Creation Of Institutions Research Articles

Contestable Monopolies on Violence: Polycentricity, Rebel Groups and Institutional Quality

ABSTRACT Competition is widely seen as a driver of improvements in institutional quality. We consider the robustness of competition, namely, polycentricity, in the form of the creation of institutions built by rebel groups in the course of civil war. In a variety of panel regressions and synthetic control specifications, we find minor evidence suggesting small beneficial effects of rebel institutions on state institutional quality. These effects, however, are not at all robust. Given that most conceptions of competition within economics involve incumbents hostile to new entrants, we view our findings as relevant for any complete statement on the effects of polycentricity.

Legal construction and its types in the complex of elements of law-making technique

Legal construction is a key tool in the law­making technique, ensuring the systematicity, logic and consistency of regulatory legal acts. The article considers legal construction as a methodological category of the theory of state and law, its place and role in the formation of legal systems. The relevance of the study is due to the need for theoretical understanding of the basic principles and methods of constructing legal constructions in the modern law-making process of Ukraine. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the role of legal constructions in the theory of state and law as the basis for the formation of the categorical apparatus of law, law­making activity and law enforcement. In domestic law, interest in the study of legal construction is increasingly evident. This applies mainly to industry disciplines, rather than general theoretical research. The latest developments in this area, as a rule, focus on the analysis and assessment of specific legal constructions already embedded in Ukrainian reality. The general issues of the nature and functioning of legal constructions remain outside the scope of discussion, in particular the rules and principles of their creation, the conditions of effectiveness, the principles of co­organization into an effectively operating system, the conditions of “transfer” from one legal system (branch) to another, the mechanisms of functioning and interaction, etc. It is shown that legal constructions are the basis for the creation of legal concepts, institutions and doctrines that ensure the stability and effectiveness of the legal system. The study focuses on the importance of legal constructions for building concepts of legal personality, legal relations, legal facts and other basic elements of the theory of law. The main types of legal constructions (basic, functional, complex) are identified and their practical significance is analyzed. The article also focuses on the problems that arise when forming and using legal constructions in law-making activities, such as inconsistency of terminology, lack of unified methodological approaches and insufficient adaptation to international standards. In the context of modern challenges, ways of improving law-making techniques through standardization, an interdisciplinary approach, and digitalization of legal activity are proposed. The proposed recommendations are aimed at developing the theoretical basis of jurisprudence and improving the law-making process in Ukraine in order to increase its efficiency in accordance with modern social challenges.

ACTIVITIES OF THE INSTITUTE OF COMMISSIONERS OF THE RSFSR ON THE TERRITORY OF THE UKRAINIAN SSR IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 1920S: REGULATORY AND LEGAL ASPECT

The purpose of the article is to determine the social and political conditions for the adoption of normative legal acts of the Ukrainian SSR in the context of the formation and activity of the Institute of Commissioners of the RSFSR (Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic) on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR in the first half of the 1920s. The research methodology is based on general scientific principles of objectivity, scientificity, and scientific validity, as well as historicism, with the use of special scientific methods (historical-typological and structural-systemic). The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the creation of various Institutes of Commissioners of the RSFSR (later the USSR) at the Soviet of People`s Commissars of the Ukrainian SSR (SPC Ukrainian SSR) is analyzed, and the characteristics of the activities of various commissioners in the SPC of the Ukrainian SSR are described. Conclusions. The formation and functioning of the Institutes of the Commissioners of the RSFSR (later USSR) at the Soviet of People`s Commissars of the Ukrainian SSR took place on the basis of the directives of the RSFSR (later USSR) with the subsequent approval of the candidates of the VUTsVK (All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee) and the SPC Ukrainian SSR. In their activities, the commissioners were accountable to the relevant People's Commissariats of both republics, supervising and controlling the activities of the relevant SPC Ukrainian SSR, and overseeing the implementation of the directives of the SPC of the RSFSR (with the consent of the USSR).

Компоненти процесу інституціоналізації довіри у фінансово-банківській сфері

Introduction. The current crisis causes shifts in the structure and functions of economic systems that are accompanied by a decrease in the level of trust to the state, to the banking system and financial institutions. When governments, central banks and financial institutions are unable to recover the necessary level of trust on national and global markets, they try to facilitate access to financial resources through quantitative easing measures, but the results of these actions are not effective if they are carried out without appropriate actions aimed at ensuring the necessary level of trust in the economy. The creation of a sustainable institution of trust allows to neutralize adverse political influence on the financial system, mitigates the negative effects of sudden regulatory changes, increases investor confidence in the financial market and its institutions, and, accordingly, increases the country's investment attractiveness, which is reflected in its sovereign rating. Problem Statement. The task of the research is to identify the shortcomings in building trust in the financial and banking system, to identify its components that need to be institutionalized to ensure sustainable trust of investors and society. Purpose. To determine the necessary regulatory measures to increase confidence in the financial and banking system of Ukraine and to propose methodological approaches to increasing confidence in the financial market. Methods. General scientific and special methods were used: generalization of theoretical sources, analysis of statistical data and regulatory documents; quantitative and qualitative approaches – to characterize the economic effect of restoring trust, analysis and synthesis – to assess the impact of trust on economic development. Results. The mechanisms of market discipline and their role in the formation of trust are generalized. The factors that influence the formation of trust as a sustainable social institution in the financial and banking system are systematized. It is determined that strengthening of state and legal regulation is a necessary component of building trust in the market regulator, which should have effective tools for market clearing tools. The need for additional requirements to increase the role and responsibility of trust rationalizers is substantiated. It is established that financial inclusion is an active component of the institution of trust, as it provides a transmission environment for the mechanism of market discipline and increases the number of alternatives when obtaining financial services, which has a positive effect on the elasticity of trust. The advantages and disadvantages of the process of digitalization of financial services are emphasized, in particular, the need for its regulation to obtain at the state level the synergy effect of the use of blockchain technologies alongside with the work of traditional financial institutions, as well as the role of digitalization in increasing trust. The methods and indicators that can be used to measure trust in the financial and banking system are demonstrated. Conclusions. The institutionalization of trust is ensured by complex and continuous work in the following areas: improving corporate governance, ensuring the effective market discipline mechanisms, strengthening the effectiveness of the State regulations and legal backgrounds for market regulators activity, increasing the role and responsibility of ‘trust rationalizers’, development and balanced regulation of digitalization, which ultimately allows to create a sustainable institution of trust that becomes a fortress of financial stability.

Instituto y no hospital. La distintiva organización que Ignacio Chávez concibió para combatir integralmente a las enfermedades del corazón en México. En el octogésimo aniversario del Instituto Nacional de Cardiología.

In 1936, Ignacio Chávez submitted a proposal to the Mexican government for the creation of a cardiology institute. He had studied in Paris, Berlin, and other European cities in 1926. Upon his return to Mexico, he founded the Cardiology Service at the General Hospital in Mexico City, the first of its kind in the country. The National Institute of Cardiology of Mexico was inaugurated on April 18, 1944, becoming one of the first cardiology institutes in the world. Chávez explained the purpose of this new institute: "We were born with the purpose of studying, researching, and controlling heart diseases." According to him, the institute should be a place where cardiovascular diseases could be addressed comprehensively, combining clinical practice with research and teaching to provide effective knowledge for patient care and scientific advancement. "A health center is for the patient, of course; but something more than that is necessary: a great school for doctors, a great laboratory for researchers, and a social instrument of human help," he said. This vision was summarized in the words: love and science at the service of the heart. Chávez successfully institutionalized cardiology in Mexico. From its inception, the institute became an internationally recognized center, attracting students from various countries. Alfredo de Micheli noted that under Chávez's influence and example, new institutions emerged in the national medical field and expanded onto the international stage. The institute founded by Chávez became a model for similar institutions on other continents and a driving force in the international cardiology movement. Chávez's legacy was a work of love, intelligence, and culture, dedicated to the heart and the care of humanity.

Guiding transdisciplinary synthesis processes for social-ecological policy decisions

Interdisciplinary synthesis research has been promoting significant advances in expanding academic knowledge. However, its application to address social-ecological problems poses challenges, typical of transdisciplinary research and co-production initiatives. Based on the experience of seven working groups from a Brazilian synthesis nucleus dedicated to co-producing social-ecological public policies, we present eight learnings to strengthen transdisciplinary syntheses. Those syntheses require flexibility in the working group dynamics to facilitate collaborative work, with frequent and short meetings held in easily accessible locations (1). They also require flexibility to shape different trajectories, depending on demand urgency, data and knowledge availability (2). Flexibility is also required to adjust to political circumstances, acknowledging that there are trade-offs between responding to urgent political needs and creating novel ideas, knowledge and outputs (3). In addition, the creation of formal institutions, particularly, formal engagement at the science-policy interface (4) and creating formal platforms for disseminating non-academic outputs (5) are key to stimulate the involvement of policy-makers and scientists in collaborative transdisciplinary syntheses. Symmetrical, horizontal interactions within a two-way science-policy linkage (6), alongside collective reflexivity on bridging diverse knowledge, skills, and authorities (7) are crucial for aligning academic knowledge with policy practices. Active involvement of individuals skilled in both scientific research and policy-making, who act as knowledge brokers, further strengthens this alignment. Finally, attention to create positive interactions and transparently communicating help to build trust among participants (8). These adjustments can enhance the potential of transdisciplinary syntheses to generate actionable knowledge at the science-policy interface.

The role of the Modern Cities Program in the renewal of the cultural and creative sector

The Modern Cities Program is the largest-scale urban development effort in the history of the country, with which the Government of Hungary aims to promote the simultaneous development of municipalities at the same hierarchical level. Its projects focus on the preservation of intangible and tangible cultural heritage, the transformation of urban public spaces and green areas into community spaces, the creation of institutions for sports and recreational activities, research and development, digitalization, projects for innovative and creative professionals, and public educational and cultural institutions. The study aims to analyze the funding granted for developing the cultural and creative sector of cities with county rights through the Modern Cities Program in the period 2016–2025, by comparing the size of their population, their strategic importance in regional economic policy and the relationship between the value of the cultural heritage with the amount of funding received. The paper unveils the distribution of grants over time and space, the modalities and proportion of grants, and the way the cities that has received grants align with the national strategy. This will also reveal a shift in the regional importance of the cities and their relationship. Until February 2024, the Government of Hungary has contributed more than HUF 322.6 billion (809.5 million EUR) to the implementation of 98 cultural and creative projects in 22 cities with county rights through its urban development support program that has been established for the development and regeneration of cities with county rights and to counter the dominance of the capital.

A Bibliometric Analysis of Audit Delays: Implications for Financial Transparency and Sustainable Development Goals

Objective: This study aims to provide a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of global research on audit delays, with a focus on identifying trends and factors that influence audit timeliness. The study seeks to assess the implications of these delays on financial reporting efficiency and institutional transparency, aligning with the goals of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions. Theoretical Framework: The research is grounded in the literature on audit timeliness and its impact on corporate governance, financial transparency, and accountability. The study also incorporates sustainability frameworks, particularly SDG 16, which emphasizes the need for transparent and accountable institutions to foster trust and contribute to sustainable development. Method: This study utilizes a bibliometric analysis to explore global trends in audit delay research from 2020 to 2023. Data were collected using Google Scholar and analyzed using VOSviewer software to map co-authorship, citation networks, and keyword co-occurrence. A total of 999 relevant publications were identified and analyzed. Results and Discussion: The analysis identified five key clusters of research related to audit delays: company characteristics, auditor tenure, regulatory frameworks, technological advancements, and industry-specific challenges. The findings highlight that larger companies, higher profitability, and complex audit processes often lead to delays. Regulatory requirements such as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and local regulations in Indonesia were shown to lengthen audit times. Technological innovations such as AI and blockchain have the potential to reduce delays but face uneven adoption. Addressing these delays is crucial for achieving SDG 16 by improving transparency and strengthening institutional governance. Research Implications: The study underscores the need for tailored solutions to mitigate audit delays in different regions and industries. It calls for increased adoption of technological innovations, improved regulatory frameworks, and context-specific approaches to enhance audit timeliness and institutional accountability, contributing to the broader goals of SDG 16. Originality/Value: This research provides a novel bibliometric analysis of audit delay literature, highlighting the intersection of financial reporting timeliness with sustainability goals. It offers valuable insights into how addressing audit delays can support the creation of transparent and accountable institutions, which is crucial for achieving SDG 16.

Artificial Intelligence in Morocco: Towards Holistic, Responsible and Ethical National AI Strategy for Moroccan Competitiveness and Strategic Intelligence

This paper analyses current achievements and emerging landscape of artificial intelligence in Morocco. It explores also the various challenges and opportunities related to the development of an AI ecosystem that facilitates the emergence of an agile, holistic, responsible, ethical, and forward-looking national artificial intelligence strategy that supports Morocco's global competitiveness and its strategic intelligence. Based on a methodological triangulation approach, we combined a documentary approach focused on a literature reviews and international benchmarks of national AI policies and strategies. In addition, we have proposed a conceptual model that outlines the essential elements and key enablers and drivers of the national AI strategy for Morocco. We have called it “LAFBAH AI Framework” focusing on Leadership & Vision, Adaptive Governance, Forward-thinking, Breakthrough Innovations, Agility in Implementation, and Human centred approach. This model is predictive and prescriptive, and most importantly, aligned with the Moroccan priorities and strategic orientations of Morocco’s New Development Model. The study's findings show that Morocco possesses strategic assets that can help it establish itself as an AI hub for Africa and bolster its leadership and digital influence. These assets mainly include the country's international commitment to AI, its participation in AI cooperation programs, a dynamic creation of institutions and university centres dedicated to AI and the start of a virtuous public and political dialogue on the subject involving the private sector, academia and civil society.Our research argues in favour of a holistic and integrated approach to AI in Morocco, which combines AI Governance with technological innovation, ethical and societal considerations to promote sustainable and inclusive development and enhance Moroccan competitiveness. It also demonstrates the urgent need to design and ensure the implementation of an innovative, adapted and integrated national AI strategy for Morocco. This national AI strategy should be designed as an integrative, agile, dynamic framework with a clear and integrated vision, ambitious strategic objectives, relevant priorities and choices and key pillars of AI such as responsible, ethical and innovative governance and strong ecosystem enablers, collaborative research and development, AI talent and skills, sufficient data and infrastructure.We have also designed the fundamental and necessary milestones for a new ecosystem of artificial intelligence in Morocco focused on the imperatives of the knowledge society, the digital, health, food and energy sovereignties of the country, while aspiring to be a hub of artificial intelligence in Africa.

Collective PES Contracts Can Motivate Institutional Creation to Conserve Forests: Experimental Evidence

ABSTRACTIncentives are a widely used tool for addressing deforestation and are often implemented as collective contracts. Local institutions are crucial to the solution of collective action problems associated with forest conservation, but we still have little knowledge of how to encourage institutional creation through policy. Since collective contracts do not eliminate freeriding incentives, we argue that their success hinges on their ability to stimulate the creation of institutions for collective action. To test these ideas, we analyze data from an incentivized lab‐in‐the‐field experimental collective action game played with natural resource users in four developing countries. The experiment simulates management of a common forest, and groups were randomly assigned to a conservation incentive payment condition. We observe how much group members attempt to coordinate on the creation of institutional rules and find experimental evidence that an external incentive program can stimulate the endogenous creation of informal institutions.

Актуальные проблемы кибербезопасности России: глобальный и национальный аспекты

One of the key problems of the world community at present is the unprecedented exacerbation of the problem of cybercrime, which leads to the growth of cyber risks and cyber threats to the activities of the subjects of the global economy. In Russia, there is currently an increase in cybercrime. The relevance of this study is under-scored by the necessity to investigate cybersecurity issues in Russia and to address these problems for the purpose of ensuring sustainable socio-economic development in the country. The aim of this article is to sys-tematize the types of information risks and factors contributing to the growth of cyber threats in Russia and globally, which exert a destructive impact on the financial and economic stability at both national and global levels. The research methodology includes structuring, comparison, generalization, systemic, economic, institu-tional, logical analysis. Based on the findings of the study, the authors conclude that modern cybercrime largely possesses a transnational character, and the manifestation of escalating risks undermines the financial and economic sovereignty of countries worldwide. This situation necessitates the need of creation of institutions that promote the assurance of cybersecurity in Russia and other countries of the world.

Complex cooptation: How regime complexity affects the stability of cooptation bargains—the case of China and the World Bank

ABSTRACT How do variations in regime complexity affect the overall stability of cooptation bargains amidst shifting great power rivalries? Increased complexity creates opportunities for institutional bargaining during cooptation deal negotiations, enabling cooptees to explore outside-options, engage in regime-shifting and countervailing institutional creation. While great power dynamics influence actors’ decisions regarding cooptation deals, regime complexity shapes their ability to employ cross-institutional strategies, affecting deal stability. Focusing on China's cooptation deal with the World Bank since 1980, we find that during the Cold War, the deal remained stable due to China's limited outside-options and significant power asymmetry with the US. Post-Cold War, increased complexity offered China with only limited outside-options, while it couldn't effectively engage in regime-shifting. The establishment of the AIIB, however, threatens the stability of the cooptation deal made in World Bank by providing China with genuine orum-shopping and regime-shifting opportunities. This analysis highlights how regime complexity and power dynamics interact to affect cooptation bargain stability amid evolving global rivalries.

Design by Transitional Committee: learning from the Green Climate Fund

ABSTRACT In 2022 at the UN climate conference in Sharm el-Sheikh (COP27), countries agreed to establish a new fund for loss and damage. This decision was one of the most significant outcomes of the COP, and something Small Island Developing States had spent the previous three decades calling for. The approach taken to realize this new funding arrangement includes many similarities to that taken to create a similarly significant new fund twelve years earlier – the Green Climate Fund (GCF) – including its design by a Transitional Committee. The aim of this article is to assess the extent to which the ambitions for the GCF have been realized, with a view to informing the ongoing design and early implementation of the new fund. To do this, the article compares the GCF’s present-day outcomes to its original intentions as described by the COP16 decision text. This paper finds that the GCF’s operation today only partially reflects the ambitions expressed at COP16. While the ambition for a Board with equal representation by developing and developed countries has been achieved, ambitions to expand the sources of finance and increase funding for adaptation have been mixed. The influence of the World Bank was a key point of tension over the GCF’s Transitional Committee period, and the Bank continues in the Trustee role today. The role of the Committee’s Technical Support Unit – the group of staff seconded from various international development banks and agencies to provide technical and administrative support to the GCF’s Transitional Committee – had an outsized influence on the shape of the GCF, such that these organizations continue to receive the bulk of GCF funding today. These findings suggest a greater plurality of voices providing such technical inputs would enhance the design of new funding bodies. The creation of new international finance institutions is relatively rare, so understanding the history of the GCF’s design is important for contextualising discussions about other climate finance options.

Nanotechnology and agriculture in the tropical region: The perspective of the National Institute of Science and Technology in Brazil

Agriculture in the tropics plays a fundamental role in producing food, feed and fiber for the world due to the diversity of production possibilities. However, despite its productive potential, there are many demands for technologies, whether for improving plant growth and development, monitoring field conditions, protecting plants from adverse climatic conditions, or pest control. Nanotechnology can assist in integrated crop management through different applications (e.g., nanosensors for pest monitoring and controlled-release nanoformulations of agrochemicals and biostimulants), thus bringing benefits to tropical agriculture. In this context, the creation of institutes with an interdisciplinary focus, such as the recently created National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanotechnology for Sustainable Agriculture in Brazil, can bring advantages through carrying out research and development, as well as transfer of technology for society, thus contributing to sustainable agriculture.

Returns, Marches and Countermarches: The Agony for Truth and Justice

The present research aims to describe and characterize the actions in the reparation processes of Grandmothers of Plaza de Mayo, and Mothers and Relatives of Disappeared Detainees, in Argentina and Uruguay respectively, in the period from 2005 to 2015, in the face of the effects of political violence and state terrorism. It is proposed to make visible what the organizations' actions have been to influence advances in reparations, with special emphasis on concrete actions in contexts of self-styled "progressive" governments. A qualitative research is proposed, with the substantive use of the technique of documentary analysis and in-depth interviews for data collection, and for the analysis of said data we proceeded through discourse analysis. The results indicate that the central axes linked to comprehensive reparation in each organization are oriented towards: psychosocial reparation, accompaniment in the search process, progress at the legal level, recognition by the State of its responsibility before the crimes committed, the clarification of the truth, especially in the awareness of young people, with an educational paradigm that encourages education for memory. Reparatory mechanisms have manifested themselves in a similar way in the contexts of political progressivism, both in Argentina and Uruguay. However, the Argentine context has established a greater deployment of policies, with a special focus on the restitution of rights, and guarantees of non-repetition, developing an instituting policy promoted by the human rights movement. In the Uruguayan case, although progressivism enabled the creation of new institutions, providing new spaces and a budget to respond to the citizenship and mainly to the victims' relatives, for truth, justice and reparation, these have been poorly satisfactory measures, in where there is still a consolidation of policies, demanded by the human rights movement.

ЗАКОН ОБ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЯХ ОБЪЕДИНЕННОГО ТИПА: ВЗГЛЯД ПАРЛАМЕНТАРИЯ

Federal Law No. 126-FZ of May 29, 2024 “On Amendments to Article 6 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Institutions and Bodies of the Penal Enforcement System of the Russian Federation”” provides for the creation of institutions of a combined, so-called hybrid type. It is planned to concentrate correctional institutions and pre-trial detention facilities in a single center, modernize and unify existing technologies in the field of regime maintenance and development of the production sector, as well as provide a reasonable approach to creating conditions for the detention of convicts, suspects and accused. Correctional institutions of the combined type are beneficial to the state, since the organizational and financial costs of moving convicts and escorting them are reduced; the efficiency of logistical support of the institution is increased; forces and means for the protection of convicts are being saved; it is possible to create modern production facilities that could employ all categories of convicts, while solving the problem of eliminating dilapidated facilities in order to improve the conditions of detention of convicts, suspects and accused. The article discusses some problematic issues that will have to be taken into account when implementing the reform. The main thing is the additional allocation of material and financial resources for the construction of centers or the reconstruction of old institutions; the creation of a modern socio-economic environment for employees working in the institution and their family members; a new type of head will be required, the expansion of staff with high qualifications, knowledge, skills and relevant experience; it is necessary to ensure the isolation of various categories of convicts, security and maintenance of the regime. The ambiguous attitude of local residents towards such construction should also be taken into account. The opinion that educational colonies, medical correctional institutions and detention houses could also be located in joint- type institutions was not supported by deputies of the State Duma. Nevertheless, this issue is not completely closed. It is subject to broader discussion with the participation of specialists, including on the pages of this journal, which may allow the relevant draft law to be submitted to the State Duma.

A Principled Approach to Financial Resource Collection and Allocation for the Realization of Human Rights in Creating a Global Fiscal Institution

This article focuses on fiscal legitimacy and its principles as an approach to the use of resources in the realization of human rights. It further reflects on the concept of the fiscal social contract in the creation of a global fiscal institution with a consistently clear purpose: raising living standards.

Analysis of Humanistic Exchanges among BRICS from the Perspective of International Institutional Creation

Humanistic exchanges among BRICS are an important support for BRICS cooperation, and play a crucial role in enhancing mutual understanding and friendship among the people of the BRICS and promoting cooperation. At present, humanistic exchanges among BRICS have shown vigorous development, but also face many risks and challenges. From the perspective of international institutional creation, this paper analyzes the impact of international institutional creation on humanistic exchanges among BRICS and explore the future path.

The role of the OAU’s Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Management and Resolution in the settlement of disputes and conflicts

The article, through the prism of the post-colonial situation with international and intra-state inter-ethnic disputes and conflicts on the African continent, examines the process of formation and development of the African security system through the creation of a quasi-judicial body — the OAU’s Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Management and Resolution. On the basis of the analysis of the declarations and decisions of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government, as well as the Council of Ministers, a retrospective analysis has been made of the events and prerequisites in which the conceptual vision of the Founding Fathers for the creation of a new quasi-judicial institution and its goals was formed. A detailed analysis of the provisions of the Declaration of the Assembly on the establishment within the framework of the OAU of the MCPMR is carried out, in particular regarding its structure, jurisdiction, tools for influencing a dispute or conflict depending on the stage (aggravation, escalation or de-escalation), the powers of the Secretary General, financing of the Mechanism and its activities, interaction with the United Nations, etc.). The article analyzes trends, based on a comparative analysis of the Mechanism with the quasi-judicial institution that preceded it — the Commission of Mediation, Conciliation and Arbitration. The trends observed during the creation of the Mechanism testify to the understanding and consideration by the Founding Fathers of those mistakes that were laid during the creation of the Commission and made the latter «stillborn». Such characteristic features, which, as already noted, differed from the CMCA and were typical for this period of the formation of the African international judicial system, of course within the framework of the OAU, include the following: strengthening the role of the Secretary General by expanding his powers; the emphasis was placed precisely on the prevention of disputes and conflicts and taking all possible measures to prevent aggravation or escalation of both disputes and conflicts; strengthening and expanding cooperation with the UN in order to ensure peace; development of cooperation with subregional international organizations. Finally, a significant part of the article is devoted to the problematic aspects of the MKPRM, which, we believe, caused the ineffectiveness of the Mechanism. In our opinion, the following reasons can be attributed to such reasons: the toolkit was based on «soft law», the officials were not appointed, and the bodies were formed from appointed or elected employees, but consisted of officials and relevant central bodies of the OAU itself, which made this institution a completely political institution that based its activities on geopolitical interests rather than on the sources of international law, the representatives of the Mechanism acted on the basis of their two primary mandates — as heads of states, governments or other duly authorized persons or as officials directly in the OAU. Thus, the Mechanism lost its meaning, because no one actually carried out activities on its behalf. In continuation of this, another problem arises — the lack of sufficient time for heads of state and government, the Secretary General of the OAU, etc., to properly exercise the powers of the representative of the Mechanism. We should not forget about the underfunding of the Mechanism, which often manifested itself extremely negatively during conflicts at the stage of escalation, when it was necessary to send a peacekeeping contingent or other peacekeeping missions. Key words: Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Management and Resolution, Organization of African Unity, international court

The main milestones in the history of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg-Petrograd-Leningrad (1724−1934)

The article briefly examines 210-year history of the creation, formation and development of the highest scientific institution of Russia, while being on the banks of the Neva River. During that time, it repeatedly changed its name: Academy of Sciences and Arts (1724−1803), Imperial Academy of Sciences (1803-1836), Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1936−1914), Imperial Academy of Sciences (1914-1917), Russian Academy of Sciences (1917−1925), and Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1925−1991). The article is based on the scientific report delivered at the meeting of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences on January 30, 2024.