Credit Load Research Articles

БАНКІВСЬКЕ КРЕДИТУВАННЯ В УКРАЇНІ ТА ЙОГО МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ МЕТОДАМИ СИСТЕМНОЇ ДИНАМІКИ

The article identifies trends in bank lending to companies and households in Ukraine and considers modeling and integrated mapping of demand and supply of bank loans using the methods of system dynamics. The article shows that by 2020 the main trends in the Ukrainian banking sector are: a) increased dynamics of return on capital (29.7%) and reduced dynamics of interest rates on deposits (6.6%) and loans (14.8%); b) growth of the dynamics of bank loans in general, including the following characteristics: the largest share of the bank loan portfolio is accounted for by loans to economic entities, while loans to households account for 21.9%; loans to households are growing faster compared to the growth rate of loans to businesses; in the sectoral context, the largest share in lending is accounted for by the trade sector; short-term consumer loans predominate in household lending (82%); half of the loan portfolio of commercial banks consists of short-term loans; the share of non-performing loans in the total volume of issued loans remains high (48.75%); c) the deposit portfolio is dominated by household deposits, but in the dynamics there is a tendency to decrease in their share. Based on the methods of system dynamics, the authors present a model that allows to trace the relationship between commercial banks and legal entities and individuals, as well as to forecast the amounts of bank loans in accordance with the demand for loans from businesses and households (weighted by the maximum value credit load) and supply of credit resources by commercial banks. From a practical point of view, characterization of trends in banking, modeling the interaction of major participants in bank lending and determining the volume of bank loans using methods of system dynamics will help identify the main factors influencing the supply and demand of bank credit resources at the current stage of development of Ukraine and predict future dynamics of lending.

Growing Household Credit Load Through the Prism of Social Perception, Credit, and Political Attitudes of Russians

The year 2020 demonstrates another surge of civil non-conventional activism in the world due to the epidemiological situation and related government restrictive measures. in Russia, at the background of the “Corona-crisis” and falling real incomes, retail lending to households continues to proliferate, along with an increase in their overdue debt. The deteriorating economic well-being of Russians raises questions about the possibility of an increase in political protest behaviour of citizens and how much their readiness for it is affected by the deteriorating financial situation due to difficulties in paying off their loan obligations. The authors used the methods of cybermetric analysis and mass survey, examines the perception of the credit problem by Russians, their assessment of its causes and “culprits” (the state, banks and borrowers themselves). The paper also notes some trends of mutual conditionality at the individual level of credit attitudes of Russians, their financial prosperity and readiness to participate in various forms of pro-government and opposition political activity. The authors conclude that the most common conservative model of credit behaviour among Russians contributes to the latent deterioration of the subjective well-being of borrowers that not always leading to a decrease in credit payments. It, in turn, leads to a desire to share responsibility for these difficulties with creditors and the state and, probably, increases the readiness for protest activism.

Pengaruh Motivasi Kerja, Kepemimpinan Ketua STMIK Banjarbaru, Dan Lingkungan Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Dosen Dan Karyawan Pada STIMIK Banjarbaru.

Based on the evaluation results of the annual operational plan at the STMIK Banjarbaru institution, there are several objectives that have not been achieved. Some of the factors that cause employees are not aware of their obligations so that work is neglected, there is no significant difference in treatment between high-achieving and under-performing employees so that employees are not motivated to carry out their duties, and communication between leaders and subordinates is not going well. For lecturers, there is a slightly different treatment due to different workloads. The work environment for lecturers is not limited to fellow lecturers or employees but also includes direct interaction with students, with a higher intensity. The main task of a lecturer is to teach in accordance with the total credit load given by the campus, besides that the lecturer also still has to do research and community service in accordance with the tri dharma of higher education. Direct communication between lecturers and leaders rarely occurs outside of work meetings. This study aims to determine whether there is a relationship between work environment, work motivation, and leadership style of the head of STMIK Banjarbaru on the performance of lecturers and employees. The research method used is a quantitative method with explanatory, associative and correlational levels. The approach used is descriptive analysis and survey, using a questionnaire as a means of collecting data. The sample used in this study were 31 respondents divided into 20 lecturers and 11 employees. From a total population of 103 people (lecturers and employees). Data analysis using multiple linear regression. The results of the analysis show that the influence of the work environment is not significant on lecturer performance and employee performance, either partially or simultaneously. Work motivation partially has no significant effect on lecturer performance, but has a significant effect on employee performance so that simultaneously, work motivation does not have a significant effect on lecturer and employee performance. The leadership style of the chairman of STMIK Banjarbaru partially has a significant effect on the performance of the lecturers, but does not significantly affect the performance of employees. Simultaneously, the leadership style of the Head of STMIK Banjarbaru has no significant effect on the performance of lecturers and employees.

Comparison of workload and academic performances of transfer and native students in an Asian educational context

ABSTRACT Post-secondary admission and community college (CC) transfer are two common routes of entry to baccalaureate study. Previous studies comparing the academic performances of native and transfer students have generated inconsistent findings and, furthermore, they were largely conducted in Western educational contexts. This study compared the workloads, grade point averages (GPA) and attrition rates of native and transfer students in an Asian educational context. Various measures related to GPA, credit load and attrition rate were collected from the institutional dataset of a Hong Kong university in 2019; this dataset contained records of 14,141 native students and 7308 transfer students enrolled between 2012 and 2018. Results show that the transfer students experienced transfer shock and had heavier study loads but lighter non-academic loads than the native students. Despite the transfer shock, they attained a higher award GPA and had a lower attrition rate than their native counterparts. Discussion and implications are presented, in relation to transfer shock and transfer student success. In particular, this article argues that CC education does not necessarily produce academically inferior degree-seeking students and that CC transfer is a viable pathway to baccalaureate study.

Curriculum and Learning Policy In Sustainable Completed Class System In Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi

This study aims to describe the curriculum and learning of Sustainable Completed Classroom System Policy (SKTB) in Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi. This research used a qualitative approach that emphasis on a detailed and in depth study, seeking data collection, search and discovery of meaning. Emphasizing more on the process than on the results and using the logic of thinking inductively, the reason is that the approach can be used to understand the symptoms as a whole, deeply, and what they are and in accordance with the thinking of the people in them. Data collection techniques include interview, observation and documentation. Data analysis using analysis techniques from Miles and Huberman includes data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results showed that Sustainable Completed Class System in the implementation approach curriculum KTSP and Curriculum 2013, through a planning process syllabus, lesson plans, learning, assessment and follow up required school environment. In the implementation of instructional learning adapted to the context. Implementation of this policy develops a curriculum that is at the level of junior high school, the burden of learning with SKS. Thus the SKS learning burden for junior high schools can be determined that each learning load is in semester credit units, one credit load includes one hour face-to-face learning, one hour structured assignment and one hour of independent or unstructured activities. Learning load that must be taken by students is at least 102 credits and a maximum of 114 credits during the six semester learning period.

Development of the Constructive Alignment Evaluation Instrument for Lecturers of Teachers Education Institutes

This study was conducted to build the constructs and sub-constructs for the Constructive Alignment Evaluation Instrument (CAEI) for lecturers of Teachers Education Institutes (TEIs) based on the experts' views. Interviews involving a total of five experts from TEIs in Malaysia were conducted using purposive sampling. The experts involved were Chairman of the TEI Assessment Committee, Internal Examiner Expert, Chairman of the MQA Committee, Chairman of the ISO Secretariat and Assessment Coordinator of the Department. The interview data was analyzed thematically using Nvivo software. Based on the interview, it was found that there were certain shortcomings to be addressed in the implementation of constructive alignment among TEIs’ lecturers. The constructs driven from the interview were knowledge and practice, comprising a total of six sub-constructs, namely, Learning Outcomes, Teaching and Learning Activities, Assessment of Assignment, Evaluation and Grading, Learning Context and Students Learning Time. The sub-construct of learning outcomes consists of four elements; Programme Educational Objectives, Programme Learning Outcomes, Teaching Taxonomy, and Course Learning Outcomes. The sub-construct of Teaching and Learning Activities is also divided into four elements; Teaching and Learning Planning, Mapping of Knowledge Type, Interactive Teaching and Class Management. Meanwhile, the subconstruct of assessment assignment contains elements such as Formative and Summative, Authenticating, Converging and Diverging Assessments and Bloom's Taxonomy. As for Students Learning Time, its sub-construct includes elements of Implementation of Learning Hours, Credit and Learning Load. The sub-construct of Evaluation and Grading contains elements of Validity and Reliability, Criterion References, Norm References and Evaluation Based on Learning Outcomes. Finally, the sub-construct of Learning Context is divided into five elements, Metacognitive Control, Reflective Learning, Teaching Quality and Student Activity, Formative Feedback and Motivational Approach. Based on the results obtained, the constructive alignment evaluation instrument should include all the constructs and sub-constructs identified.

НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕНННЫХ ПРОЦЕСОВ АГРОПРОМЫШЛЕННОГО КОМПЛЕКСА В РЕГИОНАЛЬНОЙ ЭКОНОМИКЕ

The article is devoted to urgent problems of increasing the production efficiency of the agro-industrial complex in the regional economy. Most of the country’s subjects are interested in the growth of their own agricultural production, which is the basis for the formation of the food market and domestic consumption. Effective production and economic relations in the territory of a country’s subject contribute to lower costs and food prices, improve self-sufficiency in food. The novelty of the study lies in the formation of a set of measures to support agriculture in Perm Kray, taking into account the dynamics of production, characteristic of the current stage of economic development. The directions of agricultural research in science, the need for systematic technical re-equipment of the industry in order to obtain better results at the regional level are characterized. The analysis of statistics on the status and prevailing development trend of the studied industry in Perm region. The volumes and goals of state support for agricultural enterprises and the agro-industrial complex of the region are studied. Attention is paid to the social indicators of the formation of the industry related to employment, which is relevant in conditions of increasing labor productivity and its automation. The data on the material and technical equipment of the industry were considered, since the level of innovative development of the industry significantly depends on production machinery and equipment. The financial and economic indicators of the state of agriculture of Perm Kray are characterized, positive trends in revenue growth and state support are identified. The study revealed the inadequacy of measures of the state and regional policies in order to ensure sustainable growth and modernization of industry enterprises. Actual measures are proposed that contribute to solving the current problems of the agro-industrial complex, which are associated with a high level of credit load, low productivity and a high share of heavy manual labor.

The improving of the methodology of resource scheduling – as a way to efficiency increase of the company in transport construction

In the last decade, there has been a tendency of profitability reduction of the companies implementing transport construction projects in the Russian Federation. One of the main factors affecting negatively on the market of transport construction, is the imperfection of the current system of pricing in construction oriented to minimize expenditures of the state customer and doesn't cover the estimated contractor cost risks: rising prices for basic construction materials, machines and equipment, increasing in overhead for contract administration, increasing of the credit load and the cost of bank support and project insurance. In this regard, the search for an effective method of project management in the transport construction, using modern technologies of resource scheduling and control of construction projects implementation, is particularly relevant. At the same time, an important task is to select a project management methodology that is optimal for the labor costs of the company's engineering and technical employees. In the article the authors propose the detailed algorithm for developing and maintaining resource construction schedules in the domestic Spider Project program. Features of preliminary study of project documentation, a transfer of corporate reference books to the schedule, a formation of a Work Breakdown Structure, a planning of the labor resources, construction machines and equipment, materials, and cost components are given. A calculating method for the complexity of construction works based on the formation of technological cards is proposed. The possibilities of the Spider Project program in terms of monitoring of the construction schedule execution in the form of accounting for actual work performed, comparing schedule versions and generating plan-fact reports for analyzing the construction progress and making management decisions, are considered.

La formación en materias de tecnología del futuro periodista en España

Introducción. En este trabajo de investigación empírica analizamos la introducción de asignaturas en materia tecnológica que ofrecen las universidades españolas (públicas y privadas) a través de los Grados de Periodismo/Comunicación. Metodología. En el artículo analizamos, mediante la técnica de análisis de contenido, treinta y ocho planes de estudio de Grado a partir de un universo de más de mil novecientas asignaturas. Resultados. La investigación descubre hallazgos interesantes en cuanto al grado de implementación, descubriendo qué tecnologías emergentes están reflejándose en los diseños de los planes de estudio actuales en España. Conclusiones. Se indican cuáles son las universidades españolas que más carga crediticia y número de asignaturas ofrecen relacionadas con la tecnología.

КОМПЛЕКСНИЙ АНАЛІЗ ФІНАНСУВАННЯ РОЗВИТКУ АГРАРНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ

On the basis of the analysis of tendencies and the state of formation of financial resources of agricultural enterprises, the problems and priority directions of forming the policy of financing the development of the agricultural sector have been identified. The purpose of the article is a comprehensive analysis of the state of financing the development of agricultural enterprises in order to generate information for developing a flexible policy for financing the development of agricultural production potential. Object of research - sources of financing the activities of agricultural enterprises. Methods used in the study: generalization, comparison, logical and meaningful, induction, deduction and analysis. The hypothesis of the study consists in the analytical assessment of the state and tendencies of providing financial resources to agricultural enterprises in order to formulate a flexible policy for financing the development of the agricultural sector. Summary of the main material: the dynamics of the use of investment resources, the structure of the loan portfolio and the credit load of agricultural enterprises are analyzed, the evaluation of bank financing programs in cooperation with international financial institutions and the efficiency of use of working capital of the agricultural sector. This made it possible to identify the dominant factors in accelerating the circulation of current assets and the choice of financing policy for agricultural enterprises in the agricultural sector. Originality and practical significance of the study. On the basis of the analysis of the state of provision of financial resources of the agricultural sector and evaluation of their effectiveness, measures that will contribute to the choice of rational policy of financing of agricultural enterprises are substantiated. Conclusions of the research: The choice of sources of financing from the point of view of cost concept and formation of flexible policy of financing of development of agrarian enterprises based on the scenario approach is substantiated

Factors Associated with Student Performance in Finance Electives: An Empirical Study at a US Private College

The paper studies factors affecting college student performance in upper-level finance electives. Of the motivation factors studied (intended grade, intention to take the CFA exam, or attend graduate school) only the first is significantly associated with student performance. None of the distraction factors (job hours, job type, and credit load) has any negative effect on student performance. Of the self-perceived ability factors (Writing, Math, Reading, and Listening) only Math has some association with student performance. The grade in Financial Management I, and GPA have significant associations with student performance. Finally, neither gender nor age has any significant association with performance.

Studying for Introductory Psychology: Differences Across Technical College, 2-, and 4-Year Institutions

Three hundred thirty-three Introductory Psychology (IP) students from a 4-year university, 2-year community college, and a technical college provided survey data. Student self-reports significantly differed across schools on hours studied during exam weeks, textbook helpfulness, importance of lecture and class activities, quality and importance of course notes, and credit load. University students reported higher means on all of these, followed by 2-year and then technical college students. Students significantly differed on hours worked per week and current course grade, with technical college students having the highest means, followed by 2-year and then university students. There were a number of significant intercorrelations among the variables, some differing by institutional type. These institutional differences suggest that IP instructors may wish to consider these differences as they prepare to teach this course.

La voz de los profesionales de la educación social en España y Francia: la identidad autopercibida

Even though the specialized education model in France is a reference in the definition of the training model of the first social educators in Spain, both training processes are developed in differentiated ways. Social education in Spain develops and acquires recognition in the university academic environment, when it is legally recognized in 1991 after the establishment of the official university degree of Diploma in Social Education. However, the training of the specialized educator in France does not take place in the university sphere but in Schools and Institutes of Social Work and concludes with the Diploma of State of Specialized Educator. Both studies were adapted to the European Higher Education Area, allocating a credit load of 180 ECTS, however, the Specialized Educator does not hold the same professional category as the social educator in Spain. Thus, the objective of this work is to know social education as a profession from the perception of its professionals through a comparative study between France and Spain, focusing attention on the training process. For this purpose, a qualitative study was carried out using the structured interview as an information collection instrument. The results show that the social educator in Spain recognizes himself more empowered by defining himself as a professional; both groups identify with the functions and competencies in which they have been trained; they emphasize formative deficiencies and show similar difficulties in the exercise of the profession. The conclusions show that professional recognition goes beyond professional identity, implying recognition or social prestige, as well as the need to design a permanent training plan that channels the training deficiencies of both professionals.

Динамика социально-экономического положения массовых слоёв населения России: 2003–2018 гг.

The article shows that the drop in nominal incomes of the population in the last two years has come to a stop, although their real growth is seen only in a relatively narrow segment of the population, mainly representatives of households without dependents. This situation is reflected in the public consciousness. Self-assessments of their material situation by Russians, having improved markedly after the end of the economic crisis, remain unchanged in the last two years, and the number of those who consider their material situation to be poor or deteriorating is still significantly greater than the number of those who consider it good or improving. At the same time, although the standard of living of the majority of Russians decreased compared to the pre-crisis period, this decrease has not been catastrophic, which largely mitigates negative perception of their situation by the population. The article also demonstrates that the living standards of Russians in the so-called Putin era have changed qualitatively: real incomes have increased dramatically, the ownership of durable goods in households has largely expanded (including the appearance of cars and different gadgets), and the material environment, with which Russians constantly deal with in their daily lives, has become much more diverse and complex. These changes were accompanied by improvements in the living conditions of Russians and, at the same time, the transformation of credit load into a norm of living. At the same time, process of un-peasantness of the Russian village has taken place, which had not only positive effect (in particular, reduced workload in the subsidiary farms), but also negative (for example, a decrease in the safety margin for rural residents) consequences. These changes are so large that they will lead to an essential transformation of the entire Russian society.

О неизбежности экономических кризисов в современной развитой рыночной экономике

This article examines the problem of the modern market economy crises. As part of the analysis, the author shows that an unlimited credit expansion stimulated by financial innovations and the natural desire of most people to improve their well-being periodically lead to debt overburdening of economy. Credit relations mediate the entire reproduction process and thus a violation in one of its links provokes negative consequences for the economy and inevitably leads to an economic crisis. At the beginning of an economic cycle, interest rates are low, and economic agents actively take loans. General optimism is supported by new loans. The situation changes when the economy approaches a boom phase. Credit chains take form of a real web permeating the entire economic organism. At the peak of the economic boom, the credit load reaches a critical level, a trigger is released, and a crisis begins. The function of the trigger belongs to the actions of economic agents in the market where the financial bubble was formed. In previous economic systems, credit was limited to a relatively narrow framework, so that a new pattern of economic functioning that inevitably leads to crises could form on its basis. Only capitalism, with its innovative nature, opens access to credit for almost any household and firm. Credit has creative power because in a short time it allows to get the necessary resources to finance large-scale projects, but it creates a threat to economic stability in the country if it reaches a very large scale. Our analysis brings us to a conclusion that it is impossible to solve the problem of crises, because capitalism makes maximal use of loans as a means of stimulating household consumption and financial innovations provide manifold possibilities for this on an ever-increasing scale.

How Many Credits Should an Undergraduate Take?

Low completion rates and increased time to degree at U.S. colleges are a widespread concern for policymakers and academic leaders. Many ‘full time’ undergraduates currently enroll at 12 credits per semester despite the fact that a bachelor’s degree cannot be completed within 4 years at that credit-load. The academic momentum perspective holds that if, at the beginning of their first year in college, undergraduates attempted more course credits per semester, then overall graduation rates could rise. Using nationally-representative data and propensity-score matching methods to reduce selection bias, we find that academically and socially similar students who initially attempt 15 rather than 12 credits do graduate at significantly higher rates within 6 years of initial enrollment. We also find that students who increase their credit load from below fifteen to fifteen or more credits in their second semester are more likely to complete a degree within 6 years than similar students who stay below this threshold. Our evidence suggests that stressing a norm that full time enrollment should be 15 credits per semester would improve graduation rates for most kinds of students. However, an important caveat is that those undergraduates whose paid work exceeds 30 h per week do not appear to benefit from taking a higher course load.

A picture of radiography education across Europe

PurposeTo establish an understanding of radiography education across Europe by surveying higher education institutions registered as affiliate members of the European Federation of Radiography Societies (EFRS). MethodAn online survey was developed to ascertain data on: curricula, duration, credit load, accreditation requirements, staff qualifications, staff and student exchange opportunities, and availability of postgraduate programmes. Responses were identifiable in terms of educational institution and country. All 46 affiliated educational institutions were invited to participate in the survey. Descriptive and thematic analyses are reported. ResultsA response rate of 89.1% (n = 41) was achieved from educational institutions representing 21 countries. The majority of institutions (63.4%) offer a combined Medical Imaging, Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine programme; dedicated Medical Imaging programmes are offered by 14 institutions (34.2%); dedicated Radiotherapy programme by one institution (2.4%), and a dedicated Nuclear Medicine programme by only three institutions (6.5%). The Bologna (Bachelor) cycle has been adopted by 90.2% of responding institutions. The majority of institutions (53.7%) indicated programmes of 3 years in duration, others stated 3.5–4 years. Only 14.6% of institutions require ‘International Level’ accreditation for the Bachelors radiography programme. Postgraduate programmes were not offered by 26.8% of institutions and a deficit in Doctoral status for radiography educators was identified. ConclusionsThe Bologna (Bachelor) cycle for radiography education has been adopted across the majority of institutions, however, full alignment remains a priority. Postgraduate radiography education opportunities across Europe appear to be insufficient and further investigation of radiography accreditation processes is justified to ensure harmonisation of practice.

Predictors of Performance in Introductory Finance: Variables within and beyond the Student’s Control

This study examined variables that are within and beyond the control of students in explaining variations in performance in an introductory finance course. Regression models were utilized to consider whether the variables within the student’s control have a greater impact on course performance relative to the variables beyond the student’s control. Among the particular variables within the student’s control were the student’s inclination to procrastinate as evidenced by the relative delay the students exhibited in commencing online homework assignments. Also, separate measures were constructed to examine the effect of the accuracy of the homework submitted and the student’s actual completion of those assignments. Class attendance was also considered. The variables largely beyond the control of the student examined in this study were a measure of how far along in the undergraduate program the student had progressed when he/she enrolled in the introductory finance course, a measure of the credit load of the student in the semester when the student took the course, the student’s gender, the student’s overall academic ability and the relative strength of the student in comprehending quantitative versus verbal concepts. For the three measures of student performance studied, average homework grade, the mid-term exam grade and the final exam grade, all of the relevant variables within the student’s control demonstrated some impact on the various measures of performance. There was persuasive evidence that the variables within the student’s control were more influential in explaining differences in student performance than the variables beyond the student’s control.

Conditional Cash Transfers and College Persistence: Evidence from a Randomized Need‐Based Grant Program

We examine the impacts of a private need-based college financial aid program distributing grants at random among first-year Pell Grant recipients at thirteen public Wisconsin universities. The Wisconsin Scholars Grant of $3,500 per year required full-time attendance. Estimates based on four cohorts of students suggest that offering the grant increased completion of a full-time credit load and rates of re-enrollment for a second year of college. An increase of $1,000 in total financial aid received during a student’s first year of college was associated with a 2.8 to 4.1 percentage point increase in rates of enrollment for the second year.

The balanced academic curriculum problem revisited

The Balanced Academic Curriculum Problem (BACP) consists in assigning courses to teaching terms satisfying prerequisites and balancing the credit course load within each term. The BACP is part of the CSPLib with three benchmark instances, but its formulation is simpler than the problem solved in practice by universities. In this article, we introduce a generalized version of the problem that takes different curricula and professor preferences into account, and we provide a set of real-life problem instances arisen at University of Udine. Since the existing formulation based on a min---max objective function does not balance effectively the credit load for the new instances, we also propose alternative objective functions. Whereas all the CSPLib instances are efficiently solved with Integer Linear Programming (ILP) state-of-the-art solvers, our new set of real-life instances turns out to be much more challenging and still intractable for ILP solvers. Therefore, we have designed, implemented, and analyzed heuristics based on local search. We have collected computational results on all the new instances with the proposed approaches and assessed the quality of solutions with respect to the lower bounds found by ILP on a relaxed and decomposed problem. Results show that a selected heuristic finds solutions of quality at 9%---60% distance from the lower bound. We make all data publicly available, in order to stimulate further research on this problem.