Credit Facility Research Articles

Impact of Operational Constraints on Quality and Productivity of Handloom Products

The handloom industry is India’s largest cottage industry representing and preserving the vibrant and beautiful Indian culture and traditions. Indian artists are now known worldwide for their spinning weaving and hand-printing techniques. The handicraft industry is the second-largest source of employment in the country after agriculture. It employs 12.5 million people and is the largest supplier to rural businesses outside of agriculture. The success or failure of the handloom industry largely depend on the quality in this competitive world. The quality and the quantity of the handloom products purely derive from operational constraints which were adopted. The present study aimed to identify the impact of operational constraints like raw material availability, credit facility, functioning, and welfare constraints on the quality and productivity of handlooms in the Kadapa district. The data were collected from a total of 120 weaver entrepreneurs operating in different locations of the Kadapa district. A stratified random sampling technique has been adopted for the sample responses collection. Suitable tools like multivariate multiple regression with structural analysis were carried out to analyze and interpret the data. The study results revealed that all the four operational constraints like raw material availability, credit facility, functioning, and welfare constraints were positively and significantly influencing the quality of the handloom products. These operational constraints also influence the productivity of handlooms positively and significantly. A total of eight hypotheses were formulated with the support of the literature and all are supported. The raw material was found as an important predictor of the quality and productivity of the handloom products as it captured the maximum level of influence than other parameters.

Manmade Problems in Indian Agriculture and Their Solutions: A Review

Indian agriculture is suffered with a number of problems for enhancing the productivity of grain crops to protect the food security by increasing the food production in India’s green revolution to get self-sufficiency during 1970s leaving something for widespread scarcity of food. To secure the food self sufficiency caused so many problems despite the improved technologies, so there is need to address all the factors, which affecting on the Indian agriculture. Agriculture, with its allied sectors, is the largest source of livelihoods in India. Keeping in view the above, therefore tried to discuss the major problems in Indian agriculture in this article. The information related to the problems of agriculture were collected from internet and also taken from the previous work of different researchers in 2020 at Krishi Vigyan Kendra Gurdaspur with the objectives to address the threats caused by agricultural intensification. Several problems as land holding, intensive cropping and excessive use of chemical, excessive irrigation, inadequate seed replacement and inadequate mechanization impact on soil productivity and caused degraded land. Other factors like lack of proper transport in rural areas, minimum support price, poor credit facility concern the economic conditions of the farmers and impact on Indian agriculture and also influence directly or indirectly on the food security of the country. As per the objectives the influence of agricultural intensification on productivity and production of food grains factors discussed all the factors with their solution in this article for the benefits of all the concerned.

Credit facility for horticultural sector in India – An empirical study

Working with the secondary sources of empirical data (2009–10 to 2018–19), the present study tries to show the status of agricultural credit facility with special reference to horticultural sector in India. Tabular analysis with simple compound annual growth rate (CAGR) has been done in 2020. In case of crop loan (short-term credit), agriculture and horticulture have no difference and the system of delivery is also similar. Horticulture finance includes loans for development of fruit orchard, poly-house, green house development and marketing of such produce. Agricultural credit is vital in India for 86.2% small and marginal farmers for capital formation. Financial support in horticulture was lacking. Productivity credit inter alia as evinced in term of growth rates of area (CAGR=1.56%), production (CAGR=2.72%) and productivity (CAGR=1.28%) shows better performances compared to agriculture. But fund allotment in government (govt.) budget for horticulture remains almost constant (CAGR=0.86%). Study suggested for more investment (public and private) in horticulture since it contributes 29.2% of agricultural GDP and provides nutritional security. Popularization of microcredit, farmers’ awareness and improve technologies for delivery of institutional loan can be ensured. Diversion of crop loan must be checked. Study also highlights different govt. schemes for overall development of the horticulture sector.

Financial Institution Type and Firm-Related Attributes as Determinants of Loan Amounts

Access to formal credit remains critical for business operations, particularly for firms unable to generate sufficient funds internally. Using the World Bank’s Enterprise Survey dataset, 2018, we analyzed 230 Kenyan firms that applied for loans. These loans are sourced from banks (private, commercial, or state-owned) or non-banking financial institutions. Specifically, the paper explores the effect of financial institution type and firm-related characteristics on loan amounts advanced. The results show that the preferred credit provider matters, with the sensitivity level varying among the three institutional types. Additionally, the collateralization value, the owner’s equity proportion of fixed assets, and any existing credit facility correlate positively with the outcome variable. There is an inverse relationship between the largest shareholder’s ownership and the loan amount. The study uses the new product (service) launches to measure innovation. The findings suggest that firms in the innovation process access higher loan amounts than their non-innovative peers. Be that as it may, the difference in amount effect size between the two groups is small based on Cohen’s d rule. The paper highlights the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.

Role of institutional factors in climate‐smart technology adoption in agriculture: Evidence from an Eastern Indian state

Climate change threatens rural livelihoods by adversely affecting agricultural production through reduced crop yields, harvest loss, and increased cost of production. Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices have emerged as a possible solution to ensure food security by adapting to climate risks on the one hand, and mitigating GHG emissions from agriculture, on the other hand. However, resource-poor farmers often face both financial and knowledge constraints to adopt CSA practices, and thus, institutional support plays a crucial role in overcoming those barriers. Therefore, this study uses primary data collected from 248 farm households in the Eastern Indian state of Odisha to examine the role of institutional factors in CSA adoption. Almost 95% of the sample farmers experienced the effects of climate change, and many have adopted CSA practices such as rescheduling planting (78%), crop rotation (56%), crop diversification (35%), micro-irrigation (17%), and drought-resistant seeds (16%). Probit models are estimated to explore the key determinants of the adoption of these five major practices. Results show that factors such as government extension service, farmer field school participation, subsidies, access to energy, and perception of climate shocks are the major determinants. Further, the coefficient of interaction between landholding and credit availability on the decision to adopt CSA is positive. Thus, agricultural policies to improve institutional support, such as subsidies on farm machinery, extension support, credit facility, and field demonstration of technologies, are crucial to upscale CSA adoption in the region.

Cameroon: 2021 Article IV Consultation and First Reviews Under the Extended Credit Facility and the Extended Fund Facility Arrangements and Requests for Waivers for Performance Criteria Applicability and Nonobservance and Modification Of Performance Criterion-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Cameroon

Cameroon, the largest economy in the Central African Economic and Monetary Union (CEMAC), continues to face the repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic. In July 2021, the IMF’s Executive Board approved three-year arrangements under the Extended Credit Facility (ECF) and the Extended Fund Facility (EFF) for SDR 483 million (about US$ 689.5 million, or 175 percent of Cameroon’s quota) to support the country’s economic and financial reform program. This followed two disbursements in 2020 under the Rapid Credit Facility (RCF) totaling SDR 276 million, equivalent to about US$382 million or 100 percent of Cameroon’s quota.

Uganda: 2021 Article IV Consultation and First Review under the Extended Credit Facility Arrangement and Requests for Modifications of Performance Criteria-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Uganda

"Volume 2022 (2022): Issue 077 (Mar 2022): Uganda: 2021 Article IV Consultation and First Review under the Extended Credit Facility Arrangement and Requests for Modifications of Performance Criteria-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Uganda" published on 15 Mar 2022 by International Monetary Fund.

Republic of Madagascar: First Review Under the Extended Credit Facility Arrangement-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Republic of Madagascar

"Volume 2022 (2022): Issue 079 (Mar 2022): Republic of Madagascar: First Review Under the Extended Credit Facility Arrangement-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Republic of Madagascar" published on 16 Mar 2022 by International Monetary Fund.

INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT FROM CREDIT UNION OF TORAJA CHURCH SYNOD FOR CONGREGATION ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT

The article was aimed to analyze the institutional support given by the Credit Union of Toraja Church Synod for congregation economic empowerment and then to construct the model of this institutional support. Research typology in this article was research and development. The development intended by this research was referred to Developmental Model 4D (Define, Design, Develop, and Dissemination). The outputs of this research were the factual model outlining institutional support for congregation economic empowerment, the hypothetical model expected to improve factual model, and the validated final model. Research approach involved quantitative and qualitative approaches. The results of research showed that the Credit Union of Toraja Church Synod had offered institutional supports including credit facility to be accessed by the congregation. The new model illustrated the participation of the congregation in the decision making process of the Credit Union and also the training and counseling services provided by the Credit Union for the congregation in matters of taking loan for business development. The new model was proved to be effective in empowering the congregation economic.

Knowledge and attitude of farmer towards improved farm implements

The present study on “knowledge and attitude of farmer towards improved farm implements” was conducted in the year 2020-2021 inYavatmal district of Maharashtra state. The exploratory research design of social research was used. In all, 80 respondents were selected by random sampling method. The data were collected by personally interviewing the respondents with the help of structured interview schedule. The data collected were carefully examined, classified, quantified and tabulated. Frequencies, mean, standard deviation and correlation co-efficient were employed for interpreting the results. The findings of the present study revealed that, more than half of the respondents 58.75 per cent belonged to middle age group, i.e. between 35 to 50 years. High proportion of the respondents 28.75 per cent were educated upto middleschool category (5th to 7thstandard). More than half 56.25 per cent of the respondents had medium family size category (3-6 members). Most of the respondents 45.00 per cent had medium land holding (4.01 to 10 ha). Nearly half of respondents i.e.41.25 per cent used river as source of irrigation. Majority of respondents 76.25 per cent had medium cropping pattern. 22.5 per cent of respondents had very high annual income i.e. above 100000 Rs. In case of source of information, it was observed that among the personal localite sources, majority of the farmers always get information from neibhour (93.75%) and 53.75 per cent of respondents sometime get information from researcher of agriculture university. (51.25 %) of farmers never get information from Gramsevak. In case of group contact methods 61.25 per cent of the respondents always get information from discussion as well as conference, 63.75 per cent farmers get information sometime from Agriculture day. (27.5%) of the farmers never participated in discussion. Among the mass sources majority (88.75%) of the farmers always get information from agriculture bulletin, followed by farmers rally (73.75%) and television (66.25%). It was observed that 52.5 per cent of farmers had medium exposure to sources of information. Regarding risk preference it was observed that 50.00 per cent of the respondents had medium risk preference. In knowledge level, 55.00 per cent of respondents had medium level of knowledge. The most popular implements were pick-axe, spade, sickle, M.B. Plough and gunny bags are known to all the respondents. About 46.25 per cent respondents were unaware about decintegrater. In case of attitude of the respondents towards the farm practices half of the farmers showed the favourable attitude towards farm practices i.e. 50.00 per cent. Important requirement requirements of respondents, that 91.25 per cent of farmers quoted provision of continues electric supply in day time at minimum rate for farm work, maximum farmers 87.5 per cent gave suggestion that government should make availability of fuel required farm machinery at subsidize rate. 86.25 per cent of respondents responded yes to facillating the group of farmers to own the high cost machinery by providing financial support and provision of good road connectivity for transportation is 85.00 per cent. Majority of farmers 83.75 per cent suggest provision of credit facility to purchase implements, equipment and machinery.

Determining Factors of Private Investment Performance: Scientific Focus in Sodo City, Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia

To make private investment more attractive, most African countries have liberalised the market and attempted to create enabling environment in recent decades. Like many African countries, Ethiopia took steps towards liberalising the market and the macroeconomic regime and introducing measures to improve the investment regulatory framework. This study analyses the determinants of private investment performance in Wolaita Sodo city. Data for the study were collected from 165 investors from different categories. Data was collected using primary and secondary sources; a Multi-stage sampling technique was used to meet with the study points. To attain the study’s stated objectives, different data analysis methods, i.e. descriptive analysis and econometric analysis, were used to identify the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable. Descriptive analysis percentages, graphs, charts, and tables were presented, affecting private investment. In logistic regression analysis, the variables positively related to the probability of investment are investment incentive, marital status, land, investment experience, labour, and credit facility. On the other hand, the variables negatively correlate with the probability of investment interest on the loan, age, sex, education, and inflation. From 11 explanatory variables, 5 of the variables: investment incentive, credit facility, interest on the loan, sex, and inflation have a significant effect on the private investment at the significance level at 1 per cent, 5 per cent, and 10 per cent.

Investment and Resource Use Pattern followed by Dairy Farmers in Haryana

Dairy sector plays a critical role in growth of rural India by providing livelihoodopportunities to millions of people. The present study was conducted in Zone-I and ZoneII of the Haryana state. District Kaithal and Karnal were selected from Zone I whereasSirsa and Hisar districts represented Zone II to study the investment and resource usepattern followed by the dairy farmers. To achieve the objective the primary data from the200 sampled dairy farms (divided into three categories i.e. small, medium and large herdsize of milch animals) were collected through survey method. The study revealed that thetotal investment per milch animal per day in small, medium and large herd size group wasRs.175.50, 178.40 and 181.80, respectively, in Zone-I and Rs.170.08, 174.30 and 175.86,respectively, in Zone-II. From total investment, major proportion was covered byinvestment on feed and fodder, followed by concentrates and labours in both the Zones. Itmay be suggested that providing feed concentrates and high yielding seeds of green foddercrops at cheaper rates and credit facility should be strengthened.

ENHANCING ADOPTION OF AGRO FORESTRY IN THE NORTH WESTERN AGRO ECOLOGICAL ZONE OF TAMIL NADU

The present study was undertaken in North Western Zone of Tamil Nadu, to analyze the factors determining the agro-forestry and problems faced by them in adoption of agroforestry practices. Primary data were collected through a pre-structured questionnaire from a sample of 300 respondents who were selected using multi-stage random sampling technique. Data analysis was done by using simple percentages, Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) multiple regression analysis, perception index and weighted score method. Most of the farmers in study area have positive perception towards adoption of agroforestry practices. The goal of this study was to determine the characteristics that influence the adoption of agroforestry by small and marginal farmers. Crop diversification, Increasing soil fertility, Improve soil and water conservation, Long time taken to get income from forestry, high returns and Reduce chances of crop failure were the major motivational factor, whereas small landholding size, lack of awareness and poor knowledge, poor market accessibility, lack of subsidy, credit facility, lack of good quality planting material and longer gestation period of trees were the major problems faced by the farmers in the study area. Thus, study suggested that farmers can be encouraged to practice agroforestry through improved mobilizing farmers to join groups, improving the quality and coverage of extension services, consideration of gender issues and intensifying agro forestry training among farmers with low levels of education groups and distribution of quality planting material to farmers.

Democratic Republic of the Congo: First Review under the Extended Credit Facility Arrangement, Request for Modification of Performance Criteria, and Financing Assurances Review-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for the Democratic Republic of the Congo

After a third wave over the summer, COVID-19 cases are declining but vaccination has stalled. Economic activity has improved on the back of strengthened external demand, allowing for a stronger-than-envisaged buildup in international reserves. Inflation and the exchange rate have stabilized. Near-term challenges arise from uncertainty related to the pandemic and the gradual global economic recovery supporting high commodity prices.

Benchmarking the Effects of the Fed's Secondary Market Corporate Credit Facility Using Yankee Bonds

Benchmarking the Effects of the Fed's Secondary Market Corporate Credit Facility Using Yankee Bonds

The Primary Dealer Credit Facility

On March 17, 2020, the Federal Reserve announced that it would re-establish the Primary Dealer Credit Facility (PDCF) to allow primary dealers to support smooth market functioning and facilitate the availability of credit to businesses and households. The PDCF started offering overnight and term funding with maturities of up to ninety days on March 20. It will be in place for at least six months and may be extended as conditions warrant. In this post, we provide an overview of the PDCF and its usage to date.

The Development of Small Medium Enterprises and Their Impact on the Ghanaian Economy

The Ghanaian economy is made up of small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs), corporate bodies and multinational companies. They together form the medium through which the economy transacts business activity and grows. The government agenda to make the private sector the engine of growth is mainly driven by the SME sector. The SME sector contributes over 70% of the country’s GDP. SMEs have over the years been very significant to the economic development of most developing countries, especially Ghana. It is a major form of business and a major employer making strong positive impact on the economic growth and GDP in Ghana. This study researches into the operation of the SME development in Ghana, the importance of SME’s to the Ghanaian economy, the challenges facing the sector and makes recommendations as to how to resolve these challenges and the impact to the Ghanaian economy. Data was collected from SMEs from various cross sections of manufacturing, trade, commerce and service industries. The data was collected through interviews, questionnaires, publications and reports. On the average the sector was found to be a major contributor to the GDP, performing very well. Some of the problems faced by the sector were lack of access to credit facility, inefficiencies with their management, inability to capitalize on advanced technology, regulatory and legal constraints. Recommendations are made for the training of the SME owners and managers as well as for the proper registration and structuring of the SME ventures to facilitate access to credit and also meet regulatory requirements.

Nepal: Request for an Arrangement Under the Extended Credit Facility -Press Release; Staff Report; Debt Sustainability Analysis; Staff Supplement; Statement by the Executive Director for Nepal

"Volume 2022 (2022): Issue 024 (Jan 2022): Nepal: Request for an Arrangement Under the Extended Credit Facility -Press Release; Staff Report; Debt Sustainability Analysis; Staff Supplement; Statement by the Executive Director for Nepal" published on 27 Jan 2022 by International Monetary Fund.

Senegal: 2021 Article IV Consultation, Fourth Review Under the Policy Coordination Instrument, First Reviews Under the Stand-By Arrangement and the Arrangement Under the Standby Credit Facility, and Request for Modification of Performance Criteria and Quantitative Targets

"Volume 2022 (2022): Issue 008 (Jan 2022): Senegal: 2021 Article IV Consultation, Fourth Review Under the Policy Coordination Instrument, First Reviews Under the Stand-By Arrangement and the Arrangement Under the Standby Credit Facility, and Request for Modification of Performance Criteria and Quantitative Targets" published on 14 Jan 2022 by International Monetary Fund.

Benchmarking the Effects of the Fed's Secondary Market Corporate Credit Facility Using Yankee Bonds

Benchmarking the Effects of the Fed's Secondary Market Corporate Credit Facility Using Yankee Bonds