Credibility Judgments Research Articles

The principle and state-of-art applications of Gravitational lensing

Gravitational lensing, since Einstein proposed, has developed into an essential part of astronomical exploration. On this basis, lots of projects will observe high-intensity explosive transients, such as gravitational waves generated by the merging of dense binaries, so as to improve the accuracy of cosmological observation. Strong gravitational lensing is an effective observation method, which can be used to observe dark mass (sub) halos and test various dark matter models. This study takes Gravitational wave as an example, analyses the application background and mode of explosive transient, and introduces the new measurement methods for dark matter detection. The measurement of redshifted chirp mass and luminosity distance of Gravitational wave is introduced through the formula. Analysis of the characteristics of dark of the pertuber through more group detections will be helpful for new investigation method in the future. In order to make a credible judgment of the nature of the universe, more experiments need to be carried out in these two aspects. This study briefly analyses the progress in these two fields, aiming to encourage more future exploration.

The effectiveness of influencer endorsements for smart technology products: the role of follower number, expertise domain and trust propensity

Purpose Considering the growth of the at-home smart technology industry and the increasing power of social media influencers, this study aims to examine how influencer endorsements affect individuals’ attitudes and trial intentions toward smart technology products. Design/methodology/approach An online experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of follower number and expertise domain of influencers and the trust propensity of individuals on their attitudinal and behavioral responses to influencer endorsements of smart technology products. The moderated mediation effect of perceived credibility was further examined. Findings The results demonstrated that individuals with lower trust propensity responded more positively to a microinfluencer with fewer followers and a specific area of expertise, which led to favorable attitudes and increased intention to try a smart technology product. However, the expertise domain was not a significant factor for the megainfluencer condition with a more extensive follower base. Interestingly, the interaction effects were not observed for individuals with higher trust propensity. Practical implications The results of this research provide practical implications for marketers who look for effective strategies for influencer marketing by demonstrating the significant impact of source-related cues, including follower number and expertise domain. Originality/value Based on the modality, agency, interactivity and navigability; source credibility; and persuasion knowledge models, this research explains how source-related cues of influencers affect credibility judgment, attitude formation and trial intentions for new technology products and how trust propensity as a personal dispositional factor varies the relationship.

Revealing complexities when adult readers engage in the credibility evaluation of social media posts

The internet, including social networking sites, has become a major source of health information for laypersons. Yet, the internet has also become a platform for spreading misinformation that challenges adults’ ability to critically evaluate the credibility of health messages. To better understand the factors affecting credibility judgements, the present study investigates the role of source characteristics, evidence quality, crowdsourcing platform, and prior beliefs of the topic in adult readers’ credibility evaluations of short health-related social media posts. Researchers designed content for the posts concerning five health topics by manipulating source characteristics (source’s expertise, gender, and ethnicity), accuracy of the claims, and evidence quality (research evidence, testimony, consensus, and personal experience) in the posts. Then, accurate and inaccurate posts varying in these other manipulated aspects were computer-generated. Crowdworkers (N = 844) recruited from two platforms were asked to evaluate the credibility of ten social media posts, resulting in 8380 evaluations. Before credibility evaluation, participants’ prior beliefs on the topics of the posts were assessed. Results showed that prior belief consistency and source expertise most affected the perceived credibility of accurate and inaccurate social media posts after controlling for the topic of the post. In contrast, the quality of evidence supporting the health claim mattered relatively little. In addition, the data collection platform had a notable impact, such that posts containing inaccurate claims were much more likely to be rated higher on one platform compared to the other. Implications for credibility evaluation theory and research are discussed.

Factors Affecting Trust in Chinese Digital Journalism: Approach Based on Folk Theories

Trust in online digital news has become a significant concern affecting social cohesion in China. Under the framework of folk theories, we interviewed urban and rural residents’ perceptions and imaginations of digital news credibility in China’s digital journalism environment. The study finds that digital media giants in China are utilised by both urban and rural residents. Regarding the behaviour of news avoidance, scepticism of digital news accounts for only a tiny fraction of the reasons held by news avoiders. Chinese urban and rural residents have similar perceptions about the impact of news forms, quality of information, and individual stances on digital news, while rural residents show uncertainty about the transparency of news production, which may be related to their education level and media literacy. The relationship between recommendation algorithms and news trust is overlooked by respondents. In addition, news seekers are more likely to display herd behaviours, which may mislead their judgment of news credibility. News avoiders may refuse to consume news because of their distaste for China’s digital news atmosphere, such as the ubiquity of unpleasant emotions, preconceived opinions, and attention-grabbing clickbait headlines.

Testimonial justice and the voluntarism problem: the virtue of just acceptance

ABSTRACT This paper examines the ‘voluntarism’ challenge for achieving testimonial justice and advocates the virtue of just acceptance of testimony as the right target for efforts to alleviate testimonial injustice. First, we review the credibility deficit case of interpersonal testimonial injustice and explain how the doxastic voluntarism problem poses a challenge to redressing such testimonial injustice. Specifically, the voluntarism problem seems to rule out straightforward control over what and whom people believe; thus, the solution to the problem of testimonial injustice cannot lie in voluntarily self-correcting unjust credibility judgements and replacing them with just testimonial beliefs. Second, we identify three distinctive characteristics of acceptance of testimony, as distinct from belief, and argue that, while it might be difficult to form credibility judgements completely voluntarily, it is easier to control one’s attitude of acceptance towards a speaker’s testimony. We hold that shifting focus from testimonial belief to acceptance can overcome the problem of (synchronic) involuntarism about testimonial belief. Third, we articulate a vision of a virtue of just acceptance of testimony that can move a hearer to collect the right evidence to reliably find the answer to whether a speaker’s testimony is true. Finally, we demonstrate that encouraging people to take a virtuous attitude of just acceptance towards a speaker’s testimony forms the basis of a remedial vision of education that can play a distinctive role in fostering the virtue of just acceptance aimed at testimonial justice.

Seeing is believing: Climate change graph design and user judgments of credibility, usability, and risk

Abstract Psychological science can be used to inform climate science graph design, resulting in more meaningful and useful graphs for communication, especially with non-scientists. In this study, we redesigned graphs from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) and compared participant attention and perceptions between original and novel designs with pre-/post-surveys, eye-tracking, graph usability and ranking activities, and interviews. Participants were selected for lower content knowledge and risk perception of climate from a sample of undergraduate students in the southeastern U.S. Here, we demonstrate our robust graph redesign process and the associated impacts on participants’ perceptions of graph usability, graph and scientist credibility, and risk associated with climate change. These findings indicate that interacting with climate change graphs may impact perceptions that are relevant to individuals’ motivation to take action to address climate change across political audiences, and possibly even more so among self-identified Conservatives. Additionally, participants who viewed graphs designed to align with research-informed best practices had greater increases in perceptions of climate scientist credibility and climate change risk, though these contrasts were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Participants rated redesigned graphs as being more trustworthy, which is critical to successful climate change communication, and our qualitative results provide a possible explanation and initial points of exploration for future research.

The influence of sustainability assurance report format and level on nonprofessional investors’ judgments

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the influence of sustainability assurance report format (separate versus combined with financial information assurance) and level (limited versus reasonable) on nonprofessional investors’ judgments.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses a 2 × 2 between-participants experiment with 436 US nonprofessional investors. The authors manipulate sustainability assurance report format and level to identify differences in judgments of information credibility, investment desirability and investment amount.FindingsThis study finds that sustainability assurance level influences participants’ judgments only when the financial and sustainability assurance reports are presented separately. Specifically, participants assess sustainability performance information as more credible and make higher investment judgments when presented with a separate limited, as opposed to reasonable, assurance sustainability report.Practical implicationsThe International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board expressed concerns regarding whether assurance reports accompanying emerging forms of extended external reporting (EER) effectively communicate the level of assurance provided by the independent practitioner. The result that assurance level does not influence investor judgments in the combined reporting format appears contrary to the idea that integrated reporting should provide connectivity between financial and sustainability information. The finding that investors make higher investment and credibility judgments with limited assurance is inconsistent with the intent of sustainability assurance professional guidance and recent research results. Together, the findings suggest that investors may not be able to distinguish between differing levels of sustainability assurance when this information is presented in a combined report format.Social implicationsStandard setters should consider how sustainability assurance report format and assurance level impact nonprofessional investor judgments.Originality/valueResearch on the effects of EER assurance report format is sparse. The results indicate that even slight changes in assurance report wording may cause investors to perceive that a limited assurance report conveys a higher assurance level than a reasonable assurance report.

Images, Emotions, and Credibility: Effect of Emotional Facial Expressions on Perceptions of News Content Bias and Source Credibility in Social Media

Images are an indispensable part of the news we consume. Highly emotional images from mainstream and misinformation sources can greatly influence our trust in the news. We present two studies on the effects of emotional facial images on users' perception of bias in news content and the credibility of sources. In study 1, we investigate the impact of repeated exposure to content with images containing positive or negative facial expressions on users’ judgements of source credibility and bias. In study 2, we focus on sources' systematic emotional portrayal of specific politicians. Our results show the presence of negative (angry) facial emotions can lead to perceptions of higher bias in content. We also find that systematic portrayal negative portrayal of different politicians leads to lower perceptions of source credibility. These results highlight how implicit visual propositions manifested by emotions in facial expressions might have a substantial effect on our trust in news.

From Transparency to Transactive Memory System: How Do Newsrooms’ GitHub Pages Shape News Outlet Credibility?

Amid the rise of computational and data-driven journalism, many newsrooms are using GitHub as a platform for collaborative work on news products. Despite the growing importance of GitHub in journalism, little is known about how a newsroom’s information disclosure on GitHub shapes audiences’ credibility judgment of the news outlet. Integrating theoretical insights from the transactive memory system and journalistic transparency, we conducted two online experiments in the United States. Study 1 (N = 225) explored whether newsrooms’ producer- and production-disclosure on GitHub impact news outlet credibility. The results show that production transparency could directly predict credibility whereas producer transparency could only indirectly boost credibility via perceived transparency. Study 2 (N = 210) examined how the two key indicators of TMS operation: team expertise diversity and experience diversity affected news outlet credibility. It was revealed that team expertise diversity could indirectly enhance news outlet credibility via perceived team specialization; team experience diversity could indirectly foster news outlet credibility via perceived team coordination. We discussed the theoretical significance and practical implications for newsrooms on using GitHub as an emerging space to practice transparency and build trust with audiences.

Credibility and trust of information privacy at the workplace in Slovakia. The use of intuition

PurposeEmployees may feel overwhelmed with information privacy choices and have difficulties understanding what they are committing to in the digital workplace. This paper aims to analyze the role of different thinking styles for effort reduction, such as the use of intuition, when employees make decisions about the credibility and trustworthiness of workplace information privacy issues in Slovakia. While the General Data Protection Regulation sets precise requirements for valid consent, organizations are classified as data controllers and are subject to credibility judgments by their employees.Design/methodology/approachData was collected from 230 employees in Slovakia using a survey questionnaire. Quantitative analysis using SPSS was conducted to describe employees thinking preferences when judging the credibility of information privacy in their organizations.FindingsThe survey participants revealed their perceived credibility and trust in personal data protection and thinking preferences. Unconscious thinking is the type of effort reduction often reported by participants, who perceive high credibility and trust in personal data protection. This study can help managers and data controllers in small- and medium-sized enterprises in reflecting about the way in which people use different thinking processes for decision-making about information privacy in their organizations.Research limitations/implicationsThis study set out to explore how decision-making processes at the workplace relate to credibility of data practices. Focusing on the use of different types of intuition, the authors explored whether the preference for a specific decision-making style can explain the perceived credibility of data practices. The part of the workforce in the sample did not have a strict predisposition to use either intuitive or rational thinking.Practical implicationsThe contribution provides scholars with an overview of the field of intuition, a field that is likely to grow given the challenges of digitalization for organizations, such as shitstorms, cyberattacks and whistleblowing.Originality/valueThe most well-known concepts from intuition research, e.g. the dual process theory, and practice are tested simultaneously, therewith contributing to the applied literature on domain-specific preferences for intuition and deliberation in decision-making.

Tweet Trajectory and AMPS-based Contextual Cues can Help Users Identify Misinformation

Well-intentioned users sometimes enable the spread of misinformation due to limited context about where the information originated and/or why it is spreading. Building upon recommendations based on prior research about tackling misinformation, we explore the potential to support media literacy through platform design. We develop and design an intervention consisting of a tweet trajectory-to illustrate how information reached a user-and contextual cues-to make credibility judgments about accounts that amplify, manufacture, produce, or situate in the vicinity of problematic content (AMPS). Using a research through design approach, we demonstrate how the proposed intervention can help discern credible actors, challenge blind faith amongst online friends, evaluate the cost of associating with online actors, and expose hidden agendas. Such facilitation of credibility assessment can encourage more responsible sharing of content. Through our findings, we argue for using trajectory-based designs to support informed information sharing, advocate for feature updates that nudge users with reflective cues, and promote platform-driven media literacy.

Patients as Feedback Providers: Exploring Medical Students' Credibility Judgments.

Patient feedback is becoming ever more important in medical education. Whether students engage with feedback is partly determined by how credible they think the feedback provider is. Despite its importance for feedback engagement, little is known about how medical students judge the credibility of patients. The purpose of this study was therefore to explore how medical students make credibility judgments regarding patients as feedback providers. This qualitative study builds upon McCroskey's conceptualization of credibility as a three-dimensional construct comprising: competence, trustworthiness, and goodwill. Since credibility judgments are shaped by the context, we studied students' credibility judgments in both a clinical and non-clinical context. Medical students were interviewed after receiving feedback from patients. Interviews were analyzed through template and causal network analysis. Students based their credibility judgments of patients on multiple interacting arguments comprising all three dimensions of credibility. In estimating a patient's credibility, students reasoned about aspects of the patient's competence, trustworthiness, and goodwill. In both contexts students perceived elements of an educational alliance between themselves and patients, which could increase credibility. Yet, in the clinical context students reasoned that therapeutic goals of the relationship with patients might impede educational goals of the feedback interaction, which lowered credibility. Students' credibility judgments of patients were a weighing of multiple sometimes conflicting factors, within the context of relationships and their associated goals. Future research should explore how goals and roles can be discussed between students and patients to set the stage for open feedback conversations.

Approachability and Credibility of Virtual Character Faces: The Role of the Horizontal Viewing Angle.

The present work explores how the horizontal viewing angle of a virtual character's face influences perceptions of credibility and approachability. When encountering virtual characters, people rely both on credibility and approachability judgments to form a first impression of the depicted virtual character. Research shows that certain perceptions are preferred either on frontal or tilted faces, but not how approachability or credibility judgments relate to horizontal viewing angles in finer granularity between 0° and 45°. 52 participants performed a two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) task rating 240 pairwise comparisons of 20 virtual character faces shown in four horizontal viewing angles (0°, 15°, 30°, and 45°) on approachability and credibility. They also rated scales on individual differences based on the BIS-BAS framework (behavioral inhibition system, drive, and reward responsiveness), self-esteem, and personality traits (neuroticism, loneliness). Both approachability and credibility were negatively related to the horizontal viewing angle, but the negative relationship was less pronounced for approachability. Notably, 15° tilted faces were associated with higher approachability than frontal faces by people scoring high in reward responsiveness, drive, and self-esteem, and scoring low in neuroticism and loneliness. Our findings highlight the conditions under which showing a virtual character's face is preferred in a horizontally 15° tilted over a frontal position. The differential impact of the horizontal viewing angle on approachability and credibility should be considered when displaying virtual character faces.

Waist-to-Hip Ratio Predicts Sexual Perception and Responses to Sexual Assault Disclosures.

The current work investigates the effects of target of perception's waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) on perceivers' judgments of sexual unrestrictedness and sexual victimization prototypicality. Studies 1a and 1b found that women with lower WHRs were perceived as relatively more sexually unrestricted. Studies 2a and 2b found that women with lower WHRs were perceived as relatively more prototypic of sexual victimization. Study 3 built on these findings to consider implications for responses to sexual assault disclosures. Perceivers disbelieved and minimized a disclosure of assault relatively more when made by a woman with a higher WHR. In sum, this body of work implicates WHR as a body cue that can inform consequential sexual perception. Thereby, this work identifies factors that could influence judgments of credibility of sexual violence reports, which may have implications for hesitancy to report sexual violence.

Factors affecting rumor spreading of social network sites

The emergence of social network sites (e.g. Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube etc.) has been playing an important role for modern people’s lives. The social network sites provide users online maintaining and expanding interpersonal space and opportunities. Many social network sites have been a platform to share the news and information with friends and family. The social network sites facilitate the information flow through user’s friend circle, so various information spreads quickly and so does rumor. This study adopts the theoretical perspective of an Elaboration Likelihood Model to identify the informative and normative factors that influence the credibility judgment of online rumors in social network sites context. Based on the 335 valid samples from the online questionnaire, statistical testing of research models using partial least squares. The results of this study are similar to the ELM claim that argument quality and source credibility have significant effects on rumor credibility. This indicates that rumor spreading of SNSs is based not only on the argument quality, but also on the source credibility. Moreover, compared with argument quality, the source credibility has a stronger impact on rumor credibility. This means that the degree to which the user needs source credibility plays a major key role to decide the rumor credibility. The study also suggests the possible importance of argument quality and source credibility of rumor. Specifically, we identified three components of argument quality and four components of source credibility.

“I Do Not Trust Health Information Shared by My Parents”: Credibility Judgement of Health (Mis)information on Social Media in China

ABSTRACT The surge of health misinformation on social media poses a threat to public health. This qualitative study reports how users process health misinformation from the dominant strong-tie social media, WeChat, in China. We conducted ten on-site focus groups involving 76 adult participants. Drawing on the apomediation theory and the dual processing model of credibility assessment, we found the heuristic approach to processing health information was the dominant route of engagement. We identified four categories of credibility assessment cues, including (1) expertise, authority, and commercial intent of original sources, (2) expertise of apomediaries (i.e. social media information sharers) and generational bias, (3) clickbait and sensational content versus objective scientific style, and (4) disconfirmation versus confirmation bias. We highlight that apomediaries are playing an increasingly important role in informing credibility judgment. Specifically, younger adults have formed a generational bias of deeming older apomediaries as cues of lower credibility.

Preschoolers' attention to and learning from on-screen characters that vary by effort and efficiency: An eye-tracking study.

Prior findings are mixed regarding the extent to which children understand others' effort in early childhood. Especially, little is known about how character effort impacts children's selective attention and learning. This study examined preschoolers' visual attention to and learning from two on-screen characters: One character exerting high effort with low efficiency and another character exerting low effort with high efficiency in solving problems successfully. Children between 3.5 and 6.5 years of age (N = 70) watched a video of the two on-screen characters successfully solving problems. Children's eye movements were recorded during viewing. Each of the two on-screen characters consistently displayed either high effort/low efficiency or low effort/high efficiency to solve four problems (familiarization). For the final problem (testing), the two characters exerted the same level of effort as each other and used unique solutions to solve the problem. Children then solved the final problem themselves using real objects. Children could selectively use either character's solution demonstrated in the video. Lastly, children explicitly judged how good the characters were at solving problems. Younger children were more likely to use the solution demonstrated by the character with high effort/low efficiency, whereas older children were more likely to use the solution provided by another character with low effort/high efficiency. Younger children allocated more attention to the high effort/low efficiency character than the low effort/high efficiency character, but this pattern was modified by age such that children's gaze to the low effort/high efficiency character increased with age. Children's explicit credibility judgments did not differ by character or child age. The findings are discussed with respect to preschoolers' understanding of effort and implications for children's learning from screen media.

Assessing the credibility of information sources in times of uncertainty: online debate about Finland's NATO membership

PurposeThis article aims to elaborate the context-sensitive nature of credibility assessment by examining how such judgments are made in online discussion in times of uncertainty caused by Finland's intent to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in spring 2022.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical findings draw on the qualitative content analysis of 3,324 posts submitted to a Finnish online discussion in February–March 2022. It was examined how the participants of online discussion assess the credibility of information sources referred to in debates on the NATO membership. It is assumed that the believability of the author of information is indicative of his or her expert power, for example based on the credentials of a scholar, while the credibility of information content, for example the provision of factual evidence is indicative of the source's informational power.FindingsPolitical decision-makers, particularly the President of Finland were assessed as most credible information sources, due to their access to confidential knowledge and long-time experience in politics. The credibility assessments differed more strongly while judging the believability of researchers. On the one hand, their expertise was praised; on the other hand, doubts were presented about their partiality. Fellow participants of online discussion were assessed most negatively because information sources of these types are associated with low expert and informational power.Research limitations/implicationsAs the study concentrated on credibility assessments made in a Finnish online discussion group, the findings cannot be extended to concern the credibility judgments occurring information in other contexts.Originality/valueThe study is among the first to characterize the role of expert and informational power in credibility assessment in times of uncertainty.

Adolescents’ credibility judgments in the digital environment from the perspective of making informed decisions

<p><strong>Cilj. </strong>Rad donosi pregled dosadašnjih spoznaja o načinu na koji adolescenti procjenjuju kredibilitet informacija i izvora informacija te ih sagledava iz aspekta donošenja informiranih odluka. Radom se želi ukazati na važnost razvijanja vještina adolescenata za učinkovito vrednovanje informacija s obzirom na ulogu informacija u procesu donošenju informiranih odluka.</p> <p><strong>Metodologija. </strong>Istraživanje je provedeno metodom analize sadržaja jedanaest oda- branih objavljenih znanstvenih članaka koji se bave načinom na koji adolescenti procjenjuju kredibilitet informacija i izvora informacija. Radovi su analizirani s obzirom na sljedeće kategorije: načini na koje adolescenti procjenjuju kredibilitet informacija i izvora informacija, pojave koje mogu umanjiti uspješnost vrednovanja kredibiliteta i uzrokovati korištenje informacija koje nisu kredibilne, utjecaj dobi na procjenu kredibiliteta i implikacije za obrazovne programe medijskog i informacijskog opismenjavanja</p> <p><strong>Rezultati. </strong>Adolescenti često nemaju dovoljno razvijene vještine za učinkovitu pro- cjenu kredibiliteta informacija i izvora informacija. Iako u nekim slučajevima vode računa o glavnim aspektima kredibiliteta i primjenjuju odgovarajuće postupke potvrde kredibiliteta informacija, u pregledanim istraživanjima utvrđene su pojave koje mogu voditi lošim procjenama kredibiliteta i loše utjecati na proces donošenja informirane odluke. Programi za medijsko i informacijsko opismenjavanje trebaju se usmjeriti na razumijevanje svrhe vrednovanja informacija i razumijevanje procesa mišljenja te na razvoj sposobnosti kritičkog mišljenja adolescenata. Potrebno je provoditi daljnja istraživanja vrednovanja kredibiliteta među adolescentima usmjerena na posebne skupine korisnika te specifične kontekste stjecanja, vrednovanja i korištenja informacija.</p> <p><strong>Ograničenja. </strong>Rezultati istraživanja ograničeni su na jedanaest radova pronađenih pretraživanjem baza WoS i Scopus i objavljenih 2001. – 2021.</p> <p><strong>Praktična primjena. </strong>Dobivena saznanja usmjeravaju programe informacijskog opismenjavanja prema razumijevanju svrhe i procesa vrednovanja informacija te razvoju kritičnog mišljenja. Predložena daljnja istraživanja mogu dati rezultate koji će pomoći u osmišljavanju programa za medijsko i informacijsko opismenjavanje adolescenata.</p> <p><strong>Vrijednost. </strong>Rad ukazuje na važnost učinkovitog vrednovanja informacija u procesu donošenja informiranih odluka. Donosi uvid u dosadašnje spoznaje, iznosi implikacije za poučavanje adolescenata informacijskoj pismenosti te nudi smjer za daljnja istraživanja.</p>

Fighting cheapfakes: using a digital media literacy intervention to motivate reverse search of out-of-context visual misinformation

Abstract As a significant source of misinformation, out-of-context visual misinformation refers to visuals presented in an unrelated context. This study explores whether a digital media literacy intervention that features reverse image search tools has significant effects on participants’ message credibility judgment, discernment of visual misinformation, and intention of using reverse image search tools. Data were collected from a pre-registered, web-based, between-subjects experiment (N = 905). Results revealed a significant difference on intention of using reverse search tools among three experimental conditions: active intervention that involved both knowledge and behavior, passive intervention that involved knowledge only, and a control condition. Specifically, active intervention significantly increased intention of using reverse search tools, compared to the passive intervention and the control. Neither active nor passive intervention had an effect on credibility judgment or misinformation discernment. We discuss the implications for future digital media intervention designs and journalism practice that aim to combat visual misinformation.