482BOOK REVIEWS Then matters change. Mt. Lebanon is increasingly drawn into a capitalist economic system that produces silk for export. Silver flows into the hands of merchants and moneylenders, creating a Maronite middle class. NaturaUy the Khäzins sought ways to participate in the creation of this new wealth, but capitalism proved too diffused and the members of their own clan too dispersed for them to keep on top of affairs. Enter the French missionaries and representatives of the Papacy, who have their own agenda for the Maronites. Rome wants the Maronites to get in line with the legislation ofthe CouncU ofTrent. Its messengers to Mt. Lebanon bring two major demands: to set up bishoprics with the incumbents making their residence within their dioceses, and to break up the double monasteries that housed both men and women. One further development was the foundation of aWestern-style religious order of monks. The book traces the economic and political struggles between traditionalists and modernists until the Khäzins find themselves outdistanced. The combination of economic development, active Roman intervention, and the growing independence of patriarchs and bishops causes their hold on the Maronites to crumble. The Khäzins did not go down quietly. Constant litigation over wakfs, properties that provided income, clashes with Ottoman governors, papal legates, patriarchs ,bishops, monasteries, and the sheikhs ofother clans fill the pages ofthe book. Some wording is awkward, for example, "to perform the sacraments" and to call Pope Innocent III "Innocence." Speaking of Rome as the Maronite "mother church" is certainly strange, since it had nothing to do with that church's origins . An excellent appendix contains maps, genealogical charts, a glossary ofArabic terms, and lists of patriarchs and bishops. A fuU bibliography will content the most avid student ofthis century of Maronite history. Charles A. Frazee California State University, Fullerton Late Modern European Becoming a Revolutionary: The Deputies of the French National Assembly and the Emergence ofa Revolutionary Culture (1 789-1 790). ByTimothy Tackett. (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 1996. Pp. xvi, 355. $39.95.) For two hundred years, historians have vigorously debated a basic enigma of the French Revolution: how a group of men without a preconceived goal, divided in their intentions as weU as their backgrounds, managed to come to- BOOK REVIEWS483 gether in an undertaking that ultimately led to the overthrow of the Old Regime. In this meticulously documented and convincingly argued study,Timothy Tackett has made a major contribution to this historical debate. Focusing on the first year ofthe Revolution,Tackett has conducted extensive research on the revolutionary experiences of the specific individuals who participated in the Revolution, examining their contemporary diaries, letters, and memoirs, as weU as newspaper accounts and reports produced by the NationalAssembly. Information gleaned from these sources provides insight into the transformation in the deputies' values and modes of thinking which enabled them to adapt to the process of democracy and representative government. The value of this approach is vividly apparent in Tackett's analysis of the transformation within theThird Estate which culminated in the crucial decision to proceed with a joint verification of credentials. (The significance of this pivotal moment in the Revolution's history has been mistakenly overshadowed by the more dramatic Tennis Court Oath and the storming of the Bastille.)Tackett cites four major factors contributing to this psychological transformation: the growing group consciousness and self-confidence of the deputies, the persuasive arguments of radical orators, the enthusiastic support of the crowds, and the Nobility's unwUlingness to compromise. Tackett provides particular insight into the mindset of the parish priests, depicting the internal conflict a number of them experienced initially between ardent sympathy for the viewpoints of the Third Estate deputies and longengrained habits ofdeference to the higher clergy.This deference rapidly frayed for some as the revolutionary dynamic progressed, and the assemblies of the clergy became the most contentious and acrimonious of the three Estates.Tackett traces yet another psychological transformation among the clerical deputies as many became disillusioned in the wake of decrees on church property and the faUure of the Dom Gerle motion, which called for Catholicism to be declared the state religion. In this studyTackett challenges a number...