Credit Default Swap Premiums Research Articles

Voluntary forward-looking disclosures and default risk pricing

This study examines the effects of textual and numerical information contained in voluntary forward-looking management forecast reports (MFRs) on the pricing of default risk. We find that abnormal changes in credit default swap (CDS) premiums around MFR issuance dates are inversely associated with textual quality and the extent of positive textual news conveyed in the MFR. Furthermore, we find that the negative association of CDS premiums with either textual or numerical news is qualified by the MFR’s textual quality. Collectively, our evidence implies that CDS counterparties use textual quality to verify the quality of the information disclosed in both textual and numerical modes before impounding it into the default risk price. These findings suggest that multimodal verification can enhance the overall information quality of incentive-driven disclosures.

Credit default swap premium volatility and its relationship with selected macroeconomic variables: the case of Turkiye

Bu çalışmada uygulamanın ilk kısmında Türkiye’nin ülke risk priminde gözlenen volatilite 2004-2022 dönemi için incelenmiştir. Daha sonra ülke risk primi ile seçili makroekonomik değişkenler (dolar kuru, enflasyon, faiz ve BİST-100) arasındaki kısa ve uzun dönemli ilişki araştırılmıştır. Bu bağlamda çalışmada ARMA(3,3)-GJR GARCH (1,1) modeli ile volatilite modellemesi yapılmış ve daha sonra ARDL sınır testi uygulanmıştır. Volatilite modellemesi sonucunda ülke risk primi sistemine gelen şokların volatilite direnci düşük çıkmıştır. Yine volatilite modellemesi sonucunda Asimetri katsayısına göre sistemde kaldıraç etkisi bulunmamaktadır. İncelenen dönemin uzun bir zaman dilimi olduğu göz önünde bulundurularak seride olabilecek yapısal kırılmalar, Varyansta Kırılma testi ile incelenmiş ve bulunan dört kırılma tarihi modele dâhil edilmiştir. Varyans denkleminde kırılma tarihlerinin dâhil edildiği modelin geçersiz çıkması sonucu ile volatilite direncinin düşük çıkması, birbirini destekleyen sonuçlar olarak dikkati çekmektedir. ARDL sınır testi sonucunda ülke risk primleri ile modelde kullanılan makroekonomik değişkenler arasında uzun dönemli eşbütünleşme ilişkisi belirlenmiştir. ARDL modelinde kısa ve uzun dönem birlikte dikkate alındığında ülke risk primleri üzerinde etki gücü en yüksek faktörün sermaye piyasası olduğu belirlenmiştir. Uzun dönemde fiyatlar genel düzeyi kaynaklı şoklar, ülke risk priminde artışa neden olurken kısa dönemde bağımsız değişkenlerden ülke risk primi üzerine çeşitli gecikmelerden anlamlı etkiler belirlenmiştir. ARDL modelinde kısa dönem sonuçları ile hesaplanan ECM’ye göre bir önceki dönemde oluşan şokun neden olduğu dengesizliğin %26’lik kısmı cari dönemde giderilerek uzun dönemli denge konumuna ulaşılmaktadır.

Exchange rates, credit default swaps and market volatility of emerging markets: Panel CS-ARDL approach

Using the panel-data approach with a sample of emerging countries, this study examines the relationship between exchange-rate movements from 2011 to 2022, on the one hand, and sovereign debt credit default swap (CDS) premiums and market volatility, on the other. To capture the short- and long-run relationships between exchange rates, sovereign CDS, and market volatility, our study applies the cross-section augmented autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) model by Chudik and Pesaran (2015) with the pooled mean group (PMG) estimation method. The advantages of this setting are that it allows for cross-sectional heterogeneity and dependence. The exchange rate and the sovereign CDS premium are integrated in the long run. The exchange-rate dynamics, the return on CDS, and market volatility are contemporaneously correlated. Furthermore, market volatility and the deviation from the long-run relationship between the exchange rate and CDS also provide predictive information for exchange-rate movements in the next period. These findings shed further light on the forward-premium puzzle.

Frontier markets sovereign risk: New evidence from spatial econometric models

This paper considers spatial linkages of bilateral trade, financial correlation, and bilateral distance to study the macroeconomic determinants of sovereign risk for frontier markets. It applies (Shi and Lee, 2017) dynamic spatial Durbin model with interactive fixed effects. Analysis confirms the existence of spillover effects stemming from the explanatory variables’ movement towards the Credit default swaps (CDSs) premium of itself and neighboring countries. Bilateral distance and trade are the most significant spatial linkages. All macroeconomics except reserves impact CDS spreads directly and through feedback effects. Spatial dependence strengthens during recessions. Findings suggest policymakers should account for regional contagion channels that transmit sovereign risk.

Leveraging prices from credit and equity option markets for portfolio risk management

AbstractThis study presents a firm‐specific methodology for extracting implied default intensities and recovery rates jointly from unit recovery claim prices—backed by out‐of‐the‐money put options—and credit default swap premiums, therefore providing time‐varying and market‐consistent views of credit risk at the individual level. We apply the procedure to about 400 firms spanning different sectors of the US economy between 2003 and 2019. The main determinants of default intensities and recovery rates are analyzed with statistical and machine learning methods linking default risk and credit losses to market, sector, and individual variables. Consistent with the literature, we find that individual volatility, leverage, and corporate bond market determinants are key factors explaining the implied default intensities and recovery rates. Then, we apply the framework in the context of credit risk management in applications, like, market‐consistent credit value‐at‐risk calculation and stress testing.

Analysis of Dynamic Connectedness among Sovereign CDS Premia

This paper studies the dynamics of spillovers between sovereign Credit Default Swap (CDS) premia of nine countries, including Turkey, Russia, Brazil, South Africa, China, Germany, France, Italy and Spain. Weekly CDS data spans from July 2012 through June 2022. Adopting the methodology developed by Diebold & Yılmaz (2014), several connectedness measures are computed based on generalized forecast error variance decompositions generated through a time-varying parameter vector autoregressive model (TVP-VAR). The results show that the network’s connectedness level increased significantly during the COVID-19 outbreak and the Ukrainian war. Higher connectedness levels among European markets and developing countries are observed. Especially the connectedness levels between South Africa and other developing countries are remarkably high. The results reveal both fundamental-based and pure contagion channels and provide insight into the dynamic network of risk spillovers. A thorough understanding of international risk transmission channels is crucial for policy-makers and global investors regarding risk mitigation.

The Relationship Between Geopolitical Risk and Credit Default Swap Premium: Evidence from Turkey*

This study investigates the relationship between the geopolitical risk in Turkey arising out of the war and terror incidents happened in the region during the period 2003:01-2020:06 with the CDS premium. A two-step approach is undertaken for this assessment, in which an ARDL limit test and then a time-varying symmetric and asymmetric causality test are applied to study the possible causality vis-a-vis the subperiods. The ARDL limit test does not reject the hypothesis that there is a co-integrated relationship between CDS premium and geopolitical risk index. In addition, the time-varying symmetric and asymmetric test also identifies causality between CDS premium and geopolitical risk, and establishes periods where the latter influences the former variable both in a positive and negative way. In summary, both the ARDL limit test and the time-varying symmetric and asymmetric test deduce a causal relationship between the studied variables.

How Does Credit Default Swap Premiums Affect the Turkish Financial Markets

One of the most important risks of today's financial markets is credit risk. Credit risk is very important for investors investing in international markets, and therefore it is vital to manage credit risk correctly. Credit Default Swaps (CDS) are at the forefront of the most important financial products that ensure the elimination of credit risk. In this study, the relationship between 5-Year Turkey CDS premium, which is an important indicator for investors, Turkish Borsa Istanbul (BIST) 100 Index, USDTRY foreign exchange rates and 2-Year Turkish benchmark bonds interest rates are examined. For this purpose, econometric analysis was applied using CDS premium, BIST 100 index, USDTRY and 2-Year Turkish benchmark bonds interest rate data, which consists of 2921 daily observations from 10 March 2010 to 08 March 2022. Augmented Dickey-Fuller and Phillips-Perron root tests are used to determine the stationarity of the variables. Then, the Granger Causality test, Impulse-Response Function and Variance Decomposition Analysis are used. According to the results of the study; a bilateral causality relationship was determined between CDS premiums and BIST 100 index, USDTRY exchange rate and benchmark bond interest rates. According to the Impulse-Response functions analysis, a 1% increase in CDS premium prices increases the USDTRY rate and benchmark bond interest rates, while lowering the BIST 100 index.

Cross-Country Linkages and Asymmetries of Sovereign Risk Pluralistic Investigation of CDS Spreads

Credit Default Swap (CDS) spread is a realistic measure of credit risk. Changes in the spreads showcase changes in the underlying uncertainty or credit volatility regarding the credit risk, associated with the asset class. We use Multifractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (MF-DFA) to further investigate the presence of asymmetries and the difference between Greece and G7 countries in terms of credit risk. We have considered 2587 daily observations for each of the 48 CDS spreads. Hence, a total of 124,176 data points were under consideration across six yearly CDS categories of Greece and most of the G7 countries (Germany, USA, UK, Canada, Japan). The tenure of these CDS were 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, 5 years, 7 years, 10 years, 20 years, and 30 years. We have found that the Greek CDS spread movement is purely stochastic and anti-persistent, having practically no predictability at all. On the other hand, the remaining countries’ CDSs were highly predictable, showing a consistent long memory or long-range dependence, having embedded the bubble caused by herding. This is reflected in terms of flight-to-quality behavior and in estimates of CDS premiums for insurance against a default on government bonds.

THE IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON FINANCIAL MARKETS ON SELECTED DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

Studies cannot provide adequate predictions regarding the depth and length of the Covid-19 virus because the Covid-19 pandemic is an unprecedented epidemic in terms of the lack of data gathered so far. The measures taken by governments and the deterioration of human health condition have affected all sectors; especially production, distribution and supply chains. The sector most severely inflicted by the epidemic is the financial markets. This study examined the effects of Covid-19 cases and CDS (Credit Default Swap) premiums on financial markets benefitting from the daily data collected between February 3, 2020 and September 20, 2021. As a result, it was seen that Covid-19 cases and CDS premiums posed a negative impact on stock market indices in selected countries (England, France and the United States). The country with the highest impact of Covid-19 cases on stock market indices is England. The country with the lowest CDS premiums on stock market indices is England and the country with the highest is the United States. More strikingly, the negative impact posed by CDS premiums on stock market returns due to the uncertainty of the epidemic was analyzed to be stronger than that posed by Covid-19 cases. Thus, governments should develop policies to reduce pandemic-induced uncertainty in the financial markets.

The Impact of Financial Drivers on Credit Default Swap (CDS) in Turkey: The Cointegration with Structural Breaks and FMOLS Approach

The CDS premium is considered to be an important criterion in the risk premiums of countries with emerging markets and it also provides important information about the credibility of these countries for investors. Decreasing the level of CDS for developing countries helps investors to work with the country and smoothes the way for investments in financial assets. Hence, determining the factors which can affect changes in the CDS of these countries has beco me crucial for their economies. Thus, the relationship between Turkey’s CDS for 5 years and financial factors have been analyzed through the monthly data for the period between 2012 and 2020. For this purpose, the existence of the long-run relationship between the series was investigated by Gregory-Hansen (1996) and Hatemi-J (2008) and it was seen that the series are cointegrated. Afterwards, the long-run coefficients between the series were estimated by FMOLS. The results indicate that the BIST100 index and liquid liabilities have a positive effect on CDS and that the domestic credit volume of the banking sector has a negative effect on CDS. Furthermore, the estimated break dates suggest that significant events are occurring in the Turkish economy.

The Impact of Financial Drivers on Credit Default Swap (CDS) in Turkey: The Cointegration with Structural Breaks and FMOLS Approach

The CDS premium is considered to be an important criterion in the risk premiums of countries with emerging markets and it also provides important information about the credibility of these countries for investors. Decreasing the level of CDS for developing countries helps investors to work with the country and smoothes the way for investments in financial assets. Hence, determining the factors which can affect changes in the CDS of these countries has beco me crucial for their economies. Thus, the relationship between Turkey’s CDS for 5 years and financial factors have been analyzed through the monthly data for the period between 2012 and 2020. For this purpose, the existence of the long-run relationship between the series was investigated by Gregory-Hansen (1996) and Hatemi-J (2008) and it was seen that the series are cointegrated. Afterwards, the long-run coefficients between the series were estimated by FMOLS. The results indicate that the BIST100 index and liquid liabilities have a positive effect on CDS and that the domestic credit volume of the banking sector has a negative effect on CDS. Furthermore, the estimated break dates suggest that significant events are occurring in the Turkish economy.

A Study on the Relationship between CDS Premiums and Stock Market Indices: A Case of the Fragile Five Countries

International investors should have a pioneering knowledge of the country’s risk level before investing their savings in a country. For this purpose, Credit Default Swap (CDS) Agreements that serve as insurance against investor’s risk of not collecting their receivables have been developed. These contract premiums are called CDS premiums. The relationship between the Fragile Five countries’ CDS premiums and the stock market index prices has been examined by various researchers. The present study is unique because it is one of the pioneering studies examining the relationship between the CDS premiums of the Fragile Five countries and their Stock Market Indices. First, augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) unit root tests were performed for this purpose. Then, the Granger Causality test, Johansen Cointegration, and Pearson Correlation analyses were conducted to reveal the relationship between two variables. The results obtained in the study indicated that for India and Turkey, among the Fragile Five, there was a causality relationship between the stock market indices and the CDS premiums, a short-term relationship. In addition, there was a long-term cointegration relationship between the CDS premiums and the stock market indices of Turkey.

Factors Affecting Borsa İstanbul Trading Volume and Overconfidence Bias

The aim of this study is to examine the factors affecting the trading volume of Borsa Istanbul within the framework of the overconfidence bias, one of the behavioral finance theories. For this purpose, stock market trading volume, BIST 100 index closing values, BIST 100 index historical volatility and credit default swaps (CDS) premium variables for the period covering the years 2010 – 2019 were used in the study. During the analysis process, firstly ADF, PP and KPSS unit root tests were performed and then Granger causality analysis was applied. The findings showed that the stock index and CDS premiums are the Granger cause of the trading volume, but volatility is not the Granger cause of the trading volume. The obtained findings were compared with the results in the literature and interpreted. It is interpreted that linking the earnings obtained with the increase in the stock market index to individual abilities, predictions and achievements may cause a tendency to overconfidence bias in investors. In addition, it is thought that this overconfidence may cause new transactions and thus an increase in the transaction volume. CDS premiums, on the other hand, give positive and negative signals about the future and are accepted as a risk indicator. It can be evaluated that investor who perceive risk as an opportunity and have a tendency to overconfidence bias will try to evaluate this situation with various positions and transactions and increase market trading volume. However, the fact that volatility is not the cause of trading volume can be explained by the perception that investors with high returns pay less attention to volatility and that their own forecasts are better than other investors' forecasting power. As a result, volatility is not effect the trading activity and investors focus on the value they have determined within the framework of overconfidence bias.

A measure of Turkey's sovereign and banking sector credit risk: Asset swap spreads

The existence of the credit derivatives written on the eurobonds such as credit default swaps or asset swaps allows policymakers and investors to monitor the evolvement of credit risk. However, these instruments are mostly available in advanced economies, whereas the market for credit derivatives in emerging market countries, including Turkey, is limited in terms of liquidity and maturity. In this regard, this study aims to construct a proxy for the credit risk of the Turkish Treasury and banking sector in international markets by calculating asset swap spread for US dollar-denominated fixed coupon eurobonds, which requires a robust estimation of the relevant yield curves. The study firstly presents the estimation of the sovereign and banking sector yield curves and then constructs a synthetic asset swap structure to obtain embedded credit risk premia in the eurobond curves. Our findings show that the proposed credit risk indicator is vastly correlated with credit default swap premium. In addition to this, estimated eurobond curves are also useful for monitoring borrowing cost dynamics of the Turkish Treasury and banking sector in international markets.

The co-integration of CDS and bonds in time-varying volatility dynamics: do credit risk swaps lower bond risks?

Abstract This study analyzes the co-integration relationship between sovereign bonds and credit default swaps (CDS) and then examines the impact of CDS-bond deviation from the relationship on market volatility using the Markov-switching approach. Our empirical sample consists of the daily CDS premium and bond yield spread obtained with the DataStream database for the period from 2008 to 2014. Our empirical results show that the absolute value of the CDS-bond deviation is positively related to the probability of a high volatility regime and negatively related to the probability of a low volatility regime. This result implies a positive association between the CDS-bond deviation and the volatility in the CDS-bond market. Our findings are consistent across mature-market and emerging-market countries. Moreover, the evidence we uncover suggests that the practice of managing default risk of bonds via the use of CDS may increase the interest rate risk of the bond, which implies both wins and woes from the introduction of CDS, particularly for mature-market countries.

Policy uncertainty and the sovereign-bank nexus: A time-frequency analysis using wavelet transformation

This paper examines the impact of policy uncertainty on the sovereign-bank nexus over various time-scales and frequencies. Considering Credit Default Swap premia from 32 banks in 10 countries, cross-wavelet analysis shows that sovereign default risk leads banking sector default risk in the short-run, while the relation reverses in the medium-run. Periods of high sovereign-bank dependence, moreover, coincide with periods of great political uncertainty. Applying partial wavelet coherency analysis, the sovereign-bank dependencies significantly weaken once the influence of Economic Policy Uncertainty is eliminated. This shows a tightening of the sovereign-bank nexus in times of great policy uncertainty.

Interconnectedness in Credit Market: An Empirical Investigation Using UK and US CDS Data

This paper uses a structural time series methodology to test the notion of interconnectedness between the UK and the US credit markets. The empirical tests utilise data on premium for the Banking sector credit default swaps (CDS) and covers the recent period of financial turmoil. The methodology based on Kalman filter is robust in the presence of limited convergence. The long-term steady state convergence in CDS premium is clearly noticeable between these two markets from the results. This observation lends support for the coordinated regulatory policy initiatives to deal with the crisis and offer suggestions for sound operations of the international financial systems.

Interconnectedness in Credit Market: An Empirical Investigation Using UK and US CDS Data

This paper uses a structural time series methodology to test the notion of interconnectedness between the UK and the US credit markets. The empirical tests utilise data on premium for the Banking sector credit default swaps (CDS) and covers the recent period of financial turmoil. The methodology based on Kalman filter is robust in the presence of limited convergence. The long-term steady state convergence in CDS premium is clearly noticeable between these two markets from the results. This observation lends support for the coordinated regulatory policy initiatives to deal with the crisis and offer suggestions for sound operations of the international financial systems.

Borsa Endeksi, Döviz Kuru, Faiz Oranları ve CDS Primleri Arasındaki Oynaklık Yayılımları: Türkiye Örneği

In recent years, the volatility of financial assets has significantly increased. High volatility causes instability in financial markets and increases portfolio risks. Under these conditions, modeling the volatility, determining the volatility relationships, and volatility spillovers are important for market actors. In this study, for the period January 2, 2010 - April 10, 2020, it was investigated the volatility spillover and correlation relationship between the Borsa Istanbul (BIST) 100 Index, the exchange rates ($/ ), interest rates, and credit default swap (CDS) premiums. It was also examined the effects of economic, political, and social factors on the correlation relationship. In the study, it was seen that the bidirectional volatility spillover between the BIST 100 index - exchange rates, interest rates - exchange rates, and CDS premiums – interest rates, on the other hand, unidirectional volatility spillover from CDS premiums to the exchange rates. A positive volatility relationship was determined between CDS premiums - interest rates and CDS premiums - exchange rates while the negative volatility relationship between interest rates - BIST 100 index and CDS premiums - BIST 100 index. It was also determined that political, economic, and social factors affect the relationships of correlation between variables.