Creative City Research Articles

Florianópolis, Creative City of Gastronomy UNESCO

ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to verify the impacts of the UNESCO title Creative City of Gastronomy (CCGU) for Florianópolis, a city located in southern Brazil. The qualitative research used as instrument an interview script considering economic and cultural impacts. The research showed that Florianópolis has unique elements from the value of specific and local ingredients to a characteristic know-how loaded with social aspects and commensality. Economic benefits are observed with respect to jobs and local development, professionalization of the workforce, and increase in tourists. Cultural benefits related to preservation of recipes and ingredients was observed.

Street Art Commodification and (An)aesthetic Policies on the Outskirts of Lisbon

In this article, I discuss how street art has become an ally of urban policies molded by the creative city paradigm in marginalized neighborhoods of Lisbon (Portugal). Based on a dense ethnography of a peripheral neighborhood of this Southern European city, I follow the trail left by how public power uses the commodification of street art as an instrument for urban regeneration, touristification, and management of inequalities. The different meanings and interests around this policy are examined in street art festivals and tours, focused on the participation of young people as local guides. This urban policy has changed the negative public image of the neighborhood, with street art being combined with a multicultural experience commodified in guided tours for tourists. However, by ignoring the opinions of the residents on the interventions, this policy follows a top-down approach in which street art aesthetics operate as a device of subjugation and maintenance of the subaltern, beautifying processes of exclusion.

Understanding tourists' perceived food consumption values: Do different cultures share similar food values?

While food research has gained momentum over the past three decades, research examining the role of perceived food values in food experiences and behavioral intentions among different cultures is limited. Applying the theory of consumption values and structural modeling, this study examines the influence of seven different perceived food values on food experiences and behavioral intentions from a cross-cultural perspective (i.e., Eastern and Western tourists in Macao). It further examines the differences between these two distinct cultures through PLS-MGA. The study involved a convenience sampling of 501 tourists visiting Macao, a creative city of gastronomy recognized by UNESCO in 2017. The results of the PLS-SEM test show that emotional value, health value, and cultural value have a significant influence on tourists' food experience. Specifically, emotional value has a negative influence on the food experience. Moreover, the results indicate that the two different cultural groups vary in the perceived food value in the travel destination. For instance, while epistemic and cultural values shaped the positive food experience for Eastern tourists, emotional value negatively affects the food experience of Western tourists. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.

The role of culture as a determinant of tourism demand: evidence from European cities

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of various cultural amenities on tourism demand in 168 European cities.Design/methodology/approachUsing data from the European Commission’s Culture and Creative Cities Monitor 2017, a series of regressions are estimated to examine the impact of various cultural amenities on tourism demand while also controlling for other factors that may impact on tourism demand. Diagnostic tests are also conducted to check the robustness of the results.FindingsThe results reveal that cultural amenities in the form of sights, landmarks, museums, concerts and shows have a positive impact on tourism demand. By pinpointing the cultural amenities that are important for increasing tourism demand, the findings aid stakeholders in the tourism industry as they develop post-pandemic recovery plans.Originality/valueThis paper identifies two key aspects of the cultural tourism literature that require deeper investigation and aims to address these aspects. Firstly, while many studies focus on a specific or narrow range of cultural amenities, this study includes a series of measures to capture a range of cultural amenities. Secondly, while many studies are narrow in geographical scope, this paper includes data on 168 European cities across 30 countries.

Strategi Branding Ambon Kota Kreatif Berbasis Musik (Ambon City of Music)

The existence of legal certainty is stipulated in the Ambon City Regional Regulation number 2 of 2019 concerning Ambon as a music-based creative city. This regulation was enacted on 20 June 2019 in Ambon. On October 31, 2019, Ambon was designated by UNESCO (United Nations Education, Scientific and Curtural Organization) as the City of Music. with the determination of Ambon city of music by UNESCO, the application of Ambon, a music-based creative city, should be held in accordance with the objectives of the Ambonese people. Music-based creative city as regulated by regional regulation number 2 of 2019. City Branding is a concept that developed from the term place branding. (Place Brand/Regional Identity). place branding is a new term which later stands for city branding. The purpose of this study was "to find out the branding strategy of Ambon city after it was established by UNESCO. This study uses qualitative research with data collection techniques observation and in-depth interviews. The results of this study can be seen that after the determination of Ambon city as a music-based creative city, so far the government also sometimes does not have breakthroughs in implementing activities to support Ambon city as a music-based city, and also the lack of supporting infrastructure.

KAHRAMANMARAŞ’TA EDEBİYAT TURİZMİ

Literary tourism is a type of tourism that gains importance with visits to real or fictional places, especially to destinations in Europe where writers and their work are associated. It is also of great importance because it ensures that the diversity of tourism is increased and spread throughout the year. Turkey has a very rich literary culture. If its value is fully understood, great gains can be made in the name of literary tourism. Kahramanmaraş is a city with a strong cultural background and many unique values. These lands have produced many poets, writers and bard from past to present. It is the only city in Turkey that has applied to the Creative Cities Network with the theme of literature. The study was carried out through the example of Kahramanmaraş, in order to contribute to the concept of literary tourism and literary tourism practices in the world and in Turkey. In the study, a situation analysis was made by making use of document analysis, one of the qualitative research methods, and the advantages that literary tourism would bring to Kahramanmaraş were revealed. In order to develop literary tourism in Kahramanmaraş, it is important to bring places related to poets and writers to literary tourism in different formats, to make literature museums more functional, to organize literature festivals, and to create literary tourism routes. The development of literary tourism in Kahramanmaraş will contribute greatly to the tourism economy of both the country and the region. Keywords: Geography, Literature, Literature Tourism, Kahramanmaras.

Towards a methodology for the assessment of culture-derived spatial economic development: The case of visual artists in the United States

The discourse of economic development through culture and its applications have increasingly received more attention in geographic academia. However, there has been little insight into how the breakthroughs and paradigms of more successful experiments could be sensitively and carefully used for the benefit of less experiences areas. This paper presents an attempt to rectify this, by proposing the use of tangible data from the United States, a country with extensive experience in cultural development and governance. It presents a piece of that research, in the form of a trial methodology for assessing significant clusters of cultural development and identifying their causes. After briefly overviewing the development of the theory of cultural development and defining some basic terms –artists and their definition for quantitative research, (creative) clusters, and creative cities–, a methodology will be proposed and showcased. It will depend on exploratory spatial analysis and the concept of the “artistic dividend”, a method of more directly measuring artists’ contributions to their local economies by counting their numbers and aggregating their income. Data will be taken from the American Community Survey for its thematic and spatial detail, with visual artists being used as an example category. The decennial evolution of clusters will also be inspected and displayed. Finally, the methodology’s further applications, possible evolutions (use of further literature review and regression methods for discovering factors) and distilled focus (improvements by qualitative methods) will be assessed, for its implementation in the final thesis.

CREATIVE CITY AS A FACTOR OF DIGITAL SOCIETY DEVELOPMENT

The article summarizes the study of the phenomenon of the creative city as a factor of digital society development in that it aims to solve the problems of the city as a complex social, economic, cultural phenomenon of XXI century digital era. The solution of the problems of the "creative city", which should be implemented in its practice, innovation, creativity, intelligence, which are fundamental for the use of digital technologies, is revealed. They are the condition for the implementation of a set of innovations in the digital society. The aim of the article is to conceptualize the creative city as a factor of the development of a digital society that develops in the context of such categories as "smart city", innovation, creativity, cultural planning. The research methodology is analyzed, which includes Agile-methodology as a theoretical basis of the digital society, which allows to reconsider radically the mission, functions, legitimacy, tools of activity in the creative city. The combination of synergetic, systemic and axiological methods and approaches allows to explain the peculiarities of the development of the creative city in order to increase the efficiency of digitalization of society. The social and axiological method revealed the values of the digital society, which is based on the cultural planning of the city, the cultural functions of man and the state. At the heart of the cultural sphere management of the creative city - the development of cultural organizations, which involves the use of cultural knowledge, insider processes, the use of cultural potential of the individual, which can change the development of the organization and the city. The combination of creativity and innovation, which contribute to the transformation of a creative city into a smart city based on digitalization, is revealed. The directions of development of digital technologies of the creative and smart city are considered and the management of the creative city in the context of development of cultural resources is analyzed. Therefore, the functions of digitalization should be developed to constantly support this creative ecology of the city. The opportunity to use effectively the resources of the city and its cultural resources using digital technologies will contribute to the formation of a digital city. The scientific novelty of the study in the analysis of a new problem, which has not yet been analyzed in the domestic social and philosophical literature and is of great practical importance for modern Ukrainian society. The practical significance of the theme of the creative city as a factor in the development of digital society is that it is studied in the context of cultural management.

Urban alternative cultural production in Turin: An ecological community approach

From the ashes of the creative city paradigm, there is a growing awareness of the urban creative economy as an adaptive complex system of intertwined actors and institutions. Yet, especially in the European context, little attention has been given to understanding informal and alternative art spaces and venues that contribute to the vibrancy of the urban cultural scene. Drawing on the emerging creative and cultural ecology literature, the article proposes a conceptual and empirical framework to analyze alternative cultural production as an ecological community. After providing a conceptualization of distinct types of alternative cultural organizations, we investigate the economic, spatial, and relational structure of more than 50 art spaces in Turin, Italy, an industrial city that has experienced a radical urban transformation based on culture-led development strategies. Using both a quantitative and qualitative approach, our findings unveil a distinction between centers pursuing artistic specialization and those more oriented toward aggregating diversified cultural activities. The two types of organizations coexist within the community, but the difference in their mission and operation influences the organizational structure, the involvement in neighborhood revitalization, and features of the local network of collaborations. From a spatial perspective, while the centers tend to cluster in the main peripheral areas of social and urban transformation, the analysis points out possible different locational choices and spatial dynamics for the two types of organizations in distinct areas of commercial and real-estate-led transformation.

Towards cultural sustainability in creative cities: what George Town, Malaysia can learn from Kanazawa, Japan?

The sustainable development discourse is currently at a crossroads where focus of its meaning and dimensions for holistic and real development have to be revisited. It has to be more inclusive and all-encompassing to also include culture. This study examines cultural sustainability in culture-led creative cities like George Town and Kanazawa. Though both cities purportedly leverage on culture, but the Kanazawa exemplar has proven to be a more successful model. Through qualitative approaches, this study investigated the George Town context vis-à-vis Kanazawa. Findings suggest that the development and theoretical discourse in George Town should formally include culture. It should be incorporated into George Town’s development plans and be part of the agenda for good urban planning and governance to ensure cultural diversity and sustainability.

Central and Eastern European regional centers in the focus of urban rankings and urban indexes

The relevance of the paper is predetermined by the fact that nearly 75% of the population in the European Union live in cities, so the European Union is committed to making cities more sustainable. Thus, recent years have seen an increasing need for studies on urban indexes measuring European cities as well as those on the evaluation of the indexes. The purpose of this paper is to prove that Central and Eastern European medium-sized cities as regional centers are an under-researched area in social science research. While one typical trend of this research is ranking based on various aspects as well as the determination of leading cities, the regional centers of Central and Eastern European countries are only tangentially included in this research. The research objectives: The analysis examines 94 regional centers in ten Central and Eastern European countries (Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Croatia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, and Slovenia) with regional functions at NUTS2 level based on a total of 41 different economic indexes and rankings. The research was based on the Eurostat Urban Audit database and the keyword search engine of scientific search engines such as Web of Science, Science direct, and Google Scholar. The research question: Which Central and Eastern European regional centers are examined by the different city rankings and indexes? The research results and conclusions are the following: 1) As a result of the research, it was found that out of the 94 regional centers, the most examined cities are Krakow, Wroclaw and Brno. A randomly selected city is included in only 11% of the studied rankings and indexes. 2) However, half of the Central and Eastern European capitals are considered areas for city rankings and indexes. The most studied capitals are, ranked in order of focus; Budapest and Prague, Vienna, Ljubljana, Bratislava, Sofia, Warsaw and Zagreb. 3) Based on the correlation analysis, we found a strong relationship between two indicators (Cultural Creative Cities Index and Smart Cities Index) which suggests that it would make sense to explore further relationships for which it is indispensable to have the right quality and quantity of data. All in all, it would be worthwhile creating an economic index measuring the performance of Central and Eastern European regional centers which could help regional and city governments as well as potential investors get an up-to-date and comprehensive picture of regional centers in the region.

Social Innovation – theory and practice from the perspective of "Creative City – Sustainable Region" (KRAFT) National Program – Excerpt

Social Innovation – theory and practice from the perspective of "Creative City – Sustainable Region" (KRAFT) National Program – Excerpt

Indonesia’s Creative Economy Agency’s Communication Strategy in Supporting Creative City

The creative economy as the basis for a city to grow has led to a concept of creative city. Communication and support from all stakeholders, including the government, economic actors, academics, and the community, are necessary to foster creative behavior in the city’s economy. This paper examined the Indonesian government’s role through its creative economy agency in engaging relevant stakeholders through its communication campaign program. This paper employed a qualitative research analysis to identify the communication strategy. Interview, participatory observation, and library study were data collection tools. The research finding shows that the creative economy agency adopted the communication campaign strategy, consisting of situation analysis, plan, implementation, and assessment. A campaign program called “socialization and facilitation of registration of intellectual property rights for creative economic actors” had enabled creative actors to build awareness regarding the necessity of having their intellectual property protected, which becomes the basis for the creative city.

Creative re-uses: The promises and challenges of temporary land use in Calgary

Temporary land-uses (TLUs), especially on vacant land in cities, is a topic of increasing attention in Urban Studies. More specifically there is a focus on how TLUs are increasingly an area of experimentation in urban planning and policy, in part because they have been shown to be a catalyst for urban revitalization. In this paper, we explore TLUs in Calgary, Alberta. Calgary provides a noteworthy case-study for several reasons. Firstly, the city has experienced a severe recession since 2014, and while policymakers have made some effort to allow for more flexible land-uses, this has not been presented as a means to urban revitalization. Secondly, despite a concern in the creative cities' literature on the importance of creative spaces for a more vital form of urbanism, issues of land-use remain largely underexplored. In Calgary the existing legal structures around TLUs in Calgary are an important limitation on their more widespread adoption, but in this study, we also investigated local attitudes towards TLUs to see if that too was having a limiting impact in Calgary. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with key informants, comprising a mix of local policymakers, officials, and interested citizens. We found that all the informants agreed that TLUs positively stimulate the local economy and urban life. Moreover, all agreed that government regulation and misunderstandings about the legal meaning of the word ‘temporary’ are significant barriers to increasing the adoption of TLUs across the city. However, we also found there was a clear divide between the two groups. One group viewed land-use bylaws positively, and saw it as a necessary factor for ensuring safe and quality urban development. The other group viewed land-use bylaws negatively, and the hindrance to temporary land-use adoption as yet another case of how land-use bylaws contributed to a range of urban problems. It became evident that this division is having a limiting impact on TLU adoption in Calgary and this division has to be addressed if TLUs are to expand beyond their currently limited adoption. Moreover, we found the literature on TLUs fails to capture a problematic local understanding of TLU in Calgary. The greatest barrier in Calgary appears to be a concern about the possible misperceptions, and political implications, which surrounded previous efforts to have temporary-land uses within the city.

Creative city networks: A social network analysis of a virtual community of designers in China

Inter-firm linkages have been commonly applied to measure urban relations. However, this is believed to be less suited to the study of today's project-based and people-centred production network of creative sectors. This paper aims to re-delineate creative city networks by highlighting the role of social relations in representing the inter-city links in cultural production. Using a large number of interpersonal connections extracted from a virtual community of designers in China (Zcool), we demonstrate the architectural features of this specialised urban network and probe for explanatory factors with regard to its centrality and connectivity. Our findings suggest that the structure of urban networks in design communities in China is polycentric, with a few large cities dominating the network. The centrality of cities is highly dependent on their economic and political power but does not necessarily follow the existing urban hierarchy. The presence of super celebrities plays a more important role than the size of the population. Moreover, it is the real-world communications arising from transport connectivity, cultural homogeneity, and economic closeness rather than geographical proximity that determines the strength of inter-city connectivity in virtual communities of designers. The paper contributes to current scholarship about urban networks in cultural production by adding a ‘socialised’ account in the conceptualisation of creative city networks and a better understanding of the formation mechanism of such networks.

A topological approach to the creative city: artists’ perceptions of cultural places in Paris

Abstract The paper delivers a framework for the analysis of creative cities based on a topology of cultural places and artists’ perceptions of these places in the Paris Region. We apply this framework to a survey of 267 artists by using mental maps to capture their perceptions of the places they regard as having contributed the most to their creativity. A quantitative treatment of these representations was conducted to identify what places attracted what artists, analyzing the reputation of places among artists and the properties of the network of creative places in the Paris region. The study renews the approach of creates city by replacing the mainstream approach with a subjective but quantified vision that starts from the artists’ perceptions of the places that impact their creativity.

Crime Film and the City: Imagining Toronto through Entanglements of Place, Culture, and Crime

ABSTRACT Crime films set in Toronto over the past two decades represent the city through a lens of crime and criminality and establish a cultural identity for it within the national imaginary. Drawing on material from interviews with key film directors as well as visual and narrative film analysis, this article traces three predominant images of Toronto: 1) a cold, prosperous, post-industrial center for a calculated, sophisticated pursuit of criminality; 2) a cosmopolitan, creative city where crime is akin to a craft; and 3) a multicultural metropolis of distinctive ethnic enclaves linked to criminal collectives. The analysis reveals how each image presents different facets of the global, post-industrial city, while drawing attention to its ambivalence. In these images, Toronto becomes a place where emerging cultural economies entwine with symbolic forms of criminal activity, new middle-class lifestyles have unintended criminal effects, and the promise of multicultural urbanism is dashed by the policing of incommensurable differences.

From Calatrava to the ‘Concha Piquer’ effect: policy change, unintended impacts of the ‘creative city’ and factors leading to cultural management inertia in València

In several cases the ‘Calatrava effect’, a deformation of the model of the ‘creative city’, has failed and the resulting effects have been perverse. In 2015, amid the collapse of this urban, cultural and socially segregating and elitist model, new local governments emerged that proposed a radical U-turn in terms of cultural and urban policy. However, in València, external factors (such as the conditioning resulting from long years of elitist and clientelist cultural policies) and internal factors (such as internal political competition between parties) have generated the ‘Concha Piquer effect’: the paralysis of democratising cultural planning and the permanence of an elitist instrumentalisation of culture. Some factors can be found in other European contexts that could help explain the relative continuity of the creative-city planning model in València, despite its challenges and limitations to democratisation and social participation in cultural policy.

The creative city approach: origins, construction and prospects in a scenario of transition

The change of the century saw the emergence of a series of discourses that conceptualised different aspects related with culture as key elements in the future of urban realities. The fact that these notions have become encompassed within the celebrated label of “the creative city” leads us to think that they form a self-evident model, fully assimilated and of general value. However, the review of the process through which a reasonably cohesive and accepted framework was constructed unveils the complex nature of the creative city. This article introduces the idea of the creative city as an “approach”, in the sense of an epistemological and methodological focus that is distinguishable, yet neither rigid nor closed. An understanding of this type is useful for assessing the validity and the imbalances of the creative city in the midst of an epoch of problematic transition, in which culture and the city are alternatively defined as spaces of conflict or spaces of hope.

ДИВЕРСИФІКАЦІЯ СОЦІАЛЬНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО ТА ПРОСТОРОВОГО РОЗВИТКУ МАЛОГО МОНОФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНОГО МІСТА – КЕЙС МІСТА ЮЖНЕ, УКРАЇНА

The article presents an analysis of the functioning of a small monofunctional city in the context of diversification of its development and contemporary approaches to urban planning. Using unique case of the city of Yuzhne by the demographic and socio-economic characteristics, the necessity of diversification of the economy and approaches to determining the city's development strategy through local activism, external grants, and the use of new concepts of urban development are shown. The purpose of the work is to analyze the factors of Yuzhne city development, assess the role of city-forming enterprises and determine the directions of diversification processes in a monofunctional small city. The analysis of the prerequisites for the development of the small monofunctional city of Yuzhne was carried by the indicators of demographic and socio-economic development. In order to assess the city-forming role of enterprises, their impact on the socio-economic development of the city was analyzed in terms of the job offer, housing and social infrastructure construction, participation in the creation of the city center and the arrangement of its public spaces. It was determined that the diversification of the economy of the small monofunctional city of Yuzhne should be carried out in such directions as the development of innovative industries based on the training of qualified personnel in educational institutions and the creation of an innovation park, the development of tourism and recreation. Diversification of approaches to city development aims the involvement of various actors through the local activism, external grants, the use of new approaches and concepts of urban development. Positive changes in the development of the small monofunctional city of Yuzhne are related to the elaboration of strategies for its development based on the concepts of sustainable development, integrated city development, innovative development, smart city, green city, creative city, and inclusive city.