Credibility Problem Research Articles

Causes and Countermeasures for the Insufficient Judicial Credibility of Basic People's Courts

As various kinds of conflicts and disputes in the social transition period continue to be highlighted, the number of difficult and complicated cases is increasing, and the difficulty of resolving conflicts is gradually increasing, the problem of insufficient judicial credibility of the people's courts, especially the basic people's courts, is becoming more and more prominent, and how to explore specific ways to strengthen the construction of judicial credibility of the people's courts under the new situation has become a problem that the people's courts should pay attention to and need to solve. This paper focuses on the connotation and components of judicial credibility, and takes the work of the Siming District People's Court in Xiamen as a sample. On the basis of a concrete analysis of the current situation and causes of the lack of judicial credibility, it proposes corresponding ideas and countermeasures on how to strengthen the construction of judicial credibility of the people's courts: strengthen judicial authority, crack the difficulties of justice for the people; improve the level of service, expand the field of justice for the people; build Sound team to enhance the level of justice for the people.

Foreign civil doctrine of smart contracts

The article is devoted to a topic of great scientific and practical importance in the modern context of creating a digital economy ecosystemб to the smart contract phenomenon. The article focuses on the foreign civilistic doctrine of the smart contract study. The main discussion questions about the legal and technological nature of the smart contract, the ways of its implementation in the current contract law of each country, the approaches of national legislators to solving this issue and the functional nature of the smart contract are considered. The main disputable problems are the legal and technological nature of the smart contract, the ways of its implementation in the current contract law of each country, the approaches of national legislators to solving this problem and about the functional nature of the smart contract. The article also involves a comparative legal aspect: it analyzes the approaches of the Russian legislator and representatives of the domestic legal doctrine to the smart contract place in the pandect system of Russian civil law in comparison with the foreign legal systems settlement of similar issues. It is noted that using the positive experience of the smart contracts legal regulation should be taken into account when creating and correcting the regulatory platform of the digital economy in the Russian Federation. The article evaluates the legal innovation of Part 2 of Article 309 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (RF CC). The description is given of the innovation developers positions given in the Explanatory Note to the relevant draft law; the investigation is performed on the technological terms used in the current version of the RF CC with regard to the electronic form of a deal and smart contract. In addition, the article raises the problem that is well known to the foreign legal doctrine: the problem of the computer code credibility and the distrust of the counterparties of each other. Attention is paid to the advantages of the smart contract, which are discussed by foreign legal scientists, as well as representatives of other related sciences. In the conclusion of the article, the main findings are given that demonstrate the authors’ view on the issues considered in the article.

The Credible Commitment Problem in the Third-Party Mediation of the Mindanao Peace Process, 1975–2014

Abstract Negotiated settlements of civil wars are challenging since incompatibilities take a long time to resolve. Many scholars have approached this puzzle by identifying information asymmetry and commitment problems as critical deterrents to resolution. Similarly, this article argues that third-party mediation could improve or worsen the parties’ credible commitment problems, as illustrated in the Mindanao peace process mediation that spanned almost four decades. Following a contingency framework in analyzing third-party mediation, this article analyzes existing reports, statements, and peace process agreements using a process tracing methodology. The article argues that the success of a peace process could be attributed to how mediation resolves the parties’ credible commitment problems, which are evident in three aspects of the peace process: getting the parties to negotiate, the use of mediator leverage, and the promise of third-party monitoring and enforcement.

EFFICACY OF AUDIT FEE ON AUDIT QAULITY OF SELECTED PHARMACEUTICAL FIRMS IN NIGERIA

The problem of poor accuracy and credibility in some audited financial statement has being a major form of information asymmetry which had led some shareholders and prospective investors to make wrong Judgment about the financial position of some organization due to poor audit quality. Thus, Specifically this study empirically examine how audit fee, audit report lag as well as mandatory auditor rotation affect the audit quality of the sample listed pharmaceutical firms on the floor of the Nigerian Stock Exchange. A GLS estimation method was employed to clearly establish the nature relationship that exists between the dependent variable and the adopted surrogates for the independent variables. A Secondary data was extracted from the annual audited reports from the ten selected pharmaceutical firms that serve as the fair representation for the population under study for a period of ten years 2009-2019. The result from the finding shows that all the adopted surrogates for the independent variable were jointly significant in explaining about 72% variation in audit quality given credence to the coefficient of (R2) which stood @ 0.72 as well as the combined p-value of 0.000. This implies that the predictive power of the surrogates of the independent variables can explain about 72% changes in audit quality of the population under study. In specific terms; Audit fee have a significant positive impact on audit quality of the selected pharmaceutical firms while audit report lag and mandatory auditor rotation have significant negative impact the audit quality of the selected pharmaceutical firms respectively. The study therefore recommends among many others that policy makers and regulators should put in place a framework that will ensure the payment of optimal compensation to audit firm as audit fee as this will no doubt go a long way in improving the audit quality of the firms under study.

Perhaps Psychology’s Replication Crisis is a Theoretical Crisis that is Only Masquerading as a Statistical One

The “replication crisis” may well be the single most important challenge facing empirical psychological research today. It appears that highly trained scientists, often without understanding the potentially dire long-term implications, have been mishandling standard statistical procedures in the service of attaining statistical “significance.” Exacerbating the problem, most academic journals do not publish research that has not produced a “significant” result. This toxic combination has resulted in journals apparently publishing many Type I errors and declining to publish many true failures to reject H0. In response, there has been an urgent call from some psychologists that studies be registered in advance so that their rationales, hypotheses, variables, sample sizes, and statistical analyses are recorded in advance, leaving less room for post hoc manipulation. In this chapter, I argue that this “open science” approach, though laudable, will prove insufficient because the null hypothesis significance test (NHST) is a poor criterion for scientific truth, even when it is handled correctly. The root of the problem is that, whatever statistical problems psychology may have, the discipline never developed the theoretical maturity required. For decades it has been satisfied testing weak theories that predict, at best, only the direction of the effect, rather than the size of effect. Indeed, uncritical acceptance of NHST by the discipline may have served to stunt psychology’s theoretical growth by giving researchers a way of building a successful career without having to develop models that make precise predictions. Improving our statistical “hygiene” would be a good thing, to be sure, but it is unlikely to resolve psychology’s growing credibility problem until our theoretical practices mature considerably.

Territorial wars and absolute outcomes

Why do some wars end with an absolute outcome, with state death or regime change? I argue that we are more likely to see absolute outcomes when we have territorial disputes with the potential for credible commitment problems and asymmetric disputants. In the absence of credible commitment problems, disputes are less likely to recur, and states are unlikely to seek to absorb the opponent state or remove its government. Among more symmetric disputants, states cannot impose an absolute outcome, and we are more likely to see recurrent disputes in the face of credible commitment problems. Only in very asymmetric dyads are we likely to have both the required willingness and opportunity to impose absolute outcomes to attempt to solve a credible commitment problem over territorial conflict.

The concept of inherent safety of generation V nuclear power plants

Elimination of significant risks in nuclear power production is at the present stage a necessity and goal-setting that determines its development in the near future. Of particular importance is the problem of maximum credibility and convincingly substantiated stability of nuclear power plants against severe accidents. The lack of clear logic, transparency and guarantees in the reliability of the announced nuclear safety significantly hinders its development, unnecessarily overcomplicating expensive technical solutions, thereby weakening the competitiveness of nuclear power. The originally proposed Concept of Inherent Safety set the task of solving the above problems; however, its specific content has not been explicitly presented so far, which allows many competitors to use its terminology to promote projects that are not directly related to the ‘spirit and letter’ of Inherent Safety. This paper is intended to fill this gap. The authors also discuss the conditions for the generation and development of new self-protection means for innovative nuclear reactors as well as the phenomenological and technical aspects for their implementation based on the deterministic formalism.

Towards informational safety: quality of information and uncertainties of fact machining

The paper considers the problem of information credibility. Currently, such a problem is affecting scientists, as well as ordinary people who are dependent on information networks. Hence, the Author formulates three postulates that should be observed in dealing with the quality of information: P1 – identify the source of information, P2 – determine the level of credibility of the information source, P3 – recognize the purpose of information dissemination. The first two postulates are universal because they are applicable to all the users of information. The third becomes more and more important in the social and political choices of citizens. In scientific work, empirical facts are being transformed to empirical data (increasingly, to the form of big data) which are results of advanced registration and processing by means of technical and information science tools, such as: a) technical transforming the empirical signal into information; b) statistical selection of signals, and, next, statistical processing of the received data; c) assessment of results for suitability in applications. Other “epistemic” factors, however, are also involved, as: d) conceptual apparatus used for idealization (and then for interpretation), e) assessment of the results in terms of compliance with the epistemological (sometimes, also commercial or ideological) position. All these factors should be the subject of careful study of errology proposed by P. Homola.

Research on automatic generation method of trusted test scenarios based on behavior declaration

In today’s Internet era, the development of application software gradually becomes mature, which makes people’s working mode also change accordingly. Applications, however, the scale is expanding constantly, make the internal structure of software is more complex than before, the application of the environment has become more open, causing the site to be attacked events occurred frequently, makes the credibility problem of software, especially in security, reliability, availability, and so on several aspects. At present, the research on software credibility is mainly based on application demand and software behavior, which are closely related to software credibility. Under this architecture. However, too many researchers focus on whether the application system meets the application requirements, and do not focus on the credibility before the system design. Therefore, this paper mainly takes the behavior statement as the entry point to study whether there are some untrustworthy factors before the system design.

Orientalism is not my opinion: Decolonial teaching and the problem of credibility in IR courses with a MENA focus

Teaching about the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region in politics or international studies courses in ‘the West’ is challenging due to the many stereotypes that inform students’ imagination. A common pedagogical purpose is to help students recognise their biases and work through them. This often renders the classroom a controversial place and the teacher suspect of lack of objectivity. The specialised literature points at ‘cognitive dissonance’ as an intervening factor. On occasions, cognitive dissonance leads to harm on teachers’ credibility. This article evaluates the question of credibility in two activities developed in International Relations (IR) undergraduate courses with a MENA focus, where students had to identify the impact of ‘Orientalism’ in the film Argo and in analyses of the ‘Arab Spring’. The article argues that to fully grasp episodes of cognitive dissonance and attending problems of teacher credibility, the disciplinary context in which learners are socialised into needs to be considered – in this case, IR. The article advocates the articulation of a student-centred decolonial teaching pedagogy that renders subjectivity an object of learning and, at the same time, prepares students to understand the potentialities and weaknesses of different IR paradigms.

An analysis of the content and quality of corporate sustainability reports according to GRI standards in peruvian mining companies supervised by the SMV in 2018: deficiencies and opportunities

Corporate sustainability has become a distinctive factor of global leaders, who communicate sustainable development actions using corporate sustainability reports (CSR) in accordance with international reporting standards such as GRI. In Latin America there is a high variability in their adoption and the Peruvian mining sector has been facing credibility problems due to the incidence of socio-environmental conflicts in its projects, despite its recent consistency in the presentation of CSR. A statistical analysis of a sample of mining companies that submitted their CSR to the SMV in 2018 showed that half of them complied with presenting CSR; nonetheless, GRI principles are not strictly followed. Reports stress the social pillar over the environmental and economic ones; with an imbalance between positive, neutral and negative actions; and do not present their sources to make data auditable. An opportunity is presented for the creation of a specialized area in the SMV to review CSR.

How victim credibility and cooperation influence investigative decision-making: examining DOJ's gender bias principles for investigating domestic and sexual violence

PurposeThe purpose of this exploratory study is to examine if and how victim credibility affects investigative decision-making and case outcomes in domestic violence and sexual assault reports through the use of the US Department of Justice's Gender Bias Principles (GBPs).Design/methodology/approachThe authors conducted a content analysis of 370 DVSA police reports from one agency in the western US. Multivariate regression models were estimated to examine the relationships among victim credibility and investigative activities, victim cooperation and case clearance.FindingsVictim credibility significantly predicts specific investigative actions and case clearance, but not victim cooperation. Multiple aspects of DVSA investigations significantly impact victim cooperation as well as case clearance, regardless of victim credibility issues. The GBPs are an effective framework for disaggregating investigative activities and identifying specific areas for improvement in policing response to DVSA.Research limitations/implicationsFurther study is needed to determine the temporal ordering of officer assessment of victim credibility and investigative activities, the stability of such assessments during investigations, and if credibility problems noted in police reports are valid indicators of myth acceptance among officers or represent a downstream orientation of information requested by prosecutors. Victim service referral as a part of policing response is vastly under-researched given referral's strong effects on victim cooperation and case clearance. Crime-specific differences exist in many cases, yet not in others, suggesting separate and combined DVSA analyses are warranted.Practical implicationsA more complex analysis of investigative actions offers a targeted approach to officer training and administrative rule-making that may be more efficient and effective than current generalized approaches.Originality/valueThe study is the first to empirically test the utility of the GBP framework, as well as individual aspects of DVSA investigations, and from a gender-based crime rather than crime-specific approach.

Toward a relational approach in global climate governance: Exploring the role of trust

AbstractWhat role does trust play in global climate governance? For decades, claims of mistrust and distrust have dominated climate change policy arenas: doubts about climate change science and disagreements over rights and responsibilities related to mitigation, adaptation, loss, and damages undermine trust, impeding progress toward effective global climate action. And although frequently invoked in explanations of weak or failed climate action, there is limited research exploring the role oftrustas a distinct concept in global climate governance. Here we seek to address this gap by developing a relational framework that focuses attention on how trust dynamics shape cooperation in four types of relationships: reliance, reciprocity, responsibility, and recognition. Applying this framework to the UNFCCC, we consider how efforts like expanded participation impact the relational landscape in global climate governance. We focus in particular on Indigenous Peoples and non‐state actors to demonstrate how the UNFCCC's efforts to address its legitimacy and credibility problems have neither adequately considered trust nor created opportunities to develop the transformative relationships needed for more effective climate governance. We suggest that greater attention to trust can help scholars and practitioners better understand how relational phenomena shape the landscape of governance possibilities.This article is categorized under:Policy and Governance > Multilevel and Transnational Climate Change Governance

An access control model for the Internet of Things based on zero-knowledge token and blockchain

Information security has become a hot topic in Internet of Things (IoT), and traditional centralized access control models are faced with threats such as single point failure, internal attack, and central leak. In this paper, we propose a model to improve the access control security of the IoT, which is based on zero-knowledge proof and smart contract technology in the blockchain. Firstly, we deploy attribute information of access control in the blockchain, which relieves the pressure and credibility problem brought by the third-party information concentration. Secondly, encrypted access control token is used to gain the access permission of the resources, which makes the user's identity invisible and effectively avoids attribute ownership exposure problem. Besides, the use of smart contracts solves the problem of low computing efficiency of IoT devices and the waste of blockchain computing power resources. Finally, a prototype of IoT access control system based on blockchain and zero-knowledge proof technology is implemented. The test analysis results show that the model achieves effective attribute privacy protection, compared with the Attribute-Based Access Control model of the same security level, the access efficiency increases linearly with the increase of access scale.

Automatic generation of trusted test cases based on adaptive genetic algorithm

In recent years, the development and operating environment of software system has developed from the traditional closed and static environment to an open and dynamic Internet environment. The software system has become increasingly large and difficult to control, and the emergence of defects and loopholes is inevitable, resulting in the problem of software credibility [1]. How to improve the credibility of software has become the core hot issue in the field of software engineering [2]. In this paper, we will test the credibility of web applications based on the idea of “consistency of words and deeds”. By analyzing the characteristics of web applications, define the trusted behavior statement rules of web applications, and combine the genetic algorithm to realize the automatic generation of trusted test cases. Because the basic genetic algorithm has the shortcoming of “premature convergence”, in this paper, we will use adaptive parameters to implement genetic algorithm, and through the experimental verification, the adaptive parameter genetic algorithm can effectively improve the efficiency of searching the optimal solution.

Research on the communication mechanism between entities based on end-to-end credible state assessment

In the information age, with the development of internet technology, there are more and more various business services, at the same time, network security issues are also increasing. However, traditional protection methods are gradually hard to cope with the complex network environment. Aiming at the credible connection establishment and data communication problems that need to be solved urgently in the credible network, an interentity communication mechanism based on end-to-end credibility assessment is proposed. This mechanism combines trusted computing with network access control mechanisms, integrates network access authority control technology, server identity authentication technology, communication subject measurement technology and network link transparent encryption technology, adopts real-time monitoring of terminal status, dynamic adjustment of access authorities, optimized network access control mechanism and data transmission method, to against security issues of the network communication. After security analysis, this mechanism improves the security of the connection and communication between the terminal and the network. It can effectively avoid security threats to information systems, and make the service of the information system safe and reliable.

Pre-Analysis Plans: An Early Stocktaking

Pre-analysis plans (PAPs) have been championed as a solution to the problem of research credibility, but without any evidence that PAPs actually bolster the credibility of research. We analyze a representative sample of 195 PAPs registered on the Evidence in Governance and Politics (EGAP) and American Economic Association (AEA) registration platforms to assess whether PAPs registered in the early days of pre-registration (2011–2016) were sufficiently clear, precise, and comprehensive to achieve their objective of preventing “fishing” and reducing the scope for post-hoc adjustment of research hypotheses. We also analyze a subset of ninety-three PAPs from projects that resulted in publicly available papers to ascertain how faithfully they adhere to their pre-registered specifications and hypotheses. We find significant variation in the extent to which PAPs registered during this period accomplished the goals they were designed to achieve. We discuss these findings in light of both the costs and benefits of pre-registration, showing how our results speak to the various arguments that have been made in support of and against PAPs. We also highlight the norms and institutions that will need to be strengthened to augment the power of PAPs to improve research credibility and to create incentives for researchers to invest in both producing and policing them.

Performance Evaluation of Joint Tracking and Classification

Joint tracking and classification (JTC) is gaining momentum in recent years. Many algorithms have been proposed. However, not enough attention has been paid to JTC evaluation, although it is important in practice. In this paper, we deal with evaluating the goodness and credibility of JTC. For the JTC goodness, tracking and classification so far have been largely evaluated separately without considering the interdependence of tracking and classification. We propose a joint measure-joint probability divergence (JPD)-to quantify tracking error, misclassification and their interdependence. The basic idea of JPD is to measure the closeness between the cumulative distribution functions of the perfect JTC and the JTC to be evaluated. The proposed method has a number of attractive properties. Some results from algorithms can be regarded as self-assessments. The credibility problem is concerned with whether these assessments are credible or how credible they are. We define the credibility problem for decision and propose an associated noncredibility index (NCI). We also propose a joint NCI (JNCI) to quantify the noncredibility of estimation and decision jointly. Four examples are presented to demonstrate how well the JPD and JNCI reflect the joint performance of tracking and classification.

Routes to credible climate commitment: the UK and Denmark compared

ABSTRACT Credible commitment is central to regimes for climate mitigation policy. In the climate policy literature, it is widely argued that the solution to the credible commitment problem is legislation and delegation of goal-setting to a technical body insulated from political incentives, and the UK’s Committee on Climate Change is in part modelled on this approach. However, drawing on the comparative politics literature, this paper argues that the focus on legislation and delegation as the solution to the credible commitment problem is too narrow. Seen within the context of comparative political institutions, it is a response that fits the political logic in countries with majoritarian electoral systems. By contrast, in countries with electoral systems based on proportional representation, while legislation plays a role, an important element in the creation of credible commitment comes in the form of negotiated long-term agreements between political parties. This contrast is explored through a comparison between the Climate Change Act and associated Committee on Climate Change in the UK on the one hand, and a series of Energy and Climate Agreements in Denmark over the 2010s. Both approaches appear to have worked to date. However, while negotiated long-term agreements typically have an internal process for managing conflicts that inevitably arise after the respective mechanisms have been put in place, disputes arising following legislation and delegation must be resolved within the more informal processes of intra-party politics. Mechanisms of accountability also differ between the two approaches. Key policy insights Legislation and delegation is widely seen as the key route to credible commitment for climate policy, but other routes are possible. Legislation and delegation is particularly suited to countries with majoritarian, or first-past-the-post electoral systems and resulting political dynamics. In countries with proportional representation, an alternative route to credible commitment is possible via formal agreement between political parties. Both routes can work well, but political agreements tend to have internal mechanisms for mediating conflicts that subsequently arise, whereas delegation relies on intra-party politics.

Photo Press is a digital documentary medium in the written press

The written press has over time played the mediating role and was able to combine media practice as a mean of communication aimed at transmitting information and events to readers of various educational and cultural levels. Among documentary practices, the press image is one of the indispensable elements in the written press. Despite its communicative role, it also has a documentary angle represented in documenting events in the smallest detail, which can make it a documentary medium. With the technological and technical development, the shape and contents of the image has changed and included the digital image rather than the physical image, which contains digital information. Moreover, the method of producing and even using the image has been changed, since it needs an electronic interface to view it. This is what prompted the emergence of digital practices which is known as digital mediation, the latter facilitated the transfer and circulation of information in addition to image processing thanks to the development of software. In addition, it also facilitated the exchange and participation of the images, however, it has raised the problem of information credibility.