Level Of Credibility Research Articles

Divergence in Mass Ratio Distributions between Low-mass and High-mass Coalescing Binary Black Holes

Coalescing binary black hole (BBH) systems are likely formed via several channels, and it is challenging to understand their formation/evolutionary processes. Some features in the mass function of the primary components (m 1), such as the distinct Gaussian-like peak located at ∼34 M ⊙, have been previously found. In this work, we investigate the possible dependence of the mass ratio (q = m 2/m 1) distribution on the primary mass. We find a Bayesian odds ratio of 18.1 in favor of divergence in the mass ratio distributions between the low- and high-mass ranges over an invariable mass ratio distribution. BBHs with m 1 ≳ 29 M ⊙ have a stronger preference of being symmetric compared to those with m 1 ≲ 29 M ⊙ at a 97.6% credible level. Additionally, we find mild evidence that BBHs with m 1 located in the Gaussian-like peak have a mass ratio distribution different from that of other BBHs. Our findings may favor some formation channels, such as chemically homogeneous evolution and dynamical assembly in globular clusters/nuclear star clusters, which are more likely to provide symmetric BBHs in the high-mass range.

Effect of Audit Risks on the Credibility of Financial Information in Iraqi Private Banks

The research aims to identify the impact of audit risks on the credibility of financial information and was relied on the descriptive analytical approach, as the electronic questionnaire form was used as a tool for research, and the research community consists of all those working in the control and auditing of accounts in Iraqi private banks, and the research sample amounted to 110 individuals referred to in the research community, and the research reached a set of results, which is the presence of a high level of audit risks of all kinds (inherent risks, control risks, exploration risks) to which Iraqi private banks are exposed, as well as the presence of a high level of credibility of financial information in Iraqi private banks. An inverse, statistically significant effect of the level of audit risks and their types (inherent risks, control risks, exploration risks) on the level of credibility of financial information at the 0.01 level. financial as well as adopting modern and diverse methods that enable the auditor to evaluate audit risks that include inherent risks and Monitoring risks and discovery risks, which leads to reducing the level of risks to which Iraqi private banks are exposed.

Критика позитивных теистических аргументов в полемике теизма и атеизма

In the article the author analyzes the arguments of the theist W.L. Craig for the existence of the omnipotent, all-good, timeless God of classical theism as well as counter-arguments of W. Sinnot-Armstrong. W.L. Craig used five arguments, they are Kalam cosmological argument, fine-tuning argument, objective moral values argument, argument from the testimonies of the gospels and argument from religious experience. Craig seeks to show that when we take all these arguments together, they increase the probability of the existence of the God of classical theism. Sinnot-Armstrong, in turn, criticized all these arguments and seeks to show with varying levels of credibility that every Craig’s argument can be refuted within the framework of an atheistic approach. He exposes the argument from the existence of objective moral values to the most detailed criticism, while speaking from the position of moral realism and Platonism. Sinnot-Armstrong criticized fine-tuning argument least convincingly. He accepted the fact that there is no good atheistic response to this argument, but he used usual rhetorical attacks against theism. He uncritically repeated the model of the war between science and religion. As a result of the analysis of the controversy between Craig and Sinnot-Armstrong, the author of the article comes to several conclusions. Firstly, atheism is combined with various metaphysical attitudes, from naturalism to Platonism. Secondly, an atheist may hold different views on the problem of free will between determinism and indeterminism. Thus, since atheism is very heterogeneous in itself, most of the Sinnot-Armstrong counter-arguments are not universally applicable to atheists.

Improved search for invisible modes of nucleon decay in water with the SNO+detector

This paper reports results from a search for single and multinucleon disappearance from the O16 nucleus in water within the SNO+ detector using all of the available data. These so-called “invisible” decays do not directly deposit energy within the detector but are instead detected through their subsequent nuclear deexcitation and gamma-ray emission. New limits are given for the partial lifetimes: τ(n→inv)>9.0×1029 years, τ(p→inv)>9.6×1029 years, τ(nn→inv)>1.5×1028 years, τ(np→inv)>6.0×1028 years, and τ(pp→inv)>1.1×1029 years at 90% Bayesian credibility level (with a prior uniform in rate). All but the (nn→inv) results improve on existing limits by a factor of about 3.Received 16 May 2022Accepted 15 June 2022DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.105.112012Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3.Published by the American Physical SocietyPhysics Subject Headings (PhySH)Research AreasInvisible decaysParticle decaysParticles & Fields

Influence of News Credibility on Public Perception of the Broadcast Media in Nigeria

This paper examines the influence of news credibility on the corporate image of broadcast media in Nigeria. The paper was anchored on the preliminary assumption that a relationship exists between the credibility of the news a media disseminated and how the public perceives it. Source Credibility Theory and Perception Theory were used as its theoretical framework. A Survey of 375 respondents, the eventual outcome of distributed 400 copies of the questionnaire provided evidence that the public confidence in government owned broadcast media is low compared to the private broadcast media as a direct consequence of the level of credibility of the news they disseminate. The paper recommends that broadcast media should always support the promotion of credible news in order to improve on their public perception.

Experiences of health care professionals in intensive care when families participate in clinician handovers: a qualitative systematic review protocol

This review will evaluate the experiences of health care professionals in the intensive care unit when families participate in clinician handovers. Families of patients admitted to the intensive care unit report stress and anxiety. Family participation in multidisciplinary rounds in the intensive care unit may improve patient and family outcomes. However, health care professionals have different attitudes toward family participation. Furthermore, there is limited understanding of the barriers, facilitators, and other outcomes of family participation in clinician handovers for the patient, family, and health care professionals. The review will consider studies involving health care professionals (eg, nurses, physicians, allied health professionals) and any type of family participation, from bedside presence to participation in decision-making. Clinician handovers may be multidisciplinary ward rounds or nursing handovers. Settings may be the adult, pediatric, or neonatal intensive care unit in rural or metropolitan regions in any country. Studies in other clinical contexts will be excluded. Databases to be searched include CINAHL, MEDLINE, Scopus, PsycINFO, Embase, Emcare, Web of Science, and ProQuest Central. The search will be limited to articles written in English from 2000 to the present. Two independent reviewers will screen titles and abstracts, assess the full text of selected citations for inclusion, and assess methodological quality. A data extraction tool will be used, and findings will be assigned a level of credibility. Meta-aggregation will be used to synthesize findings. Disagreements between reviewers will be discussed to reach consensus; a third reviewer will be consulted if necessary. PROSPERO CRD42020223011.

Carbon dioxide effects on daytime sleepiness and EEG signal: A combinational approach using classical frequentist and Bayesian analyses.

Environmental carbon dioxide (CO2) could affect various mental and physiological activities in humans, but its effect on daytime sleepiness is still controversial. In a randomized and counterbalanced crossover study with twelve healthy volunteers, we applied a combinational approach using classical frequentist and Bayesian statistics to analyze the CO2 exposure effect on daytime sleepiness and electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. Subjective sleepiness was measured by the Japanese Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS‐J) by recording EEG during CO2 exposure at different concentrations: Normal (C), 4000 ppm (Moderately High: MH), and 40 000 ppm (high: H). The daytime sleepiness was significantly affected by the exposure time but not the CO2 condition in the classical statistics. On the other hand, the Bayesian paired t‐test revealed that the CO2 exposure at the MH condition might induce daytime sleepiness at the 40‐min point compared with the C condition. By contrast, EEG was significantly affected by a short exposure to the H condition but not exposure time. The Bayesian analysis of EEG was primarily consistent with results by the classical statistics but showed different credible levels in the Bayes’ factor. Our result suggested that the EEG may not be suitable to detect objective sleepiness induced by CO2 exposure because the EEG signal was highly sensitive to environmental CO2 concentration. Our study would be helpful for researchers to revisit whether EEG is applicable as a judgment indicator of objective sleepiness.

The Impact of Social Capital on Firm Value

Social capital and value creation are concepts that have been associated in financial literature for a long time and still remain controversial. Social capital refers to a firm´s attributes, such as trust, civic attitudes, and relationship networks that enable greater economic development. It is also related to corporate social responsibility, corresponding to a voluntary interest by firms in social and environmental issues with effects upon others. The last global financial crisis - which began in the United States in 2007 - is an exogenous event that allows a study of the impact of a higher level of corporate credibility. In other words, we may verify whether attributes such as trust - measured by social capital - create value. Thus, this study aims at verifying if there was a positive relationship between social capital and corporate value, during the last global financial crisis. To this end, a difference-in-difference test was applied to a sample of 418 Latin American firms. The results confirm the hypothesis that in a financial crisis, firms with more social capital have their value less affected. This fact points to practical implications both for investors and capital market regulators.

Principals’ transformational leadership in strengthening character education at senior high school level (SMA) in Indonesia

Character education reinforcement in secondary schools is one of the educational programmes aimed at anticipating the tendency of moral perversion as a result of moral decadence. Various forms of moral deviations that occur among high school students result in them being alienated from life because they conflict with cultural norms, school discipline, and life ethics in society. In this article we aim to discuss the relation of character value reinforcement and the principal’s transformational leadership strategy to shape students’ characters in a descriptive-critical manner. The objective of this study was investigating school strategies for optimising the implementation of character education reinforcement. In this research we used a qualitative method with a case study design. The data validity measurement was based on the levels of credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. The results emphasise the importance of shaping student character as an anticipatory step to minimise moral distortions among high school students, and the effectiveness of the principal’s transformational leadership role in optimising the implementation of education programmes for the strengthening of students’ characters in schools.

Multiwavelength View of the Close-by GRB 190829A Sheds Light on Gamma-Ray Burst Physics

We monitored the position of the close-by (about 370 Mpc) gamma-ray burst GRB 190829A, which originated from a massive star collapse, through very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations with the European VLBI Network and the Very Long Baseline Array, carrying out a total of nine observations between 9 and 117 days after the gamma-ray burst at 5 and 15 GHz, with a typical resolution of a few milliarcseconds. From a state-of-the art analysis of these data, we obtained valuable limits on the source size and expansion rate. The limits are in agreement with the size evolution entailed by a detailed modeling of the multiwavelength light curves with a forward-plus-reverse shock model, which agrees with the observations across almost 18 orders of magnitude in frequency (including the HESS data at TeV photon energies) and more than 4 orders of magnitude in time. Thanks to the multiwavelength, high-cadence coverage of the afterglow, inherent degeneracies in the afterglow model are broken to a large extent, allowing us to capture some unique physical insights; we find a low prompt emission efficiency of ≲10−3, a low fraction of relativistic electrons in the forward shock downstream χ e < 13% (90% credible level), and a rapid decay of the magnetic field in the reverse shock downstream after the shock crossing. While our model assumes an on-axis jet, our VLBI astrometry is not sufficiently tight as to exclude any off-axis viewing angle, but we can exclude the line of sight to have been more than ∼2° away from the border of the gamma-ray-producing region based on compactness arguments.

Events After the Reporting Period and Investment Decisions in Manufacturing Companies in Nigeria

Investors worldwide require a high level of credibility and certainty from firms’ financial reports to anchor their investment decisions. Thus, it is paramount for firms to comply with the regulatory framework to make the latter a success. On this basis, this study aims to determine how disclosure and adjustments of events after the reporting period (IAS 10) affect investment decisions in manufacturing companies in Nigeria. The study employed a descriptive survey design. Out of a total population of 25 manufacturing companies, 15 were specifically selected for the study. A questionnaire was used to collect data from the companies’ six principal officers, including the managing director, the accountant, the credit officer/risk manager, the quality control officer, the internal auditor, and the operation/plant manager. The mean and standard deviation were used to answer research questions. The PPMC and linear regression analysis were used to test the hypothesis at the 0.05 significance level. It was found that the level of compliance with IAS 10 on disclosure and adjusting events after the reporting period is high among manufacturing companies. Also, disclosure and adjusting events significantly impact the investment decisions of manufacturing companies. The research suggests that relevant authorities strictly adhere to reporting criteria based on the results.

POLİTİK EPİSTEMOLOJİDE EPİSTEMİK ADALETSİZLİK VE HİBRİT KÖTÜLÜK

This study claims that Miranda Fricker’s concept of epistemic injustice can be extended in two ways. First, the excess of credibility can be evaluated as an epistemic injustice. Fricker suggests that a deflated level of credibility causes epistemic injustice. However, practices such as forcing false statements result from excess credibility and cause epistemic injustices especially during war and detention processes. In some hierarchical situations, social actors’ hearer and speaker roles may turn into a hegemonic relationship by suggesting that the speaker has knowledge. This kind of relationship motivates exclusion, marginalization and alienation due to identity bias. Then, it can be argued that not only the lack of credibility but also its excess is an epistemic injustice. In this study, the excess of credibility is accepted as the situation faced by “people who are interrogated with the claim of having knowledge.” Second, epistemic injustice can be defined as a hybrid evil. It refers to instances of evil that contain complex motivations such as political evil, since it can neither be reduced only to the character nor to the environmental conditions. Fricker’s proposal for resolving epistemic injustice is hybrid virtues such as intellectual and reflexive critical-social sensitivity. Therefore, while individuals’ situations and context provide reflexive thinking, they also support a normative critical attitude. Fricker offers hybrid virtues for the solution while she does not define the problem as hybrid. Thus this paper proposes to extend Fricker’s concept in two ways: first, including excess of credibility within the scope of the epistemic injustice, and second, defining such injustices as political hybrid evils. Then this expansion will give political epistemology an opportunity to reevaluate given theories of politics, ethics and epistemology and increase its normative contribution to them.

Water management policy analysis: Insight from a calibration-based inexact programming method

Predicting the impacts of water management policies under uncertainty can support policy-makers in making sound decisions. Most previous methods for policy-impact simulation lacked a calibration process that would allow model results to match observed values, and did not address the inherent uncertainties. To fill this methodological knowledge gap, an interval credibility-constrained positive mathematical programming (ICPMP) approach was first developed in this study for simulating the impacts of water management policies. This method improved over traditional positive mathematical programming in terms of uncertainty treatment. It also improved upon inexact programming methods through activating a calibration process. ICPMP was then coupled with a multi-attribute decision-making approach, leading to a simulation-evaluation method that could support the analysis and screening of policy alternatives. This method has been applied to an agricultural water management problem in northwestern China. Various policy alternatives corresponding to different water prices and varied fuzzy credibility levels of water availability were investigated. The impacts of these alternatives over farmers’ income, irrigation water consumption, benefit per cubic meter of water, planting area, and fertilizer use were simulated through ICPMP. Forty policy alternatives with better indicator performances were selected to be comprehensively evaluated using the multi-attribute decision-making approach. The results indicated that when the decision-makers have a positive preference for water availability, the water price at the turning point of water use efficiency (i.e. benefit per cubic of water) was recommended. When decision-makers have conservative attitude towards water availability, it was recommended to keep the water price unchanged. Comparisons of ICPMP against traditional methods indicated that, ICPMP could generate more reliable results through incorporating uncertain information as inputs and reproducing actual situation. As well, solutions of ICPMP could provide in-depth analysis of the trade-offs between violation risk and system benefits. ICPMP and the associated simulation-evaluation method are also applicable to analyze other types of policies.

Search for the decay B0→ ϕμ+μ−

A search for the decay B0→ ϕμ+μ− is performed using proton-proton collisions at centre-of-mass energies of 7, 8, and 13 TeV collected by the LHCb experiment and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 9 fb−1. No evidence for the B0→ ϕμ+μ− decay is found and an upper limit on the branching fraction, excluding the ϕ and charmonium regions in the dimuon spectrum, of 4.4 × 10−3 at a 90% credibility level, relative to that of the {B}_s^0 → ϕμ+μ− decay, is established. Using the measured {B}_s^0 → ϕμ+μ− branching fraction and assuming a phase-space model, the absolute branching fraction of the decay B0→ ϕμ+μ− in the full q2 range is determined to be less than 3.2 × 10−9 at a 90% credibility level.

Improving the Quality of Madrasah through Integrated Management Model of Madrasah Development Center in Gowa District

This study aims to determine the quality improvement of madrasah application of the integrated mentoring model in Gowa Regency. This research is qualitative research with a phenomenological approach. Research data was obtained from informants through in-depth interviews (in-depth interview), observation, and documentation. The validity and reliability of the data are validated by checking the level of credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. The data were analyzed using qualitative data analysis techniques through the data collection process, data display and conclusion/verification. The results of the study indicate that Madrasah mentoring carried out by MDC in Gowa Regency can be realized through an integrated mentoring model which is carried out in three stages, namely the planning stage is carried out as a whole with good results consisting of (a) implementation of Institutional Socialization and MDC Work Programs, b ) Formation of Verification Team, Mentors and Trainers (c) Verification of Target Candidates and Plenary Session of Madrasah Verification Results, and (d) Need Assessment and Baseline to measure the needs and weaknesses of madrasas and become the basis for developing mentoring programs. The stages of implementation were well implemented involving all components of madrasa stakeholders consisting of (a) training on Effective School Improvement, Madrasah-Based Management, KTSP/Curriculum that applies nationally (K-2013), PAIKEM, Library Management and Development, Healthy Living, Finance and Administration, Innovation (IT-based Learning), (b) Implementation of training outcomes at the madrasah level through mentoring models. Monitoring and evaluation stages are carried out correctly using accreditation instruments and End line Evaluation instruments.

A credibility-based interval multi-objective crop area planning model for agricultural and ecological management

This study presents a credibility-based interval multi-objective crop area planning model for agricultural and ecological management under uncertainty. The model is developed through the integrations of interval multi-objective programming and fuzzy credibility-constrained programming by considering economic and ecological benefits of the study system, and dealing with interval and fuzzy uncertainties. It focuses on crop area optimization with the interval objective function of maximizing the system benefits, maximizing the watershed area, and fractional interval objective function of maximizing the land productivity (i.e., system benefits per unit area). Additionally, the relationship between watershed area and ecological discharge is expressed as interval linear function, which is estimated by using interval regression analysis method. Then, the model is applied to a case study in Minqin County in the lower reaches of Shiyang River Basin for crop area optimization in view of the increasing shortage of water resources and the competition between agricultural and ecological water use. Optimal solutions for different scenarios can be generated based on fuzzy credibility constraints when the predefined credibility levels are set as 0.6, 0.7 and 0.8, 0.9, respectively. The results show that the crop area optimization model can better balance the regional agricultural and ecological benefits while ensuring grain production and promoting water saving. Moreover, a higher level of credibility corresponds to a lower system benefit but a larger watershed area. When credibility level is raised from 0.6 to 0.9, the upper bounds of system benefits are decreased from 13.87×108 Yuan to 13.81×108 Yuan whereas the watershed area is increased from 41.01 km2 to 42.12 km2. These various optimal results can help decision makers weigh system benefits and constraint-violation risks. Therefore, the results of the model can provide decision-making basis for the crop area optimization and provide valuable basis for the sustainable development in Minqin County and similar study areas.

A simulation-optimization approach for supporting conservative water allocation under uncertainties

In this paper, a hybrid method integrated unbiased grey model (UGM) and artificial neural network (ANN) into an interval two-stage fuzzy credibility-constrained programming (ITFCP) framework is proposed for water resources allocation of the Yalong River research area. Through the grey correlation analysis and the eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGboost) algorithm, the economic and social indicators are related to the water demands of different water sectors in different regions can be obtained for building water demand prediction model. According to the unbiased grey prediction of the socio-economic development data of each region in the Yalong River Basin (YRB), water demand prediction models are constructed by using neural network. The establishment of a hybrid two-stage interval fuzzy credibility-constrained programming model can analyze the uncertainties existing in the process of water resources allocation. Taking 2020, 2025, and 2030 as the planning years, the developed model studies and reveals the system benefits at different credibility levels, the water shortage of each user in sub-regions and the water resources allocation situation to provide suggestion for managers to optimize the allocation of water resources. Compared to the previous methods, this integrated model can help decision-makers set management policies more sustainably and profitably.

Rates and coverage for monotone densities using projection-posterior

We consider Bayesian inference for a monotone density on the unit interval and study the resulting asymptotic properties. We consider a “projection-posterior” approach, where we construct a prior on density functions through random histograms without imposing the monotonicity constraint, but induce a random distribution by projecting a sample from the posterior on the space of monotone functions. The approach allows us to retain posterior conjugacy, allowing explicit expressions extremely useful for studying asymptotic properties. We show that the projection-posterior contracts at the optimal n−1/3-rate. We then construct a consistent test based on the posterior distribution for testing the hypothesis of monotonicity. Finally, we obtain the limiting coverage of a projection-posterior credible interval for the value of the function at an interior point. Interestingly, the limiting coverage turns out to be higher than the nominal credibility level, the opposite of the undercoverage phenomenon observed in a smoothness regime. Moreover, we show that a recalibration method using a lower credibility level gives an intended limiting coverage. We also discuss extensions of the obtained results for densities on the half-line. We conduct a simulation study to demonstrate the accuracy of the asymptotic results in finite samples.

Turning the UK into an innovation superpower

It was one of the real inflection points for the business when we got our first grant," recalls Neill Ricketts, the CEO of Versarien, an advanced materials business based in Cheltenham. "It shows a level of credibility to our investors and proves what you&apos;re working on is valid". Versarien&apos;s grant came from Innovate UK, one of the country&apos;s big sources of R&amp;D funding, and an important lifeline for businesses like Versarien. Private companies, academic researchers and scientists working on cutting-edge technologies often rely on funding to pay for some or all of their R&amp;D. Without this kind of support, most would run out of cash before being able to turn potentially revolutionary ideas into marketable products.Currently, however, the UK falls behind other comparable countries on R&amp;D spending and support. World Bank data shows we spend about 1.7 per cent of GDP on R&amp;D, compared with 2.2 per cent in France, 2.8 per cent in the USA, 3.1 per cent in Germany, 4.8 per cent in South Korea and 5 per cent in Israel (the highest spender).

Fuzzy credibility-constrained quadratic optimization for booster chlorination of the water distribution system under uncertainty

Abstract To keep chlorine concentration at acceptable levels, chlorine is usually injected into the water distribution system (WDS). To protect the health of human beings, the chlorine concentration at consumers’ nodes should be kept at appropriate levels. However, these levels are difficult to determine due to the presence of fuzzy uncertainties. To deal with fuzziness at both sides of the constraints in the optimization model of booster chlorination, we propose a fuzzy credibility-constrained quadratic programming (FCCQP) model with a consideration of credibility levels and weight coefficients. The proposed model is applied to two WDSs to obtain the booster cost under uncertain conditions. The results indicate that the booster cost increases with the confidence level for lower chlorine concentration ζL. In addition, the booster cost decreases with the weight coefficient w. The booster cost function curves along with the variation of weight coefficients are concave and convex for scenario 1 and scenario 2, respectively. These results can help managers to make informed decisions on disinfection injection under conditions of fuzzy uncertainties.