Creation Of Parks Research Articles

Institutional principles of creation and functioning of industrial parks at the level of territorial communities in the conditions of decentralization and smart specialization

At present, the industrial park as an effective mechanism for the implementation of the regional economy needs transformational transformations and modernization changes in industrial production, which will help increase the competitiveness and sustainable development of local communities. The purpose of this study is to develop proposals for institutional support for the formation and operation of industrial parks at the level of integrated territorial communities in a decentralized and smart specialization, taking into account existing international practice. To achieve this goal, methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, comparison, system approach, systematization, structural and logical generalization were used. The article studies and summarizes the international experience of creation and development of industrial parks. The tax and customs privileges provided to industrial parks in different countries of the world are defined. The legal aspects of creation and functioning of industrial parks in Ukraine are analyzed. The main barriers that hinder the formation and localization of industrial parks at the level of united territorial communities have been identified. The structural and logical scheme of the concept of creation and functioning of industrial parks in Ukraine is constructed. Regional development strategies for 2021-2027 are considered. Based on the analysis, it is established that in a significant number of strategic documents the priority areas include accelerating the achievement of competitiveness and innovation of the region’s economy on the basis of smart specialization. Regional strategies do not address the creation of appropriate conditions for the formation of the institutional environment for the development of industrial parks. Therefore, it is advisable to make changes and additions to the Strategies of regional development until 2027, the content of which is to include a set of measures to intensify the development of industrial production and the formation of a network of industrial parks. An analysis of the financing of industrial parks in Ukraine has been performed. Proposals are provided, the implementation of which will improve the institutional and investment-financial support for the creation and development of industrial parks at the level of territorial communities.

Organizational and economic principles of functioning of the infrastructure of investment activity in the agricultural sector of Ukraine

Purpose. The aim of the article is the development of practical recommendations for the development of infrastructure for investment activities in the agricultural sector of Ukraine. Methodology of research. The methodological and theoretical basis of the study is a dialectical method of cognition and a systematic approach to the study of the fundamental provisions of economics in relation to the implementation of investment activities in the agricultural sector of Ukraine. A set of special methods of economic research is used in the research process. The conclusions of the research are formulated with the help of abstract and logical method. The method of theoretical generalization is used in the critical analysis of research results of domestic scientists on the substantiation of the development of infrastructure in the agricultural sector of Ukraine. Findings. It has been proved that an important tool for intensifying the investment activity of agricultural producers at the level of the country and individual regions is the creation of investment infrastructure, as well as a favourable macro-environment. The main elements of the investment infrastructure should be organizations that provide information, technical and technological, research, personnel, consulting, financial support, as well as logistics services. Tools for regulating investment processes should be aimed at regulating inter-budgetary relations, coordinating the interests of participants in investment activities, placement of projects, providing investors with preferences, organizing their implementation. Originality. The expediency of creating a system of institutional structures focused on increasing the investment attractiveness and service of agricultural producers directly is substantiated in order to intensify investment processes in agricultural enterprises. It is proved that at the regional level it is advisable to create an agricultural investment park on the basis of agricultural higher education institutions and research institutes of agro-industrial production of NAAS of Ukraine, the main purpose of which will be a set of measures to meet the needs of agricultural enterprises in investment services. Practical value. The proposed measures for the formation of institutions for infrastructure support of the investment process in the agricultural sector of Ukraine, in particular the creation of agro-investment parks, can be implemented at the regional level (Vynnytsia region). According to the results of the activities of similar institutions in the Kyiv region, there is activity among small and medium-sized farms in the corporate sector to obtain services for investing funds in expanding their production and economic activities. Key words: agricultural sector, investment activity, infrastructure, agro-investment park, investment.

MECHANISMS OF STATE SUPPORT FOR INNOVATION IN THE PRC IN THE CONTEXT OF ITS INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT

The article presents the results of research into the practice of using state support mechanisms for innovation to stimulate the innovative development of China in the context of globalization. The purpose of the article is to analyze the tools of state support for innovation in the PRC and to identify the main areas for improving their effective use. In the course of the research, the mechanisms for state support for innovation in the PRC are identified, namely: direct and indirect budgetary financing of research organizations and universities in the form of targeted financing of operating expenses, as well as the allocation of targeted grants and placement of government orders for the implementation of research and development (RD tax preferences provision to RD investment of budgetary funds in the capital of venture funds; allocation of preferential state loans and credit guarantees to subjects of innovative activity; implementation of targeted public purchases of innovative products and services; financing of business incubators, technology parks and other innovation activity infrastructure. It is concluded that in the current conditions of innovative development of China the complexity and scope of financing mechanisms for Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) are growing on the basis of advanced concepts that take into account the growing economic value of knowledge and their flows and are aimed at improving the efficiency of innovation, developing interaction and cooperation at the regional, national and international levels. It has been found that a wide range of tools is being used to provide financial support to growing innovative companies in the PRC. These include, first of all, various credit guarantee and investment mechanisms designed to stimulate inflows of venture capital and bank loans. In addition, other methods of government support for small high-tech companies are actively applied, including grants for start-up research and development work on their venture projects, as well as the creation of business incubators and technology parks, which provide favorable conditions for the growth of such companies.

New South Indians: Tribal Economics and the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians by Christopher Arris-Oakley

Reviewed by: New South Indians: Tribal Economics and the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians by Christopher Arris-Oakley Courtney A. Lewis (bio) New South Indians: Tribal Economics and the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians. By Christopher Arris-Oakley. (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2018. Pp. 265. $34.95 cloth; $34.95 ebook) In New South Indians: Tribal Economics and the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, Arris-Oakley (associate professor Eastern Carolina University, non-Native) presents a case study of Indigenous economics via the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (EBCI) that sets a place at southern history's table for American Indians while acting as a much-needed contemporary augment to John Finger's Cherokee Americans: The Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians in the Twentieth Century (1991). The material spans the 1830s through 1990s, addressing [End Page 327] key moments in the economic history of the EBCI with a particular emphasis on government-driven initiatives. The book begins by describing the creation of the EBCI's Baker Roll (the founding census for its current enrollment), the launch of EBCI businesses (both governmental, as in lumber, and individual, with farming and wage labor), the status of EBCI assets, and the creation of the now famous EBCI Cherokee Fall Fair. Chapter two covers the creation of federal policies that impacted Native Nations, from the New Deal and the Indian Reorganization Act, to the creation of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, alongside the growth of the tourism industry on the Qualla Boundary. Chapter three moves to post-World War II, describing a time also known as the Termination Era when Native Nations came under attack by a federal government intent on washing its hands of Native Nations through dissolution measures. This chapter ties these national actions to the establishment of the influential Cherokee Historical Association, along with the creation of the Unto these Hills play, Oconaluftee Village, Museum of the Cherokee Indian, and the Qualla Arts and Crafts Cooperative, as the tourism industry rapidly increased. The book then moves to the issues of increasing China-made crafts competition and EBCI government attempts at diversification from the tourism behemoth. Chapters four and five break the last quarter of a century into two parts (the 1970s, then the 1980s with a bit of the 1990s). Chapter four looks at the pendulum swing of federal policy back to support of tribal sovereignty and the subsequent EBCI government actions to increase its autonomy through an expansion of its powers, as well as the continued promotion of the tourism industry along with associated challenges, and further attempts by the EBCI government at specifically tribal enterprise diversification, ending with the creation of the Cherokee Boys Club. Chapter five critiques Reaganonmics' impact on Native Nations, introduces the topic of gaming through the Indian Gaming and Regulatory Act and gives a brief background to the opening of the EBCI's first large-scale casino. [End Page 328] The stated goals of this work are threefold. First, an examination of twentieth century Indigenous economics and a tribal perspective (of the tribe, not from within) that looks at twentieth century Indigenous economics. Second, to "incorporate Native Americans into contemporary southern history." Finally, to "augment" and "build on earlier works to focus on the economic actions of the Cherokee Tribal Council." The weakest point of the three is the first. There is a marked lack of engagement not only with current economic theory (broadly, as well as specifically Indigenous), but also with a critical number of researchers working in the region, with the EBCI, and in Indigenous economic subfields (particularly historical and anthropological economics). This will limit this work's usefulness, especially in the classroom. Engagement such as this would have also helped to avoid inaccurate statements, such as Arris-Oakley's claim that the homeland of the Cherokee people, in what are now called the Appalachian Mountains, was "unwanted land"—a claim that the EBCI nation (well before it was federally recognized as such) and its citizens have refuted for over two centuries (p. 10). The second goal of incorporation consists of two unstated parts: to place this material within southern historical literature and, conversely, to incorporate southern history into this study. As...

«Көлсай көлдері» ұлттық табиғи паркіндегі таутекенің қазіргі жағдайы

Since 2011, a one-time census of mountain goat on the territory of the State National Natural Park “Kolsai Lakes” has been carried out along 17 routes together with the staff of the Institute of Zoology. The mountain goat was counted by the methods of accounting for the main game and rare species of animals in Kazakhstan. The counts were carried out in spring and autumn. This article provides the results of the credentials on 17 routes by age, sex, abundance and habitat of ibex in 2020. The creation of the State National Natural Park “Kolsai Lakes” since 2007, following the results of 10 years, the number of ibex has increased significantly. In turn, this increase in numbers favors an increase in the number of Snow Leopards in their habitats.

PENERAPAN PBL MELALUI PEMBUATAN TAMAN RUMPUT PADA MATERI LINGKARAN DI KELAS VIII

This study aims to determine 1) the student's activity during the implementation of PBL models and 2) student learning outcomes after the implementation of PBL models through the creation of grass park on the material circle in class VIII SMP Negeri 1 Pagaralam. This research is an experimental research category one shot case study involving 32 students of class VIII SMP Negeri 1 Pagaralam. The results showed that the activity of students during the loading applied to the model PBL through grass park is categorized as very active seen from the activity of visual, verbal, listening, metrics, and writing. While student learning outcomes after the implementation of the PBL model through the creation of grass park are categorized very well as indicated by the average value of students. Thus, the PBL model is very suitable for use in mathematics, especially in the area of a circle of matter.

Glosa do wyroku Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego z dnia 8 maja 2018 r., II OSK 1357/17 – aprobująca

The judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court of 8 May 2018 concerns the issue of relations of property rights to public interest, in connection with the resolution of the commune council, regarding the creation of a culture park. The resolution introduces a specific public-law regime in a given area, taking into account the general needs, which simultaneously causes interference in the sphere of subjective rights, in particular through a system of prohibitions and restrictions. The judgment is based on the conviction that there is a need in the public space to protect cultural values. In the aspect of the constitutional principle of proportionality, it is also important to consider the private interest in the area covered by protection in the form of a culture park.

The new patents usage in the republic of Armenia during the ethnographic parks creation

A concept for creating an ethnographic park “Armenia of All Times” with the “Research Centre of Armenology” in the Republic of Armenia (RA) has been developed, where the achievements of Armenian architects from the ancient world to our days will be presented. The potential usage of a number of new RA patents in the design, construction and operation of Armenian ethnographic parks both in Armenia and in countries with an Armenian diaspora is considered. A conceptual model - a system, which provides an overall view of the subject is proposed. A brief description of a number of new RA patents obtained in 2016, 2017 and 2018 is given. The patents feature a movable rod - corrugated bulk structure for covering the archaeological objects found in excavations, a single-storey linear structure with a complex relief for the movement of visitors in the ethnographic park and pavilion coverings with fixed and adjustable structures for the presentation of various exhibits.

Industrial Construction: Investment Support in Entrepreneurship

The article deals with the main directions of solving the problem of insufficient investment attractiveness of industrial construction in the Irkutsk region. A lot of research is devoted to the improvement of investment attractiveness and competitiveness of construction projects. Investments are considered not only as a source for economic growth, but also as a factor of competitiveness of regional economy and construction. The article highlights the main problems and prospects of development to raise the investment attractiveness of regional construction projects. The author has reviewed the impact of investment attractiveness on the formation of con-competitive advantages of a territory. Increasing the investment attractiveness of industrial construction can be achieved through the implementation of a set of measures providing for: the development of the regulatory and legislative framework governing investment relations in construction; improvement of the organizational and economic mechanism, including tools for managing investment projects in industrial construction; integration of programs of the state support and stimulation of creation of industrial parks, construction of objects of infrastructure, engineering preparation in borders of the land plot allocated for building.

POE Research on the Role and Effect of Landscape Design Supervision in the Creation of Large Parks: Gwanggyo Lake Park

POE Research on the Role and Effect of Landscape Design Supervision in the Creation of Large Parks: Gwanggyo Lake Park

A Project to Improve the Profitability of the Use of Park Areas (Evidence from Zaryadye Park, Moscow City, Russia)

For the effective functioning of a large city, a metropolis, it is extremely important to have in the infrastructure areas and facilities for recreation of citizens, for cultural and entertainment leisure. In this article, it is offered to consider the unique project, which was accomplished in Moscow, the capital of the Russian Federation, in the very city center – the creation of multipurpose Zaryadye Park. The article presents the technology of creating a modern park infrastructure, as well as a comparative analysis of foreign and domestic practices in the development of new recreation opportunities. In addition, the article proposes to intensify the use of the socio-engineering methodology of management decision-making that provides a scientific basis for the project activity. Much attention is paid to the tasks which arise with regard to modern park areas. This includes a broad range of scientific and educational programs that contribute to sparking an interest in different age groups to knowledge and innovation, as well as the uncovering historical and natural resources of Russia, creating an oasis for recreation and walks. Moscow State Autonomous Cultural Institution Zaryadye Park is the first park built within the boundaries of the Boulevard Ring. It is a new cultural driver of Moscow, a key link in the network of walking routes around the Kremlin. Unlike other Moscow parks, which have vast territories for the organization of recreational activities, Zaryadye Park has a number of features, which make it unique, namely, a rather small area, multilevelness, botanical collection that demonstrates the natural diversity of Russia, media complexes, which have no analogues in Moscow, and a broad range of offered scientific and educational programs. Various information kiosks are available in the Zaryadye Park for visitors, as well as tourist information centers, exhibition halls, souvenir and gift shops, cafés and bars, the ice cave, the florarium, Sacred Embassy scientific-educational center; large amphitheater, concert hall, and modern gastronomic food court.

Park kulturowy a planowanie przestrzenne

The article presents the institution of a cultural park, which is a form of protection of historical monuments. The influence of cultural park assumptions on spatial planning in the commune was pointed out. At the same time, it was shown that the creation of a cultural park is to a large extent dependent on existing planning documents.

RUSSIAN INDUSTRIAL PARKS AS NATURAL INSTITUTES OF DEVELOPMENT

The numerous development institutions created in Russia in general economic terms are not yet sufficiently effective. Now, not only serious work is needed to improve the legal and regulatory framework of their functioning, but also to develop practices for influencing strategic areas of the economy with their help. The problem of establishing the interaction of development institutions with each other is also acute. Against the background of dissatisfaction with the activities of the vast majority of artificially engineered Russian development institutions, it is very favorably allocated industrial parks. Industrial parks are, in fact, the natural development institutions, because, firstly, private capital is actively involved in their creation, and, secondly, the initiative to create parks itself comes from “bottom”, i.e. comes from business, municipal and regional authorities. An analysis of various sources of information (data from the Geoinformation System of Industrial Parks of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation, the Association of Industrial Parks of Russia and the industrial real estate business company TBI Group) shows that in Russian regions there is interest in the creation of industrial parks from business and local authorities. Based on theanalysis of available data, the paper concludes that skillful support for the rising industry of industrial parks can be very effective in socio-economic terms, since at a relatively low budget costs the real sector of Russian regions can receive a strong development stimulus.

Biologia de Phyllostomus hastatus (Pallas, 1767) (Chiroptera, Mammalia) em dois parques urbanos no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Studies about bats biology encompassing diet, reproduction and parasitology are important to understand the role of these small animals in the ecosystem. However, few studies present such information. Therefore, the present paper was made to congregate information about biology of Phyllostomus hastatus, and compare the results between two urban parks at Rio de Janeiro City (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil): Parque Natural Municipal da Freguesia (PNMF) and Parque Estadual da Pedra Branca (PEPB), the latter being considerably larger than the other one. Long-term fieldworks were conducted in both areas and data on biometry, reproduction, parasites and diet were assembled. Animals were captured in mists nets and put in cotton sacs, from where fecal material was collected for further analysis. They were measured alive and inspected for reproductive stage; ectoparasites were collected and blood smears were made whenever possible. Bats were released at the end of the fieldwork. The feces and blood material were analyzed at the lab. Thus, 53 specimens of Phyllostomus were captured, 13 from PNMF and 40 from PEPB. We found individuals with smaller measurements at the most anthropized park – the Freguesia Park; reproduction occurred between September and December at both parks; diet included Curcubitaceae, Urticaceae, Bombacaceae, Lythraceae, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera and Diptera. Concerning ectoparasites, Diptera and Acari were recorded; no haemoparasites were found in the blood smears. Although specimens from the smaller park seem to be most affected by anthropization, our results reinforce the idea that the creation of small parks is important for species maintenance, since it may serve as ecological corridor and as a food source for the animals.

Plotting a future for Amazonian canga vegetation in a campo rupestre context.

In order to establish effective conservation strategy, drivers of local and regional patterns of biodiversity need to be understood. The composition of local biodiversity is dependent on a number of factors including evolution and redistribution of lineages through dispersal and environmental heterogeneity. Brazilian canga is characterised by a ferrugineous substrate, found both in the Iron Quadrangle of Minas Gerais and in the Carajás mountains in Amazonia. Canga is one of several specialised habitat types comprising Brazilian campo rupestre, a montane vegetation found within or adjacent to several major Brazilian bioregions, including the Atlantic Forest and Amazonia, with exceptionally high levels of diversity and endemism arising from both history of dispersal and environmental variation. In order to inform biodiversity conservation for canga, and more broadly for campo rupestre, we performed floristic and phylogenetic analyses investigating affinities between 28 sites on different substrates (canga and quartzite) and geographic locations (Carajás, Pará [Amazonia]; Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais; Chapada Diamantina, Bahia). Through analysis of 11204 occurrences of 4705 species of angiosperms, we found that Amazonian Carajás canga plant communities formed a cohesive group, distinct from species assemblages found in Eastern Brazil (Minas Gerais, Bahia), either on canga or quartzite. The phylogenetic megatree of species across all sites investigated shows associations between certain clades and Amazonian canga, with few shared species between the Amazonian Carajás and Eastern Brazil sites, while the floristic comparison shows high levels of heterogeneity between sites. The need for reserves for Amazonian Carajás canga has been recognized and addressed by the creation of a national park. However, current sampling does not provide sufficient reassurance that the canga areas now benefitting from full legal protection adequately represent the regional canga flora.

Technical and economic issues of creation of eco-industrial parks in the field of waste water treatment tails recycling

Introduction: the article provides with a comprehensive assessment is given on causes of the situation and ways of solving one of topical ecological, technological and economic problems, i.e., recycling wastewater treatment tails, settled sludge. The paper suggested scientifically substantiated variants on forming an infrastructure on recycling such a waste as eco-industrial parks in the field of the park’s wastewater treatment tails recycling and involvement of secondary material and energy resources obtained from such waste in economic turnover.
 
 
 Materials and methods: the article analyzed international and domestic publications on wastewater treatment, methods, and technologies of further use of secondary resources from the treated sludge sediment. The secondary resources are used for the production of various goods, performing activities, obtaining energy as well as the creation of eco-industrial parks on recycling the given waste in Russia and abroad. The research suggested a system analysis of methods, ways, and algorithms for solving the set problem was suggested as a research method.
 
 
 Results: the article elaborated the priorities of treating the settled sludge as a valuable secondary material for the most technically feasible, ecological and cost-effective involvement of such wastes in economic turnover in the scope of advanced planning an infrastructure on waste treatment, recycling, and neutralization in Russia. The practical implications of the research consists of an integrated solution to the problem of wastewater treatment. That includes recycling of its tails, the involvement of the treated waste as secondary resources in economic turnover for use in various industries of the economy with creation of innovation industrial and technological infrastructure, an eco-industrial park on waste recycling.
 
 
 Conclusions: the scientific novelty of this work is that it suggests the scientific approach to the formation of methodological principles of creating an eco-industrial park system:
 
 
 • system analysis of the first results of the creation of domestic eco-industrial park system;
 
 
 • comprehensive assessment of eco-industrial park development prospects in Russia;
 
 
 • ‘eco-industrial park’ concern substantiation;
 
 
 • development of a system of criteria (organizational, jural, economic, industrial and technological) defining the ‘eco-industrial park’ as a subject of jural, economic and other social relations;
 
 
 • formation of approaches to the composition of eco-industrial park participants in the field of integrated recycling of the park’s wastewater treatment tails in following the purposes of its creation.

Green gentrification or ‘just green enough’: Do park location, size and function affect whether a place gentrifies or not?

Recent research shows that the establishment of new parks in historically disinvested neighbourhoods can result in housing price increases and the displacement of low-income people of colour. Some suggest that a ‘just green enough’ approach, in particular its call for the creation of small parks and nearby affordable housing, can reduce the chances of this phenomenon some call ‘green gentrification’. Yet, no study has tested these claims empirically across a sample of diverse cities. Focusing on 10 cities in the United States, we run multilevel logistic regressions to uncover whether the location (distance from downtown), size and function (active transportation) of new parks built in the 2000–2008 and 2008–2015 periods predict whether the census tracts around them gentrified. We find that park function and location are strong predictors of gentrification, whereas park size is not. In particular, new greenway parks with an active transportation component built in the 2008–2015 period triggered gentrification more than other park types, and new parks located closer to downtown tend to foster gentrification more than parks on a city’s outskirts. These findings call into question the ‘just green enough’ claim that small parks foster green gentrification less than larger parks do.

Issues of Soil and Ecological Efficiency of Land Reclamation and Justification of the Possibility of Restoration of the Properties of Chernozems

Currently, much attention is paid to scientific and reasonable development of ecologically favorable environment. In relation to soil cover is getting a good yield, the creation of a special parks, landscaping, design and creation of soil structures for lawns, sports fields. For science-based establishment of soil structures, it is necessary to know the water-physical properties of the material, the laws of movement of moisture, formation of soil layers. Methods for the study of soil is intimately associated with the doctrine of V. V. Dokuchaev on the soil. As a result of interaction of soil formation factors soil acquires certain properties, with the change of soil-forming factors, these properties will naturally vary. In parallel with the comprehensive study of the factors of soil formation in the study area are studied in detail the soil — their outward signs, and most importantly, the chemical and physical properties.

The most perfect natural laboratory in the world: Making and knowing Hawaii National Park.

This article reimagines the meanings of U.S. national parks and so-called 'natural' places in our environmental histories and histories of science. Environmental historians have created a compelling narrative about the creation and use of U.S. national parks as places for recreation and natural resource conservation. Although these motivations were undoubtedly significant, I argue that some of the early parks were created and used for a third, often overlooked, reason: to preserve a permanent, state-sanctioned space for scientific knowledge production. Deconstructing the concept of the "natural laboratory," I show how scientists helped justify and then benefited from the creation of national parks. Hawaii National Park serves as my case study. Advocates of the national park aimed to give settler colonial scientists in the Hawaiian archipelago a permanent place for their research, while tying Hawai'i's exotic landscape into the sublime nature of the American West. The park was framed as a perfect laboratory for U.S. experts to study "curious" flora, fauna, and geological processes, becoming a major site of knowledge production in volcanology. Reimagining the parks in this way has ramifications for how we think about issues of access and justice. Environmental historians who have explored the 'dark side' of the conservation movement have yet to consider the other half of the story: the parks not only barred certain peoples and their ways of life, but also provided access to scientists - a set of actors whose work was deemed more complementary to conservationist goals than the activities of the Native Hawaiians - and marginalized local and indigenous epistemologies. Thus, the question so often asked in environmental history, "Who is nature for?" might be supplemented by the question, "Who has the power to know nature?"

Memory-Making in Kiruna - Representations of Colonial Pioneerism in the Transformation of a Scandinavian Mining Town

This article considers colonial rhetoric manifested in representations of early settlement in the mining town of Kiruna in northernmost Sweden. Kiruna was founded more than 100 years ago by the LKAB Company with its centre the prosperous mine on Sami land. Continued iron ore mining has made it necessary to relocate the town centre a few kilometres north-east of its original location to ensure the safety of the people. The ongoing process of the town’s transformation due to industrial expansion has given rise to the creation of a memorial park between the town and the mine, in which two historical photographs have been erected on huge concrete blocks. For the Swedish Sami, the indigenous people, the transformation means further exploitation of their reindeer grazing lands and forced adaption to industrial expansion. The historical photographs in the memorial park fit into narratives of colonial expansion and exploration that represent the town’s colonial past. Both pictures are connected to colonial, racialised and gendered space during the early days of industrial colonialism. The context has been set by discussions about what Kiruna “is”, and how it originated.
 My aim is to study the role of collective memory in mediating a colonial past, by exploring the representations that are connected to and evoked by these pictures. In this progressive transformation of the town, what do these photographic memorials represent in relation to space? What are the values made visible in these photographs? I also discuss the ways in which Kiruna’s history becomes manifested in the town’s transformation and the use of history in urban planning. I argue that, in addressing the colonial history of Kiruna, it is timely to reconsider how memories of a town are communicated into the future by references to the past. I also claim that memory, history, and remembrance and forgetting are represented in this process of history-making and that they intersect gender, class and ethnicity.