Credibility Of Claims Research Articles

Much to do with nothing: microsimulation study on time management in primary care

ObjectiveTo investigate the credibility of claims that general practitioners lack time for shared decision making and preventive care.DesignMonte Carlo microsimulation study.SettingPrimary care, United States.ParticipantsSample of general practitioners (n=1000) representative of...

Populating the Data Ark: An attempt to retrieve, preserve, and liberate data from the most highly-cited psychology and psychiatry articles.

The vast majority of scientific articles published to-date have not been accompanied by concomitant publication of the underlying research data upon which they are based. This state of affairs precludes the routine re-use and re-analysis of research data, undermining the efficiency of the scientific enterprise, and compromising the credibility of claims that cannot be independently verified. It may be especially important to make data available for the most influential studies that have provided a foundation for subsequent research and theory development. Therefore, we launched an initiative—the Data Ark—to examine whether we could retrospectively enhance the preservation and accessibility of important scientific data. Here we report the outcome of our efforts to retrieve, preserve, and liberate data from 111 of the most highly-cited articles published in psychology and psychiatry between 2006–2011 (n = 48) and 2014–2016 (n = 63). Most data sets were not made available (76/111, 68%, 95% CI [60, 77]), some were only made available with restrictions (20/111, 18%, 95% CI [10, 27]), and few were made available in a completely unrestricted form (15/111, 14%, 95% CI [5, 22]). Where extant data sharing systems were in place, they usually (17/22, 77%, 95% CI [54, 91]) did not allow unrestricted access. Authors reported several barriers to data sharing, including issues related to data ownership and ethical concerns. The Data Ark initiative could help preserve and liberate important scientific data, surface barriers to data sharing, and advance community discussions on data stewardship.

How Claim Specificity Can Improve Claim Credibility in Green Advertising

This study establishes claim specificity as a conceptually distinct message characteristic and a robust antecedent of claim credibility. The relationship between the specificity and the credibility of green claims is examined by way of a 2 × 2 online experiment, with a broad sample of consumers. The results show that being specific increased the perceived credibility of green claims across a range of products, regardless of their perceived environmental relevance. Theoretical, practical, and research implications are discussed.

Reading the Life Cycle: History, Antiquity and Fides in Lambarde's Perambulation and Beyond

This article examines what light new developments in the history of books and reading can shed on the sixteenth-century antiquarian William Lambarde and his assessments of the credibility and historicity of the ancient past. It explores what the retracing of a book’s life cycle—i.e., its travels from composition and revision to reception, via both manuscript and print—can teach us about Lambarde’s magnum opus, his Perambulation of Kent (first published in 1576, then as a revised edition in 1596). Specifically, it surveys how both Lambarde and his contemporaries approached one of the most hotly contested questions in early modern scholarship: debates over the ostensible Trojan origins of the British.The article begins by examining links between the history of reading and the history of antiquarianism—two fields which have enjoyed a considerable efflorescence in recent decades. It does so via re-examination of Arnaldo Momigliano’s classic essay ‘Ancient History and the Antiquarian’, published nearly seventy years ago in this Journal. It then examines how not only Lambarde himself, but also various other contemporary or near-contemporary scholars and readers (John Bale, John Dee, William Camden, Matthew parker, Gabriel Harvey and John Leland, among others) approached the historicity of Britain’s ancient past, whether Trojan or otherwise. The following section explores the ways in which scholars and readers, including Lambarde, construed the fides or credibility of claims concerning such pasts, by dissecting their various strategies for assessing and visualising textual authority and authorial probity, ranging from the production of marginalia to index-making. This section includes an extended case study of the way in which one assiduous reader of Lambarde—Adam Winthrop, father of the future Massachusetts governor John Winthrop—applied these strategies in his copiously annotated copy of the Perambulation. The article closes with broader reflections upon new directions in the history of historical scholarship and the history of reading.

Health/Nutrition food claims and low-fat food purchase: Projected personality influence in young consumers

Health/nutrition food claims are increasingly used in the food industry but firms still require deeper research to develop a better understanding of consumers in the low-fat food market. In pursuit of this goal, this paper analyses the influence of projected consumer personality on healthy claim credibility, Perceived product health, physical appearance and its repercussion on attitudes (overall attitude to the product) and behaviours (purchase intention). With a sample of 300 young consumers (15–25years old) and through PLS techniques, our results show that project personality influences the credibility of claims about healthiness and physical appearance. Both concepts play a significant role in global attitudes to low-fat products. At the same time, physical appearance and the overall attitude to low-fat products influence the intention to purchase a low-fat product. These results can be better understood with the analysis of the product category (juice with milk versus sweets) analysed and claims of healthiness used (6 claims where colour and message are altered).

Aligning best practices to develop targeted critical thinking skills and habits

This project evaluated the effectiveness of a course design within an upper-level biology course that incorporated what prior scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL) research has suggested to be best practices for developing critical thinking skills while also managing the grading load on the instructor. These efforts centered on the development of a clearly articulated subset of skills identified by the Critical Thinking Assessment Test (CAT) as well as incorporated learning experiences designed to instill what we refer to as a “habit of critical investigation.” In this study, we tested the hypothesis that a single semester of an aligned course utilizing active learning and multiple opportunities for practice and feedback would: (a) increase the extent to which students agreed with the importance of questioning the credibility of claims across the semester, (b) increase the frequency at which students reported personally questioning the credibility of claims across the semester, (c) increase the number of students reporting investigation techniques consistent with critical investigation across the semester and (d) result in significantly greater student performance on the CAT questions that assessed the sub-skills practiced in the course when compared to the performance of a representative group of senior students at our institution. We observed substantial and significant gains in both the frequency at which students reported questioning claims and the degree to which their reported investigative actions were consistent with critical investigation. Furthermore, on the critical thinking sub-skills most aligned with what was practiced in the course, the experimental group significantly outperformed the comparison group.

The Communicative Function of Sad Facial Expressions.

What are the communicative functions of sad facial expressions? Research shows that people feel sadness in response to losses but it's unclear whether sad expressions function to communicate losses to others and if so, what makes these signals credible. Here we use economic games to test the hypothesis that sad expressions lend credibility to claims of loss. Participants play the role of either a proposer or recipient in a game with a fictional backstory and real monetary payoffs. The proposers view a (fictional) video of the recipient's character displaying either a neutral or sad expression paired with a claim of loss. The proposer then decided how much money to give to the recipient. In three experiments, we test alternative theories by using situations in which the recipient's losses were uncertain (Experiment 1), the recipient's losses were certain (Experiment 2), or the recipient claims failed gains rather than losses (Experiment 3). Overall, we find that participants gave more money to recipients who displayed sad expressions compared to neutral expressions, but only under conditions of uncertain loss. This finding supports the hypothesis that sad expressions function to increase the credibility of claims of loss.

Interviewing asylum seekers: A vignette study on the questions asked to assess credibility of claims about origin and persecution

AbstractThe aim of the current vignette study is to map the style, type, and themes of questions that are asked when assessing the credibility of asylum seekers' claims. Sixty‐five officials from the Swedish Migration Agency (Migrationsverket), were asked to respond to one out of four different vignettes that contained fictitious asylum narratives. Each vignette presented the types of problems often encountered by officials at the migration board. Two of the vignettes contained no evidence of the origin of the asylum seeker. The other two contained no evidence for the claim of persecution. The asylum officials were asked to formulate five questions that would help them to assess the veracity of the applicant's claim. Our analyses showed that they mainly formulated open questions in an information gathering style. A thematic analysis of the questions revealed that when a claim about origin was assessed, asylum officials mostly asked questions about life in the country of origin, identity documents, and the flight to Europe. When the claim about persecution was assessed, in contrast, asylum officials mostly formulated case‐specific questions (e.g., how the applicant was arrested). Hence, when the credibility of claims about origin is assessed, there seems to be a typical set of questions that asylum officials use. The asylum officials seem to assume that if the applicant is truly originating from a specific country or area, he or she should have ample knowledge about that area, its customs, and frequently encountered objects.

Consumer awareness and credibility factors of health claims on innovative meat products in a cross-sectional population study in the Netherlands

Meat consumption-associated cancer risks relating to the preservative nitrate are receiving considerable attention. Consequently, innovative meat products are being developed with no or reduced nitrate levels. For example, phytochemicals are currently under investigation for their potential to replace nitrate in meat. Consumers are becoming more aware of health aspects of consumed foods, a trend which is accompanied by an increase in health claims on food products. However, consumer acceptance of a health claim is dependent on consumer credibility of the claim. In order to produce a health claim, perceived credible by consumers, it should be known which factors influence consumer credibility. This pilot study investigated the extent to which consumers perceive health claims on innovative meat products credible and which factors influence this credibility. By means of a questionnaire distributed amongst 1010 Dutch participants representative of the Dutch population, factors like health claim promoters, media platforms, and the phrasing of the proposed health claim were investigated. Main results are that the majority of consumers indicates meat products with phytochemicals as acceptable. Promotion by a national health foundation is perceived as credible, and health magazines are perceived as a credible media platform. This study found that neither weekly meat consumption, sex, nor age have effect on the consumer credibility of certain health claims, but that educational level does.

Impact of Celebrity Endorsements and Brand Mascots on Consumer Buying Behavior

ABSTRACTCelebrity and brand mascot endorsements are very popular and often-used techniques by marketers. Marketers believe that celebrity and brand mascot endorsements provide a higher degree of appeal, attention, and customer recall ability compared with when this technique is not used. Marketers also claim that a celebrity affects the credibility of claims about a product and increases the memorabilia factor of the message, which may provide a positive effect that could be generalized to the brand. Primarily this essay has been designed such that it examines various parameters related to advertisements containing celebrity and brand mascot endorsements. Data were been collected from 150 respondents through questionnaire and subjected to t test, χ2 test, and difference of means test to enforce the hypotheses that celebrity endorsements have impacts on customers’ perceptions and their purchase intentions. The findings of this study provide insights for marketing and brand managers to design and market their campaigns effectively.

Preservation and Development: The Cultural Landscape and Heritage Paradox in the Netherlands

Heritage managers and spatial planners have traditionally developed conservation-oriented (that is, defensive) strategies to protect archaeological–historical values in rural landscapes. However, despite increasing government policy conservation efforts, rural landscapes face continuous encroachment. In the Netherlands, an interdisciplinary research programme entitled ‘Protecting and Developing the Archaeological-Historical Landscape’ has explored an alternative approach that focuses on non-destructive change with the help of the concept of landscape biography. This paper presents an overview of the underlying philosophy and the lessons learned from two specific cases. The maintenance-by-way-of-development concept can help resolve the apparent paradox between landscape heritage preservation and development. The development strategy combines storytelling and scientific analysis in order to assist in the building of territorial identity. However, the fact that the policy concept and the underlying premises have not yet been subjected to stringent testing undermines the credibility of claims of wider applicability.

Attorney Decision Making in an Employment Discrimination Dispute Involving Hiring Procedures

A national sample of attorneys were surveyed to investigate how characteristics of a rejected applicants’ claim affect attorney decisions to represent the claimant, have confidence in favorable claimant outcomes, determine claim credibility, and select legal action outcomes. Three variables were manipulated within rejected applicant claim vignettes provided to attorneys: job relatedness (test content related to the job vs. test content unrelated to the job), EEOC decision (merit found v. determination unknown), and protected group category (race-based v. sex-based). EEOC determinations of merit were found to positively influence attorney representation decisions, and induce greater confidence in favorable claimant outcomes. Further, attorneys found rejected applicant claims more credible when the claimant perceived the selection procedure to be unrelated to the target position and when the applicant was a racial minority. EEOC decision and applicant perceptions of job relatedness interacted to predict att...

Well they had a couple of bats to be truthful: Well-prefaced, self-initiated repairs in managing relevant accuracy in interaction

This paper reports a conversation analytic study of well-prefaced, self-initiated repairs in talk-in-interaction. We show that speakers use well-prefacing of self-repairs to manage the credibility of claims in talk. Specifically, well-prefaced self-repairs attend to the relevant accuracy of a turn-so-far by revising it but without retracting it. For example, in the extract from which the title for this paper is taken, a speaker tells an interviewer that in ‘New Zealand the- they for millions of years had no mammals. The- they they only had really birds’. This turns out to be a slightly exaggerated claim, which the speaker self-repairs in the transition space with a well-prefaced statement – ‘Well they had .hhh a couple of batsto be (.) .hhh to be truthful But (.) they had no big mammals. No cats. No (.) dogs. No stoats’. Here, the additional information modifies the claim that there were no mammals (because there were bats) but also maintains the gist of what was said earlier (i.e. there were no large, predatory mammals). Our work has clear resonances with Drew's (2003) analysis of precision and exaggeration in interaction, though where he focussed on recipient-prompted revisions, we focus on self-initiation. Like Drew, we note that participants’ orientations to speaking precisely connect to matters of veracity and accountability.

The Impact of Green Advertising on Consumer Purchase Intention of Green Products

Chinese advertising industry has dramatically developed as consumers’ concerns over the impact of environmental degradation on their lives and interests increase, which results in a significant sale of green products. This study aims to explore how green advertising affect consumers purchase intention of green products. The data were collected from 313 consumers in Shanghai, China. The research findings reveal that credibility of claim (β=0.847, p

Credibility of claims of subgroup effects in randomised controlled trials: systematic review. Sun X, Briel M, Busse JW, et al. BMJ 2012;344:e1553.

Credibility of claims of subgroup effects in randomised controlled trials: systematic review. Sun X, Briel M, Busse JW, et al. BMJ 2012;344:e1553.

Credibility of claims of subgroup effects in randomised controlled trials: systematic review

Objective To investigate the credibility of authors’ claims of subgroup effects using a representative sample of recently published randomised controlled trials.Design Systematic review.Data source Core clinical journals, as defined by...

WILPER ET AL. RESPOND

The United States has embraced mass incarceration as social policy. We join the American Public Health Association in opposition to this practice and consider it to be a national disgrace.1 This convention violates the human and constitutional rights of many inmates, and damages communities and children raised with a parent behind bars. Incarceration of the mentally ill is especially egregious, common, and often preventable. We believe that everyone has a right to high-quality health care, whether they are incarcerated or not. As a Bush administration surgeon general put it in a report that was suppressed for fear that it would force increases in government spending, “Often overlooked by the health system in the United States, incarcerated men and women have access to adequate health and mental health care and substance abuse treatment services inside the walls of correctional facilities. For these inmates, incarceration is an opportunity—a ‘reachable, teachable moment’—to learn what support they need for their health and mental health problems and substance abuse issues.”2,3 Our study sheds light on a fact largely known only by inmates and those working in correctional health care: inmates carry a heavy disease burden, and often have limited access to the care that is supposedly guaranteed to them by the Supreme Court. The results of our study deflate the credibility of claims that inmates have access to adequate health care in the United States. We concur with Eber's call for a greater role for public health expertise in improving inmate health through litigation. Limited access to health care in jails and prisons certainly increases morbidity and mortality among inmates, but also increases the burden communities bear where released inmates return. Indeed, with approximately 1% of US adults behind bars, the public health implications of improved treatment of these individuals who have relatively higher rates of chronic conditions such as HIV, asthma, prior myocardial infarction, and diabetes are substantial. Inmates rely entirely on their jailers for health care. Investigations into the health and health care of inmates focus attention on a politically unpopular but extremely vulnerable group. Funders and researchers aiming to improve health care for disadvantaged populations should devote additional resources for investigations into inmate health. The public health community ought to oppose mass incarceration and work to improve health care inside prisons.

Analysing the market environment for açaí (Euterpe oleraceaMart.) juices in Europe

Introduction. La demande croissante en Europe des aliments et boissons saines et nutritives offrant de nouvelles saveurs, cree des opportunites pour l'approvisionnement du marche europeen avec des jus de fruits nouveaux, dont certains jus a base de fruits tropicaux comme l'acai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.). Materiel et methodes. Une espece fruitiere tropicale du Bresil, l'acai, a ete choisie comme etude de cas. Partant d'interviews d'experts, d'une synthese des etudes des consommateurs vis-a-vis de leur consommation de fruits tropicaux, de visites de terrain et de recherches bibliographiques, on a mene une analyse SWOT pour evaluer les forces, faiblesses, opportunites et menaces liees a la transformation de l'acai et a son potentiel dans l'industrie des jus de fruits en Europe de l'Ouest. Resultats. Les opportunites resideraient dans l'interet croissant du consommateur pour les jus de fruits naturels, sains et nutritifs ; dans le besoin d'innovations de l'industrie alimentaire orientees vers la sante ; dans l'interet croissant pour la diversification, les gouts nouveaux et les nourritures ethniques. Le manque de familiarite, la credibilite des allegations relatives a la sante et les exigences europeennes d'acces au marche constitueraient les principales menaces. Les forces porteraient sur la valeur nutritive de l'acai et sur son origine tropicale, ainsi que sur l'existence de marches nationaux et d'industries de transformation d'acai bien etablis. Les faiblesses resulteraient d'un approvisionnement irregulier et d'une qualite d'acai inegale, du manque d'un savoir-faire avance dans la culture et les produits de transformation, ainsi que d'une connaissance limitee du profil nutritif du fruit. Conclusion. Les resultats indiquent que l'acai, qui a une valeur nutritive et des avantages exceptionnels relatifs a la sante, pourrait avoir un reel potentiel sur le marche des jus de fruits en Europe de l'Ouest. Les points principaux a prendre en compte seraient la familiarisation des consommateurs avec l'acai et ses produits, et l'acquisition de connaissances precises sur ses caracteristiques nutritionnelles et ses avantages concomitants pour la sante.

Textual Reasonings: Jewish Philosophy and Text Study at the End of the Twentieth Century (review)

PETER OCHS and NANCY LEVENE, eds. Textual Reasonings: Jewish Philosophy and Text Study at End of Twentieth Century. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2003. Pp. x + 310.This book is a collection of essays whose roots lie in a conference (Textualities: An International Conference on Postmodern Jewish Reasoning) held at Drew University in June 1997. conference itself was first major public gathering sponsored by Society for Textual Reasoning (formerly Postmodern .Jewish Philosophy Bitnetwork), *which publishes Journal of Textual Reasoning. (Its history and publications, both old and new series, can be found on website of same name. Society for Scriptural Reasoning and Journal of Scriptural Reasoning seem to reflect interests and activities of many of same scholars.)As might be expected from a collection of conference papers, book reflects a mixed bag of agendas and methodologies. This situation is further compounded by fact that many of essays included in book *were not presented at conference but were written subsequently by persons not in attendance. Moreover, not all participants identify with Society's agenda with same degree of passion. Two different editors each contributed an introductory essay and an epilogue to book. Those written by Nancy Levene display an element of critical distance and perspective, putting forward modest claim that there are significant affinities between Jewish forms of reading and and postmodern thought (p. 15). Given -wide range of possibilities open in contemporary philosophy and criticism and *widespread renewed interest in Jewish texts as a concrete source for theoretical reflection, one can freely admit credibility of claim that textual in limited sense is currently being pursued by scholars throughout Jewish studies, in fields such as Bible, Talmud, midrash . (p. 15). Two of three textual studies included in book (Michael Fishbane's study of Songs Rabba and Tikva Frymer-Kensky's Revelation Revealed: Doubt of Torah) represent general trend and -wholly justify Levene 's assertions.Ochs's introductory essay, however, sets out a more ideological platform, as one might expect from founding editor of aforementioned journal. OcKs hopes to found a of .Jewish philosophy or theology (p. 2). members of movement *wish to engage in study of *Jewish sources, and they are clear about *what they would not do. They *would not adhere to canons of study framed by the reigning paradigms of Jewish academic enquiry nor to methods of various yeshivot. In Ochs's *words, The community of textual reasoners does not discount or privilege readings drawn from any traditional schools of rabbinic learning or influences by any method of modern academy. It judges them all by their fruits in furthering goals of textual reasoning (p. 6).At same time Ochs feels strongly that this discipline should appear, for one, as a discipline within university, secondly, as a method of Torah study outside academy, within …

A Scale for Describing Levels of Confirmation/Replication in Evaluation

In order to support both the validity and credibility of claims about program or product merit or worth, we often turn to evaluation. There are various ways in which evaluation can be conducted or managed, which themselves have differing levels of validity and credibility. The following scale can be used descriptively to indicate these levels, following the usual view of scientific method which identifies confirmation by others as a major criterion of validity. The higher numbers are not necessarily more valid, though they are generally more credible. Keep your sense of humor when reading this; it’s not only meant to be serious!