Creation Of Capital Research Articles

The System of National Accounts and Alternative Economic Perspectives

Brent Moulton and Nicole Mayerhauser (2015) point out that, for more than 50 years, economists have featured the concept of human capital in their models of labor, growth, productivity, and distribution of income. The authors recommend the addition to the System of National Accounts (SNA) of supplemental person-level accounts: i.e., a System of Person Accounts (SPA). They see this as the best way of recognizing the processes of human capital creation as well as related issues of how income is distributed among individuals and families. The authors argue that this change would support three different perspectives from which economic activity can be viewed: (1) a current period outcomes perspective, (2) a risky possibilities perspective, and (3) a resources perspective. Moreover, these gains could be realized without changing the SNA in any substantial respects.

Rural economic development under devolution: A test of local strategies

During the past 30 years, the federal government has transferred more responsibility for the control, development, and support of public policy to states and local communities in a process known as devolution. In this context, economic hardships that have hit many rural communities often lead to increased tension over economic development strategies, which is further influenced by a community’s racial composition and racial history. Using devolution as a framework, we quantitatively explore the relationship between general economic development strategies, including two concepts that are linked to entrepreneurship, the creative class and bridging social capital, on several measures of economic development. Analysis includes rural communities that have historically excluded African-Americans from living within city limits, as well as rural communities that did not. Using data from 217 rural communities in the American Midwest and nontraditional South, we find no support for the creative class, the importance of tolerance, the importance of technology, or bridging social capital on increasing economic development, but we do find that formal education and incorporating economic development strategies are significantly related.

The two Marxes: From Jewish domination to supersession of the Jews

This article identifies two different patterns in how Karl Marx, in collaboration with Friedrich Engels, portrayed the relationship between the Jews and modern capitalism. The early Marx described modern economic life as domination by a Jewish spirit that is internalized by non-Jews and objectified in economic institutions. The Jews did not drop out of Marx’s mature work, as is sometimes supposed, but there was a major shift in how he linked European Jewry to capitalist development. The mature Marx, it is argued, substituted a new narrative in which the Jews, after contributing to the creation of modern capitalism, were then superseded. In addition, the article seeks to explain these patterns: it argues that assumptions about the Jews originally derived from Christian theology but subsequently secularized and transposed to economic life formed part of the cultural toolkit with which Marx and other classical German social thinkers constructed their understanding of modern capitalism.

Playing to Win: Raising Children in a Competitive Culture

Preface: Enter to Grow in Wisdom Introduction: Play to Win 1. Outside Class: A History of American Children's Competitive Activities 2. More than Playing Around: Studying Competitive Childhoods 3. Cultivating Competitive Kid Capital: Generalist and Specialist Parents Speak 4. Pink Girls and Ball Guys? Gender and Competitive Children's Activities 5. Carving Up Honor: Organiz ing and Profiting from the Creation of Competitive Kid Capital 6. Trophies, Triumphs, and Tears: Competitive Kids in Action Conclusion: The Road Ahead for My Competitive Kids Appendix: Questioning Kids: Experiences from Fieldwork and Interviews Notes Works Cited Index

The Relationship between Person-organization Fit and Employee Creativity: The Mediating Role of Creative Capital

This paper seeks to explore the relationship between person-organization fit and employee creativity. Based on the creativity literature, I develop a combined construct, namely creative capital which is defined as an individual’s resources from intrinsic motivation, task-relevant skills and knowledge, and external support, and propose that creative capital mediates the positive impact of person-organization fit on employee creativity. Theoretical and managerial implications including ideas on managing creativity (instead of managing for creativity) and future research directions are discussed.

State Culture Capital Foundation Importance Work Strategy for Support of Education and Professional Qualification Development of Creative Personality of Visual Arts

In national culture politics, one of the most urgent issues in provision of creative process, creative activity and professional development of artists is the insufficient funding for culture. State budget resources via the State Culture Capital Foundation are diverted for the needs of culture and arts with the aim – provide such environment of arts and culture in Latvia that would strengthen and increase the value of creative capital of culture and facilitate participation of as large part of society as possible in the cultural processes so that to help everyone to understand and analyse the world, to be flexible and open to changes. The work analyses the work strategy and tasks of State Culture Capital Foundation, volume of project competition funding, its usefulness and results, also indicators of cultural policy in work of foundation.

Processes of creation and commodification of local collective symbolic capital; a tale of gentrification from Athens

The paper makes an attempt to analyze the processes of creation and commodification of local collective symbolic capital in a previously-much-deprived neighborhood (Kerameikos-Metaxourgeio) in the Athens' city center in Greece. In doing so, the paper builds on David Harvey's theoretical analysis on the ways that monopoly rent is generated, by the capitalists, upon the uniqueness of culture, or in other words, upon the collective symbolic capital that marks a city, a place, or a neighborhood. In order to highlight the processes of generation and commodification of collective symbolic capital, the paper uses a typology, as developed by Cohendet, Grandadam, and Simon (2010, 2011, 2014) that demarcates the processes of creativity, and in our case the processes of collective symbolic value creation, into three layers: that of the underground (artists), the middleground (places, events) and the upperground (firms). The relational interaction of these three layers, produces creative externalities that are gradually deposited in the middleground that gives birth to the local collective symbolic capital of an area. This then can be a subject of commodification by the relational elements of the underground and upperground, but in very unequal ways. Moreover, the paper shows that the element of middleground can be regarded as the spatial terrain for struggles and antagonisms between artists of the underground and firms that attempt to create and appropriate the symbolic capital by invading into the middleground. Furthermore, the conceptual and analytical tool that the paper builds, offers a fresh way at exploring further the processes of urban gentrification.

Aspects of the accumulation of creative capital in a regional economy

We first construct a theoretical model of a regional economy that produces a final consumption good such as a knowledge good with two factors of production, namely, physical and creative capital. Next, we analyze the creative capital accumulation decision faced by individuals in this regional economy who aspire to membership in the so called creative class. Specifically, we compute the optimal level of education accumulated by the aforementioned individuals in this creative region. Finally, we delineate how this optimal level of education is affected by changes in the lifespan of individuals and by a parameter describing the growth rate of workers.

English

English

Digital Waves in Economics

The recent discovery of the Ledenyov digital waves in the economies of scale and scope led to an origination of considerable scientific interest in the modeling of new types of the discrete-time digital signals generators for the business cycles generation in the macroeconomics. Article aims: 1) to model the discrete-time digital signals generators for the business cycles generation in the macroeconomics, 2) to demonstrate the technical differences between the new model of the discrete-time digital signals generator and the existing models of the continuous-time (continuous wave) signals generators in the macroeconomics; 3) to accurately analyze the spectrum of discrete-time digital signals in the economies of scale and scope, 4) to improve the Ledenyov discrete time digital signals theory to precisely characterize the discrete time digital signals in the macroeconomics, 5) to better develop the complex software program to forecast the business cycles, going from the spectral analysis of the discrete time digital signals and the continuous time signals in the nonlinear dynamic economic system over the selected time period. The developed MicroSA software program intends: 1) to perform the spectrum analysis of the discrete-time digital signals and the continuous-time signals in the macroeconomics; 2) to make the computer modeling and to forecast the business cycles, going from the spectral analysis of the discrete time signals and the continuous time signals in the macroeconomics. The MicroSA can be used by a) the central banks with the purpose to make the strategic decisions on the monetary policies, financial stability policies, and b) the commercial/investment banks with the aim to make the business decisions on the minimum capital allocation, countercyclical capital buffer creation, and capital investments.

Questões de governança e os papéis dos stakeholders no ambiente do ensino superior brasileiro

This paper analyzes and aims to describe how the relationships that higher education institutions in Brazil nurture with their stakeholders impinge on their governance and affect their strategies. Such relationships work as mechanisms that help integrate and reproduce the interests of the stakeholders concerned, both within and out with the HEI (Higher Education Institutions). Such external counterparts, described as stakeholders, may be regulatory agencies in higher education (MEC), businesses, other government entities and professionals and corporate groups in society. Brazilian HEIs establish privileged relationships with external actors through which they manage to access or mobilize resources and coordinate actions with external actors, including regulatory agencies and auditors. HEIs may, in their practice, develop strategies according to the information they obtain through these stakeholders or key informants. Also, as concerned partners, the various stakeholders influence and sometimes determine the choices made by IESs e.g. the higher education courses they offer.The object of study for this research (Yin 2010) has been a private HEI based in Sao Luis, State of Maranhao - Brazil, where data and information were collected and some stakeholders could be identified and observed, which provide the organization with information it needs and, in turn, benefit from that relationship in terms of reputation and accrued creation of social capital. The analysis used concept of social capital, as defined by Nogueira and Catani (2007), to make sense of the set of actual or potential resources which are linked to being part of or “having” a durable network of more or less institutionalized relationships of inter acquaintances and inter recognition or, in other terms, belonging to a group, as a set of agents that are not only endowed with domination of ‘common’ resources, but are also united by permanent and useful links [ ... ] the amount of capital that an individual agent “has” depends on the extent of the relationships he or she can effectively mobilize and on the volume of capital (economic, cultural or symbolic ) that each of those connected manages [ ... so that ] the benefits gained from belonging to a group sustain the solidarity [among its members].

How higher education institutions contribute to the growth in regions of Europe?

Various studies show that higher education institutions contribute to regional economic development by R&D, creation of human capital, knowledge and technology transfer, and by creation of a favourable milieu. It is brought out that the basic procedure is to sum expenditures of the college community (students, faculty, staff and visitors) created by the presence of the institution and apply multipliers to account for the interdependency of economic activity in a local economy, resulting in an estimated ‘local economic impact'. The aim of the paper is to investigate the relationship between students in tertiary education and economic growth in NUTS 2 level in Europe from 1998 to 2008 by looking whether the share of tertiary students (measuring human capital) is correlated with the share of knowledge-intensive employment (KIE) in different regions. The increase in KIE is related to increasing levels of GDP per capita and R&D expenditures. Taking into account regional-level fixed effects, the share of tertiary students is not statistically significant. We found out that the increase in KIE is related to increasing levels of GDP per capita and R&D expenditures. The share of students five periods ago has a positive relation with the KIE: as we assumed, it takes time for the human capital to contribute to the economic development.

Spatial Distribution of Skills and Regional Trade Integration

This study is a theoretical and empirical analysis of the effects of regional trade integration on the spatial distribution of skills. We first develop a theoretical model in the economic geography field to integrate heterogeneous workers, housing, local entrepreneurs and skill upgrading by unskilled workers. We then analyse how the domestic integration of each state in the USA, approximated by truck registrations, influenced the location choice of skilled and unskilled workers in 1940–1960. By using inter- and intrastate trade flow from the US Commodity Flow Survey, we also analyse the impact of regional trade costs for the contemporary period (1997, 2002, 2007). The theoretical model shows that the bell-shaped curve of spatial development displays a sorting of individuals and firms. Only high-skilled workers increasingly choose the core region during the process of regional integration, while intermediate-skilled workers move to the periphery due to the increase in the price of housing. By impacting differently on the opportunity cost to invest in skill acquisition in the core and the periphery, this sorting influences the regional creation of human capital. First a regional divergence in education investment occurs and then a convergence, but only for high-level regional integration. The empirical analysis confirms that regional trade integration has been a determinant of the spatial distribution of skills in the USA.

A Dyadic Investigation of Collaborative Competence, Social Capital, and Performance in Buyer–Supplier Relationships

As supply chains become increasingly complex, the management of buyer–supplier relationships is essential for achieving superior performance. To enhance external collaborative relationships, many firms are investing in the development of internal relationship management skills. We propose that the development of internal collaborative process competence (CPC) is an important component for improving external collaborative relationships through the creation of social capital. Our research examines the potential for social capital, which is modeled as a second‐order factor consisting of structural, cognitive, and relational capital, to mediate the relationship between CPC and operational performance. Our findings provide insights as to whether internal competence alone is sufficient for improving the operational performance of the relationship. Based on a dyadic comparison of buyers and suppliers, we find that investment in internal CPC without building external social capital does not lead to any improvement in operational performance. However, investment in CPC is beneficial in cases where buyers and suppliers have also built a high level of social capital, which, in turn, leads to desired operational performance for the relationship.

Spatial distribution of skills and regional trade integration

This study is a theoretical and empirical analysis of the effects of regional trade integration on the spatial distribution of skills. We first develop a theoretical model in the economic geography field to integrate heterogeneous workers, housing, local entrepreneurs and skill upgrading by unskilled workers. We then analyse how the domestic integration of each state in the USA, approximated by truck registrations, influenced the location choice of skilled and unskilled workers in 1940–1960. By using inter- and intrastate trade flow from the US Commodity Flow Survey, we also analyse the impact of regional trade costs for the contemporary period (1997, 2002, 2007). The theoretical model shows that the bell-shaped curve of spatial development displays a sorting of individuals and firms. Only high-skilled workers increasingly choose the core region during the process of regional integration, while intermediate-skilled workers move to the periphery due to the increase in the price of housing. By impacting differently on the opportunity cost to invest in skill acquisition in the core and the periphery, this sorting influences the regional creation of human capital. First a regional divergence in education investment occurs and then a convergence, but only for high-level regional integration. The empirical analysis confirms that regional trade integration has been a determinant of the spatial distribution of skills in the USA.

Chinese Adaptations: African Agency, Fragmented Community and Social Capital Creation in Ghana

Chinese migrant entrepreneurs in Ghana perceive themselves as vulnerable, as regularly they encounter problems and their businesses fail. The adaption experiences of Chinese entrepreneurs in Africa, especially non-traders, remain largely unstudied. By looking at the interactions of newly arrived and established Chinese migrants with institutional actors, partners, local employees and other Chinese in Ghana, this paper shows the multiple dimensions of how Chinese entrepreneurs’ migration adaptation evolves, and how they create social capital to develop their businesses in Ghana. From the Chinese perspective, established entrepreneurs condemn the recent numerous “new” Chinese in Ghana as part of the root cause of problems, on account of their “poor quality and bad behaviour”; by comparison, the newly arrived Chinese attribute their challenges to deficiencies in the local people and institutions of the host country. The negative experiences of Chinese entrepreneurs in Ghana provide further evidence for, not only African, but also local Chinese agency from below, and suggest that the rising Chinese presence does not necessarily improve the social status of Chinese entrepreneurs or create a stronger, more unified Chinese community on the continent.

An Application of the Dynamic Network DEA Model: The Case of Banks in Taiwan

ABSTRACTIn this study, we apply the dynamic network slack-based measure data envelopment analysis model (DNSBM) to measure the efficiency of Taiwanese banks during the period 2005–11. Using the network structure, we define intellectual capital creation capability as one of the production stages. In order to capture the dynamics of the transformation process, the nonperforming loans and loan loss reserves are defined as carryover items. This study offers sufficient information for managers to understand not only the overall performance of their banks but also the efficiency of each production stage and the dynamic changes of the overall and divisional efficiencies.

Nature and sense of social capital in the revival of the cooperative movement

The role of social capital in activity of networks of civil activity is analyzed. The main approaches to understanding the concept of cooperation and the role of the cooperative sector in social and political, economic life of the citizen are outlined. It is investigated that cooperation has great potential for social support of the general population, especially of vulnerable social; focused on human values and is a source of social capital. It is determined that the neglect of social capital in creation of cooperatives is a major problem of reducing the cooperative movement in Ukraine. The main reasons for decline of the cooperative movement are the lack of understanding of its content and substance, prevalence of vertical connection and identification with the cooperation of the socialist period. Directions of the state activity to promote the revival of the cooperative movement are proposed. There are providing the legal support by creating a legal framework which would be assigned the status of cooperatives and cooperative systems, principles of construction and operation, guarantees to protect cooperatives, etc.; providing conditions for financial stability of cooperatives.

Internationalization of Tertiary Education Services in Singapore

This paper traces the development of the education sector from its nascent stage of serving economic development needs to the internationalization stage of fulfilling Singapore’s aspiration to be a global education hub. The state plays an important role in guiding and fostering development of the education sector in the creation and production of human capital for domestic production as well as cross-border trading to generate income and employment, and attract talent to the economy. Regional trading agreements can play a facilitating role for internationalization of higher education services, especially when commitments under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) are weak. Private education enterprises need no less regulatory measures than other economic sectors to function properly in the market economy — to add value, assure quality services, and yield benefits for education services purchasers.

Creation of Microfinance Banks in Nigeria: What is Their Main Object?

This paper recognises the Central Bank of Nigeria’s (CBN) reference to Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) as “Banks” and notes that this appellation connotes a meaning, which is liable to misinterpretation; hence, microfinance practice has been misconstrued and extended by some Nigerian practitioners, as synonymous with conventional banking practice. Therefore, we have examined the operating functions of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs), vis-a-vis conventional banking practice to ascertain and highlight the differences. In the main, both are depository financial intermediaries, but their objectives are different. While MFIs create social capital which transforms into wealth, conventional banks create wealth primarily via lending of money and other core banking activities. Additionally, MFI operations are limited to micro credit and micro deposit while target population is the poor; and their relation with clients is guided by social traits of trust, norms and networks. Conventional banks have no banking limitations; and banker-customer relation is guided by conventional banking ethics. These differences have tended to throw serious doubts on the appropriateness of the appellation of “Bank” as a proper nomenclature for an MFI. Therefore, the conclusion is made, that MFIs are not banks; at best, they can be described as quasi-financial institutions, which are liable to financial regulation. Hence, as social institutions, their main object Review Article Egboro; BJEMT, 7(3): 158-174, 2015; Article no.BJEMT.2015.080 159 should be crafted to reflect the objective of creation of social capital. The paper recommends that existing and up-coming Nigerian MFIs should be compelled by the CBN to adopt the Grameen Bank-style of management.