variable strategy based on U.S. R&D tax credit policies to address potential endogeneity concerns. Findings suggest that innovation by U.S. multinational firms improves the productivity of domestic Chinese firms co-located with their subsidiaries, indicating a local technology spillover effect. Domestic firms with high-wage workers, high innovation capacity, and private ownership are better equipped to absorb these spillovers. In addition, domestic firms in industries with closer technological ties to U.S. multinational firms benefit more from their innovation, suggesting that technological proximity amplifies the spillover effect.

RISK MANAGEMENT AND PERFORMANCE OF THE NIGERIAN BANKING INDUSTRY

The study examines the relationship between risk management and the performance of the Nigerian banking industry. The panel data analysis technique based on the fixed effects estimation was employed to analyze the Nigerian banking industry performance. Risk management related factors such as credit risk, liquidity risk, market risk, interest rate risk and operational risk. A total of 18 most active deposit money banks listed on the Nigerian Stock Market for a period of 22 years (2000 to 2021) were used in the analysis. The empirical findings revealed that credit risk and operational risk variables were negative and do not have any significant relationship with the performance of the Nigerian banking industry while liquidity risk and market risk have significant positive effect on bank performance, interest rate risk has significant negative relationship with banks performance in Nigeria within the period of study. The study recommends among others that, banks’ management should have proper understanding of how credit policy affects the operations of their banks to ensure judicious utilization of deposits and maximize profit. Improper credit risk management reduces bank profitability, affects the quality of its assets and increases loan losses and non-performing loan which may eventually lead to financial distress.

Fuel consumption-reduction investment decisions and coordination contracts in fuel vehicle supply chains: A dynamic analysis

The share of carbon emissions from road transport is as high as 14% of global carbon emissions; fuel vehicles account for a significant part of these emissions. Therefore, there is a long way to reduce fuel consumption in fuel vehicles. We consider the government’s choice of two policies, Vehicle Carbon Emission Regulation (VCER) and Dual Credit Policy (DCP), to regulate the fuel vehicle supply chain and construct a Stackelberg differential game model for fuel consumption-reduction investment decision and operation coordination in a fuel vehicle supply chain consisting of one supplier and one manufacturer. Furthermore, we analyze the supply chain’s equilibrium strategies under centralized and decentralized decision scenarios. Finally, design a bilateral sharing contract to coordinate the supply chain and verify the theoretical analysis by numerical simulation. The results show that the DCP has a stronger incentive for fuel consumption reduction investment than the VCER; the supplier’s profit increases as the severity of the two policies increases, but the change in the manufacturer’s profit is not consistent under the two policies, where the increase in the penalty rate under the VCER decreases the manufacturer’s profit. However, it falls and then rises with tighter fuel consumption standards under the DCP. At the same time, the two-way cost-sharing contracts can encourage more fuel consumption reduction investments while increasing the profits of supply chain members, which is a Pareto improvement for the ecosystem and the supply chain parties.