Creation Of Scientific Knowledge Research Articles

Simultaneous Discovery–Invention in Corporate R&D: Lessons from the CRISPR Case

AbstractSome companies invest in fundamental research, but many struggle when developing novel in‐house scientific knowledge and integrating it into their new inventions. While the literature advocates revised approaches to better understand this phenomenon, we investigate the processes that lead to Simultaneous Discovery–Invention (SDI). By adopting an abductive process, we propose a model that highlights the mechanisms of SDI. Notably, we reveal that teams must preserve independence in creative exploration during scientific knowledge creation and invention generation while maintaining intensive original knowledge exchange among them. We also demonstrate that anomaly detection and peer validation mechanisms are mandatory for SDI. We evaluate our model with a case study in the food industry: the discovery that CRISPR–Cas9 is an adaptative defense immune system of bacteria and the associated innovations in this industry. Finally, we discuss the insights provided by our model and the implications of our case study.

Someone Like Me: A Trial of Context-Responsive Science as a Mechanism to Promote Inclusion

This paper provides evidence gathered from two suites of non-formal science activities that were intended to increase engagement in science by culturally diverse groups. Both studies involved the delivery of science activities that were designed, implemented and evaluated to show culturally contextualised science. The activities were run in two very different contexts (urban and very rural areas) and were designed to be of relevance to two distinctive cultural groups (those with links to South Asia, and those being educated through the medium of Gaelic, an indigenous minority language in Scotland), while also actively engaging with those beyond the target group. The link between language identity and culture was incorporated into the design of both sets of activities as well as the qualitative evaluation. The latter considers how the participants’ assessment of the interventions, implemented by writing or drawing on a blank postcard, was designed to provide unstructured responses and explores what the resulting data revealed about the impact of the interventions. The findings suggest that the set of activities that most strongly engaged participants on the value of diversity in the creation of scientific knowledge, as well as increasing their focus on the consequences of scientific activity, were those that facilitated a more exploratory approach to the subject matter. By contrast, activities that had to be done according to a standard scientific protocol produced growth in subject-specific knowledge. The present paper explores the principles of the inclusive pedagogies that informed the design of the activities and discusses how these were operationalised in two very contrasting cultural contexts. The key finding was that presenting science as social practice, rather than as being socially neutral, is key to promoting engagement, along with the benefits of explicitly demonstrating the relevance of science to participants’ daily lives.

Innovation in sport medicine and science: a global social network analysis of stakeholder collaboration in rugby union

ObjectivesTo investigate the network of stakeholders involved in rugby union research across the globe.MethodsUsing author affiliations listed on scientific publications, we identified the organisations that contributed to rugby union research...

An Analysis of Indigenous Knowledge Systems Through the Eye of ‘iintsomi’ (folk tales)

The Indigenous Knowledge (IK) and Indigenous Knowledge System (IKS) are separate and different from the ‘international knowledge system’, which includes knowledge generated by the scientific community, namely: Universities, research institutions, and private firms. International knowledge is knowledge created based on modern scientific systems, research, and development, which are all part of the global scientific and technological enterprise of human civilization. This knowledge is acquired through formal education and ‘book learning’ and boosted by advanced study, internships, training, and mentoring that essentially ensure that the existing paths and developments for scientific knowledge creation, confirmation, and distribution are maintained and continued, which by and large is western in alignment. Therefore, this article aimed at promoting the value and the role played by Indigenous Knowledge Systems in the community. This was done by analysing the role played by songs in selected iintsomi (folk tales). Methodologically, this was a qualitative study based on a literature review assessment. The central thesis is that Indigenous Knowledge (IK) as opposed to Western universalism originates in a community of locals with a broader cultural background and is rich in its tradition (s), teachings and human conduct. IK is believed to be a critical basis of mannerisms and is the intertwining factor in society. Keywords: Indigenous Knowledge (IK), Knowledge, iintsomi (folk tales), Western Universalism

МУЛЬТИДИСЦИПЛІНАРНИЙ ПІДХІД ЯК ГОЛОВНА УМОВА ЕФЕКТИВНОЇ РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ СУЧАСНОЇ МОДЕЛІ ПРИРОДНИЧОНАУКОВОЇ ОСВІТИ В УКРАЇНІ

The article examines the problems of natural science education in Ukraine and their negative impact on the state of the intellectual sphere of society in the direction of the creation, dissemination and use of new scientific knowledge, as well as its transformation in the conditions of rapid changes in the global world space. It has been established that today the main problem of natural science education is its preservation without losing the high level at which it was distinguished in the past. It was noted that the main shortcoming of natural science education is the separation of disciplines of the natural science cycle with the maximum concentration on narrowly specialized training of specialists. It has been proven that one of the most effective modern models of formation of natural scientific knowledge is an educational model built on the basis of a multidisciplinary approach, which will ensure optimal integration of natural scientific disciplines and thorough fundamental training of specialists who have chosen the natural scientific branch of knowledge for professional activity. It is proposed to pay special attention to the preparation of interdisciplinary master’s programs. It is emphasized that in the conditions of a multidisciplinary approach in the implementation of natural science education, the importance of its integration with academic science is significantly increased.

Peruvian contributions to scientific publications on experimental research against COVID-19: a systematic review

Background One of the countries most adversely affected by the COVID-19 outbreak was Peru. Worldwide scientific knowledge creation has significantly grown because of this pandemic. This systematic study aims to examine several facets of Peru’s experimental scientific production concerning COVID-19. Methods Between December 2019 and June 2022, searches were made in the PubMed database for experimental scientific articles created in Peruvian institutions. Data were extracted and analyzed on the type of biomedical research, the study’s applicability, the thematic area and specific thematic, journal impact factor and quartile, funding, grants, and institution of affiliation for the first and correspondence authors. Results The systematic review resulted in nine studies that met the requirements. The results revealed that Peru needs to promote policies to boost research funding and the number of researchers to produce information that will be useful for managing diseases in the future. Yet, despite the funding provided by national organizations like National Council for Science, Technology, and Technological Innovation (CONCYTEC), there were few publications and little international collaboration. The studies that have been published focus mostly on applied research in the areas of diagnostics, sanitary products, and treatment and transmission, and they have great visibility because they are indexed in Q1 journals. Conclusions This thorough study revealed Peru’s inadequate reaction to COVID-19 regarding experimental scientific research. Peruvian authorities should think about supporting the required policies to boost the number of researchers and financial aid to produce information that may be utilized to manage potential new diseases in the future. Inplasy registration INPLASY202340080 (23/04/2023).

The Archaeology of Alchemy and Chemistry: Past, Present, and Ideas for the Future

The materials and practices of chymical procedures have become key sources of information among science historians, opening up channels for cross-disciplinary dialogue. This is especially true with regard to material culture-based disciplines such as archaeology whose bottom-up approach offers significant contributions to the new historiography of science. Parallel to this trend, some archaeological scientists who specialise in reconstructing past technologies have begun to address questions concerning the production and circulation of scientific knowledge, and have focused as well on the contributions of artists/artisans to the development of natural philosophical theories. This essay charts the history of this archaeology of alchemy and chemistry and its development as a sub-discipline of archaeological science. By mapping this history, from an initial period with a focus on metallurgy to current trends, it demonstrates how the archaeology of alchemy and chemistry both mirrors and, at the same time, feeds the broadening scope of the historiography of science. After surveying the most relevant works and highlighting the key contributions that archaeologists have brought to a discourse related to the creation of scientific knowledge, the essay also offers a series of ideas related to materials awaiting comprehensive study that will further strengthen methodological synergies across disciplines.

Doctorate education in Chile: The race to increase the production of doctorate holders and the obsession of quantifying quality

ABSTRACT The historical development of Chile’s doctoral education is closely tied to its semi-peripheral position in the world economy. Drawing from secondary data and historical sources on the development of doctoral education, we conducted a critical analysis of the different phases of doctoral education within the last 70 years, paying special attention to the reforms implemented in the last 15 years. Our analysis revealed that Chile’s doctoral education is going through a phase of rapid expansion of doctoral enrolment, internationalisation, and quantification of academic quality, responding to the paradigm of the knowledge economy. Particularly, we argue that the emphasis on quantifying the quality of doctoral education unintentionally undermines the potential of doctoral education to support the processes of scientific and technological knowledge creation that truly address the most pressing issues of Chilean society.

Critical Stakeholder Engagement: The Road to Actionable Science Is Paved with Scientists’ Good Intentions

To help stakeholders such as planners, resource managers, policymakers, and decision makers address environmental challenges in the Anthropocene, scientists are increasingly creating actionable science—science that is useful, usable, and used. Critical physical geography encourages the engagement of stakeholders in the creation of scientific knowledge to conduct actionable science and produce outputs that are directly relevant to stakeholder plans, decisions, or actions. Many scientists, however, lack formal training in how to partner with stakeholders using effective and ethical practices. In this article, we use the core principles for ethical research of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice from the Belmont Report (1979) as a suggested framework to examine the perspectives of stakeholders engaged in climate adaptation science projects. We argue that this framework aligns with the principles of critical physical geography and provides guidance for scientists to make their research more actionable while placing necessary emphasis on ethical considerations. We also challenge scientists to consider the broader ethical implications of engaging with these partners.

Peruvian contributions to scientific publications on experimental research against COVID-19: a systematic review

Background: One of the countries most adversely affected by the COVID-19 outbreak was Peru. Worldwide scientific knowledge creation has significantly grown because of this pandemic. This systematic study aims to examine several facets of Peru's experimental scientific production concerning COVID-19. Methods: Between December 2019 and June 2022, searches were made in the PubMed database for experimental scientific articles created in Peruvian institutions. Data were extracted and analyzed on the type of biomedical research, the study's applicability, the thematic area and specific thematic, journal impact factor and quartile, funding, grants, and institution of affiliation for the first and correspondence authors. Results: The systematic review resulted in nine studies that met the requirements. The results revealed that Peru needs to promote policies to boost research funding and the number of researchers to produce information that will be useful for managing diseases in the future. Yet, despite the funding provided by national organizations like National Council for Science, Technology, and Technological Innovation (CONCYTEC), there were few publications and little international collaboration. The studies that have been published focus mostly on applied research in the areas of diagnostics, sanitary products, and treatment and transmission, and they have great visibility because they are indexed in Q1 journals. Conclusions: This thorough study revealed Peru's inadequate reaction to COVID-19 regarding experimental scientific research. Peruvian authorities should think about supporting the required policies to boost the number of researchers and financial aid to produce information that may be utilized to manage potential new diseases in the future. Inplasy registration: INPLASY202340080 (23/04/2023).

A Conversation with ChatGPT about Digital Leadership and Technology Integration: Comparative Analysis Based on Human–AI Collaboration

Artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the ground-breaking innovations of the 21st century that has accelerated the digitalization of societies. ChatGPT is a newer form of AI-based large language model that can generate complex texts that are almost indistinguishable from human-generated text. It has already garnered substantial interest from people due to its potential utility in a variety of contexts. The current study was conducted to evaluate the utility of ChatGPT in generating accurate, clear, concise, and unbiased information that could support a scientific research process. To achieve this purpose, we initiated queries on both versions of ChatGPT regarding digital school leadership and teachers’ technology integration, two significant topics currently discussed in educational literature, under four categories: (1) the definition of digital leadership, (2) the digital leadership skills of school principals, (3) the factors affecting teachers’ technology integration, and (4) the impact of digital leadership on teachers’ technology integration. Next, we performed a comparative analysis of the responses generated by ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4. The results showed that both versions were capable of providing satisfactory information compatible with the relevant literature. However, ChatGPT-4 provided more comprehensive and categorical information as compared to ChatGPT-3.5, which produced responses that were more superficial and short-cut. Although the results are promising in aiding the research process with AI-based technologies, we should also caution that, in their current form, these tools are still in their infancy, and there is a long way to go before they become fully capable of supporting scientific work. Meanwhile, it is significant that researchers continue to develop the relevant knowledge base to support the responsible, safe, and ethical integration of these technologies into the process of scientific knowledge creation, as Pandora’s box has already been opened, releasing newer opportunities and risks to be tackled.

Non‐experts’ participation in processes of scientific knowledge creation: The case of Citizen Science

AbstractPublic participation in science and technology, is currently being encouraged in order to fulfil the calls for a more engaging, transparent, and ethical way of governing technoscientific innovation. Several institutional documents argue for the need to enrol non‐scientists into research programs; funding schemes devoted to public engagement seem to be paving the way for new baselines for knowledge creation and innovation paths that include the contributions of citizens. Citizen Science stands out as an opportune movement to lead non‐scientists to contribute to scientific research projects and technological innovation, and it has given rise to a broad debate intersecting many sociological aspects linked to participation and community empowerment. However, the participation of non‐scientists in data collection, analysis, and interpretation is not totally new; yet it has not had the same value across time, nor has it always been considered desirable. Indeed, volunteers' engagement and amateurs' contributions have been regulated differently compared to the current rhetoric of participation. This paper gives an account of the evolution of participation of non‐experts through the lens of Science and Technology Studies, investigating its desirability, how it is governed, and whether it matches the promises of Citizen Science practitioners.

Legal Characteristics of the Quality of Patents in the Sphere of Information Technologies: Statement of the Problem

Patents are an important element of economic growth that promotes innovation through the creation of new scientific and technological knowledge. The impact of patents on stimulating innovation and economic growth is undeniable. At the same time, the role of protecting the results of intellectual activity is emphasized in order to increase competitiveness and increase applications. As a result, the number of patents for applying new technologies and attracting new participants within the system (i.e. high-tech entities, research institutions, start-ups and networks) has grown exponentially, jeopardizing the future functioning of the patent system. Patents are still increasingly used by business entities and government research organizations to protect new inventions, IT solutions, technologies that generate new waves of innovation and contribute to changing the current national civil legislation of the Russian Federation.

La sociologie et l’anthropologie indiennes entre quête décolonisatrice et Occident. Réflexion à partir du cas d’Irawati Karve

This paper analyses the scientific knowledge production of Indian anthropologist/sociologist Irawati Karve (1905-1970) against the backdrop of India’s decolonisation. I shed light on her efforts to engage with internationally validated social scientific knowledge and to adapt it to local and national questions and traditions of inquiry. Through an analysis of her work’s reception, which includes sharp criticism by Louis Dumont, I discuss how Karve’s efforts were restricted not only by an international system of validation majorly influenced by scholars in centres in the global North, but also by the pervading colonial legacy of anthropology. Thinking with Karve’s case as an example of a double bind between nationalising/indigenising impulses in the creation of scientific knowledge and global inequalities in the geopolitics of international science, I reflect on the difficult position occupied by sociologists and anthropologists in the global South in response to the quest of decolonising knowledge.

Sample Selection Matters: Moving Toward Empirically Sound Qualitative Research

Increasingly, the broader public, media and policymakers are looking to qualitative research to provide answers to our most pressing social questions. While an exciting and perhaps overdue moment for qualitative researchers, it is also a time when the method is coming under increasing scrutiny for a lack of reliability and transparency. The question of how to assess the quality of qualitative research is therefore paramount, but the field still lacks clear standards to evaluate qualitative work. In their new book, Qualitative Literacy, Mario Luis Small and Jessica McCrory Calarco aim to fill this gap. I argue that Qualitative Literacy offers a compelling set of standards for consumers to assess whether an in-depth interview or participant observation was of sufficient quality and, to an extent, whether sufficient time was spent in the field. However, by ignoring the vital importance of employing systematic, well-justified, and transparent sampling strategies, the implication is that such essential criteria can be ignored, undermining the potential contribution of qualitative research to a more cumulative creation of scientific knowledge.

Development of citizen science as a mechanism of scientific knowledge creation in the digital environment

Aim. The presented study aims to identify the causes and factors that determine the positive effect of integrating the efforts of the representatives of institutionalized (professional) and social (citizen) science to obtain new knowledge in the digital environment; to investigate the phenomenon of “citizen science” in the context of current trends in the development of scientific knowledge creation mechanisms.Tasks. The authors examine approaches to understanding the essence of the concept of “citizen science” in relation to the concepts of participation, distributed knowledge, Science 2.0, etc.; identify opportunities and promising areas for the collaboration between professional and citizen science; formulate conditions and directions for further development of scientific knowledge creation mechanisms involving scientific volunteering.Methods. This study uses general scientific methods of cognition in various aspects to consider the phenomenon and concept of “citizen science” as a vital component of the mechanisms of scientific knowledge creation in project form using the capabilities of digital tools and network technology.Results. The genesis and priority directions for the development of citizen science are described. The reasons and factors of complementarity between professional and citizen science are substantiated. The development of digital tools and network technology is considered as an essential condition for further development of scientific knowledge creation mechanisms.Conclusions. The development of citizen science is a natural stage in the development of society, which requires consolidated efforts of the bearers of different competencies to collect and process scientific data for further development.

The impact of network positions in scientific collaboration on pharmaceutical firms' technological innovation performance: Moderating roles of scientific collaboration strength and patent stock.

Scientific knowledge is an underlying basis for technological innovation in the pharmaceutical industry. Collaboration is the main way to participate in the creation of scientific knowledge for pharmaceutical firms. Will network positions in scientific collaboration affect their technological innovation performance? Moreover, what factors moderate the firms' scientific collaboration network positions and technological innovation link? Using a dataset based on 194 Chinese publicly traded pharmaceutical companies, this paper constructs the dynamic scientific collaboration networks among 1,826 organizations by analyzing 4,092 papers included in CNKI and Web of Science databases. Then we probe the impact and boundaries of positions in the scientific collaboration network of pharmaceutical firms on their technological innovation performance through the negative binomial modeling approach. Our study confirms that degree centrality has an inverted U-shaped impact on pharmaceutical firms' technological innovation performance, while structural holes benefit it. Moreover, this article identifies that the strength of scientific collaboration positively moderates the U-shaped relationship between degree centrality and technological innovation of pharmaceutical firms, the matching of high patent stock and high structural holes can promote their technological innovation performance. The results deepen the present understanding of scientific collaboration in the pharmaceutical industry and offer new insights into the formulation of pharmaceutical firms' scientific collaboration strategies.

Comparison-and-contrast in research articles of applied linguistics: A frame-based analysis

This article reports on a corpus-based study that examined the comparison-and-contrast markers in research articles of applied linguistics. The main argument is that comparison-and-contrast in academic writing functions as a rhetorical act that realises text organisation or dialogic contraction and as a cognitive act that fulfils representational changes and knowledge creation. Drawing upon the methodologies developed in the FrameNet project, this study retrieved and analysed comparison-and-contrast markers in a corpus of 30 research articles. A total of 1285 markers in the corpus were found to evoke nine interrelated semantic frames defined in FrameNet. Altogether, these nine frames contained 12 conceptually distinct elements. Based on their semantic overlap and conceptual necessity, we identified three core (Comparative_item, Dimension and Agent) and two non-core (Evaluation and Indication) frame elements and generated a comparison-and-contrast frame for research articles of applied linguistics. This frame serves as a cognitive device for understanding how comparison-and-contrast, shaped by disciplinary norms and epistemological assumptions, contributes to the creation and dissemination of scientific knowledge in applied linguistics. Recommendations are made about how this frame can serve as a basis for future research.

To Strengthen the American STEM Workforce, Empower Workers

A just, healthy, and robust science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) workforce is vital to social organization and human well-being in the modern world. However, economic elites can shape scientific and technological priorities by defining the “national interest” and “needs” of the market, which greatly influences the future of human power relations and material conditions. When contemporary policy debates in STEM education and workforce development focus on how K-12, university, and technical education can provide a workforce for businesses and advance the “national interest”, the resulting policy agenda centers the interests of these socio-economic elites. This paper seeks to reframe debate on STEM education and workforce development policy from a paradigm of nation-state competitiveness and market demand to one centered on workers and democracy. We argue that “who governs” the science and technology workforce and “who benefits” from the status quo of STEM education and workforce development policy is not who should govern and who should benefit, but rather the political and economic elites which steer the world’s largest companies and states. This reframing not only recognizes the fundamental interdependence of economic and political power, but that power is a feature of a social order co-produced with and through scientific inquiry, technological change, and knowledge creation. We advocate for the reimagination of the status quo to recognize that the STEM workforce is composed of, first and foremost, working people. We argue for science and technology workers to recognize common solidarity with all workers and organize to determine their own futures. Lastly, we propose a policy agenda which would empower them to do so by strengthening labor rights and expanding the worker-owned economy.

GENETIC, CULTURAL, AND HISTORICAL DETERMINANTS OF KNOWLEDGE CREATION

Knowledge creation has been a pivotal ingredient of endogenous growth theory to understand differences in standards of living across countries. Yet, the identification of key drivers explaining cross-country differences in knowledge creation still remains a topic of central interest in this research field. In this paper, I provide a framework to hypothesize and empirically test the persistent effects of novelty-seeking traits on cross-country differences in scientific knowledge creation. The results suggest a positive and statistically significant relationship between both outcomes that is consistent with the hypothesis that the prevalence of novelty-seeking traits in society facilitates scientific knowledge creation through beneficial human behaviors related to risk-taking and explorative behavior. The empirical findings remain qualitatively unaffected when controlling for additional historical, biogeographical, and socioeconomic factors that appear as additional important determinants in the creation of scientific knowledge in society.