Creation Of Neologisms Research Articles

The phonesthetics of blends: A lexicographic study of cognitive blends in the OED

Abstract This preliminary study of 285 morphological and cognitive blends (attestation dates 1200-2012) aims to investigate the role of phonesthemes in the structuring of the English lexicon. A study of OED word origins shows a disparity between older (1200-1900) and recent blends (1903-2012). Sound symbolism plays an overriding role in over 50% of older blends, leading to a study of initial phonesthemes (i.e. consonant clusters). Several case studies of diachronic semantic shift attested in the OED point to the existence of multidirectional motivation ties. This preliminary study supports the psycholinguistic theory that 1) there is a structured secondary sound symbolism in English, and that 2) it is still productive today and may play a role in the creation of neologisms as well as ensuring their survival (see Bergen, 2010: 52). A more in-depth usage-based analysis using sophisticated measurement tools is the next step in the study.

Disambiguierung deutschsprachiger Diskursmarker: Eine Pilot-Studie

Framed within Antoine Culioli's Enunciative Model of language, this article suggests a new analysis regarding the semantic properties of the suffix -esque and argues that this suffix refers to an alterity expressed within a typical property. Moreover this article reassesses earlier findings made about the suffix -esque, namely its low productivity in creation of neologisms and its apparent usage limited to literary and journalistic styles. The alleged constraint for all its bases to be referring to a human being is also reconsidered and our semantic analysis questions the value of "extreme" supposedly added by -esque to the nominal basis. Indeed, its usage in French shows that if this suffix is no longer typically associated to a nominal basis referring to the people of a country (see mauresque or arabesque), the human dimension associated to the nominal basis such as in la soldatesque, is not always found either (see TV-esque). Rather, this suffix seems to have lost its role as a simple identifier towards a referential domain as found in expressions such as une oeuvre molièresque which could be glossed over as "une oeuvre typique de Molière". This identification is most of the time linked to a laudatory or negative appreciation on the part of the enunciator, as found in examples such as gargantuesque. Besides, the contemporary dynamism of the -esque flexion enables the creation of neologisms. These neologisms are derived from proper nouns (mitterrandesque) or from acronyms (rmiesque) that do not exhibit standard properties. This begs the question of whether the value which seemed to be added to the composite [noun + esque] is determined by the suffix itself or whether it is partially connected to the atypical notional value of the root's semantic value.

Caught Between Neologism and the Unmentionable: The Politics of Naming and Non-naming in 1790s France

This essay tests the assumption that Diderot was unmentionable during the 1790s because of his association with atheist materialism, and explores how philosophes close to him protected themselves and their work. It focuses predominantly on the Idéologues, Cabanis, and Destutt de Tracy, and also on the physician Bichat and the philosopher-zoologist Lamarck. It identifies certain textual strategies commonly deployed by these writers, including firstly, the curious practice of naming certain officially acceptable luminaries and using them to cover obscure references to other unnamed ‘génies’, secondly, the creation of neologisms for their work (‘biologie’, ‘idéologie’), and thirdly, exaggerated claims of originality. It suggests that the break generally perceived by modern scholarship between the eighteenth-century experimental texts exploring consciousness and matter, particularly those of Diderot, and the post-revolutionary thinkers has been overstated, perhaps because of the very success of the trace-covering strategies examined here.

A New Perspective on the Creation of Neologisms

This article proposes a new research perspective towards the reasons for devising neologisms.Instead of reflecting upon this topic from the perspective of "a word", the language user's psychological requirements for devising neologisms are being used. This methodology introduces us to some distinct observations, especially regarding the user's inner motivations for devising and using neologisms. Although "functional" and/or "denotative" descriptions of neologisms are mentioned, much regard is paid to distinct psychological needs of the ones devising neologisms. In sum it can be said that some neologisms are not devised for the purpose of describing new objects, but are set up in accordance to user's descriptive tastes and his sense of language.

Foreword

With this volume, Acta Linguistica Asiatica is entering its 3rd year. After the second half of last year, focusing on research in “Lexicography of Japanese as a Second/Foreign Language” we begin this year with selection of papers covering various perspectives and languages, from South Asian Languages, via Indian subcontinent and China all the way to Japan.The first paper, by Pritha CHANDRA and Anindita SAHOO, entitled Passives in South Asian Languages, discusses continuum of passive constructions, spreading over three language families , Indo-Aryan (Oriya), Dravidian (Malayalam) and Austro-Asiatic (Kharia), and forming a kind of sprachbund, based on a generalized notion of passive. This approach also shows that Tibeto-Burman languages such as Meitei and Ao also can be said to have passives.The second paper, by Kalyanamalini SAHOO, entitled Politeness Strategies in Odia, discusses the conceptual basis for politnesess strategies in Odia (spelled also Oriya as in the first paper), pointing out inadequacy of Brown and Levinson’s model of politness, and proposing a new, “community of practice” based model of politeness for Odia.The next two papers deal with neologisms in Chinese language. LIN Ming-chang in his paper A New Perspective on the Creation of Neologisms focuses on the language user’s psychological requirements for devising neologisms, and therefore proposes a new research perspective towards the reasons for devising neologisms. Mateja PETROVČIČ in her paper The Fifth Milestone in the Development of Chinese Language investigates the structure and features of neologisms in the last century. The author suggests that the widening gap between rich and poor should be considered as the fifth milestone for changes in Chinese language.In the fifth paper, We Have It too: A Strategy Which Helps to Grasp the Japanese Writing System for Students from Outside of the Chinese Character Cultural Zone, the author, Andrej BEKEŠ, argues for employment of analogy transfer strategies to help beginner learners of Japanese to overcome cognitive and affecctive blocade when facing the complexities of Japanese writing system.

Échanges lexiculturels dans le domaine des fêtes et de la gastronomie: problèmes traductologiques et traitement lexicographique (fr.-esp./esp.-fr.)

The present study analyzes the translation problems posed by the socio-cultural nuances implicit in the lexicon of two key branches of the tourism sector: feasts and gastronomy. Bearing in mind an initial hypothesis by which You will leave the hypothesis cultural penetration within a language lacks uniformity, lexical asymmetries are most observed in linguistic interactions featuring an insufficient knowledge of the other’s culture. From Galisson’s standpoint (1991), I will explore the semantic changes occurring in the process of creation of neologisms as well as the socio-cultural factors underlying them. The absence of discourse equivalents will lead us to bring new approaches stemming in a bilingual lexicographic methodology.

TRANSGREDINDO A NORMA PARA SE COMUNICAR:O CASO DOS RADICAIS GRECO-LATINOS NA FORMAÇÃO DOS NEOLOGISMOS DO PORTUGUÊS CONTEMPORÂNEO

The article deals with the coinage of new words in contemporary Portuguese using the secondarymeaning of Greek and Latin afixes such as “tele-”, “audio-” , “foto-” and “radio-”. The new semic combination ofthose radicals, formed through the sociolinguistic dimension of language, proves, once more, that creation ofneologisms belongs to the syncrony of language.

Secondary term formation in Greek

This paper aims at discussing some theoretical aspects of the creation of term neologisms through translation, using as examples Greek terms from the field of Translation Studies itself. The premise of the paper is that while a basically semiotic approach tends to be the prevailing one in theoretical discussions, in practice, the creation of neologisms seems to be mainly achieved through correspondences at signifier level only, often leading to Greek neologisms which are not totally in line with the notion (signified) lying behind the designation of a term. Within this wider theoretical framework provided by the semiotic approach, this paper will propose that a combination of terminological unit (level of signifier), notion (level of signified) and definition (transitional level) is an operational theoretical framework for the successful creation of Greek neologisms, using as example three cases taken from the Greek adaptation of the Translation terminology by Delisle et al. (1999).

À la recherche de la transparence de la racine

The non-arbitrariness of the sign emerges as a pattern of the russian lexicographic tradition. It reinforces the Fichtean idea according to which a language should be transparent to its speakers. the words must speak to them, without their having to make an excessive effort towards remembering or deciphering the language. this search for transparent roots, which is tied to a desire to control the production of neologisms, will be evoked here through an exploration of some significant milestones. We will in particular discuss the work of admiral Šiškov, whose legacy in this area is still strong, as well as the work of the linguist Lev Ščerba. Following the revolution and the creation of neologisms, Ščerba sought to develop a rational and consistent frame to guide the production of new words. In the quest for transparent roots, etymology, as an explanatory principle, seems to be an important element.

A Note on Deleuze and Language

Nothing is more fragile than the This is how Gilles Deleuze begins the thirteenth series of his Logic of Sense dedicated to the comparison of Antonin with Lewis He goes on to ask: not this secondary organization threatened by monster even more awesome than the - by formless, fathomless nonsense?1 What are in confrontation here are a surface and a language in depth,2 with the latter having the possibility of apprehending and at the same time creating what Deleuze calls subsense or a-sense or infra-sense, which must be distinguished from the nonsense of the surface.3 What he has in mind is primary order in the constitution of signification as opposed to any artificial (secondary) production.4 It is Artaud's language that offers this insight to Deleuze who in the previous twelve series of The Logic of Sense had built on Carroll's works, namely on Alice' s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the LookingGlass, but also on The Hunting of the Snark and Sylvie and Bruno. The poem Jabberwocky is used by for An Antigrammatical Effort Against Lewis Carroll. Here is the first verse of the original: 'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe: All mimsy were the borogoves. And the mome raths outgrabe. Artaud's translation, which can only be quoted in the original French, runs as follows: Il etait Roparant, et les vliqueux tarands Allaient en gilroyant et en brimbulkdriquant Jusque-la ou la rourghe est rouarghe rangmbde et rangmbde rouarghambde: Tous les falomitards etaient les chats-huants Et les Ghore Uk'hatis dans le GRABUG EUMENT.6 What does this mean? As in the original Jabberwocky, we do find some that belong to the dictionary and we can still detect grammar. But towards the end we are not only left with meaningless signs but also grammar seems to vanish. Is there something here that Deleuze can extract for logic of sense? He writes: As we read the first stanza of Jabberwocky such as renders it, we have the impression that the two opening verses still correspond to Carroll's criteria and conform to the rules of translation generally held by Carroll's other French translators.... But beginning with the last word of the second line, from the third line onward, sliding is produced, and even creative, central collapse, causing us to be in another world and in an entirely different language.7 Artaud's version of Jabberwocky indeed produces by means of his breath- words and howl-words de-construction or de-formation of (natural) language establishing new grammar and, consequently, new lexicon, new syntax, new phonetics. This is not to say new dialect or new orthography and still less the creation of neologisms, but new alphabet of thought.10 In reality, morphology and syntax evaporate in because the grammar of our way of being is modified. Moreover, the study carried out by Deleuze in the thirteenth series of The Logic of Sense shows that Artaud's conceptuality is not arbitrary. It corresponds to specific systematization, having much in common with Louis Wolfson's, schizophrenic student of foreign languages, but containing aspects that can only be considered from the perspective of Artaud's genius. The problem cannot truly be posed only from the clinical point of view, as if there could not be philosophical sense in the language of schizophrenic - as if this were but simple aphasia.12 Artaud's work is quite the opposite being decisive and pioneering from the critical point of view. For Deleuze, Artaud is alone in having been an absolute depth in literature, and in having discovered vital body and the prodigious language of this body.13 It is the corporal dimension that is really at the centre of the distinction between Artaud' s depth and Carroll's surface. …

The misuse of terms in scientific literature

Abstract Contact: angelo.facchiano@isa.cnr.it

Basic Assumptions of the Theory of Borrowing

The article highlights the three methods of vocabulary enlargement – the creation of neologisms, changes in the word meaning and borrowings. Borrowings or loan-words are, first of all, introduced by bilinguals and acquire an increasingly wider usage in the given language. Therefore, the author of the article concludes that borrowing is a dynamic process since the word becomes a constituent of the language system once it is used in speech.The article also addresses a number of issues related to the efficiency of borrowings, as well as their assimilation in the recipient language.

Uber die Entwicklungsgeschichte des armenischen Symbolums: Ein Vergleich mit dem syrischen und griechischen Formelgut unter Einbezug der relevanten georgischen und athiopischen Quellen (review)

Ancient and Medieval Uber die Entwicklungsgeschichte des armenischen Symbolums:Ein Vergleich mit dem syrischen und griechischen Formelgut unter Einbezug der relevanten georgischen und athiopischen Quellen. By Gabriele Winkler. [Orientalia Christiana Analecta, Volume 262.] (Rome: Pontifical Oriental Institute. 2000. Pp. LX; 623; 14. Paperback.) The present study is an investigation into the historical development of the creeds used today in the Armenian Church. Philological in approach, Winkler's study is divided into two parts. In Part One (pp. 11-291) the author has collated a comprehensive collection of early Armenian literary sources of various genres through the mid-seventh century, which contain creedal statements and fragments. For each of the more than the three dozen texts Winkler presents a short introduction, the original Armenian text in its best available edition, along with a German translation with copious notes and cross references. A number of relevant Georgian and Ethiopie texts receive similar treatment. A vast bibliography (pp. XXI-LX), a list of sigla, and a helpful introduction that already lays out the author's conclusions (pp. 1-5) constitute a preface to Part One. Part Two (pp. 295-570) consists of a commentary in which the author traces the development of terminology used in creedal formulations with regard to the main thematic foci of the Nicene Creed, with particular attention to the incarnation. The volume closes with a short section entitled, Concluding Observations, as well as an index by language of the sources analyzed; a topical index with the subheadings, Anathemata, Symbol Fragments in Anaphoras, and Synods and Councils with Credo; a one-page list of Bible citations, and an index of authors cited. Winkler argues that in the oldest Armenian sources the Armenian vocabulary for the incarnation seems to derive from early Syrian prototypes, as distinct from the later Greek formulations that appear in the Nicene Creed. Winkler posits a shift in terminology for the incarnation away from Syrian-derived terms (for example, zgec'aw marmin)he put on a body) toward the creation of neologisms that more accurately reflect Greek terminology for the incarnation (rnarmnac'aw, he became/took body, corresponding to the Greek sarkothenta). That shift, Winkler alleges, is first witnessed in the Nicene Creed as cited in the famous Letter ofSahak to Proclus, which must be dated shortly after the Council of Ephesus in 431 A.D. Winkler argues further that the Letter ofSahak was written in response to Proclus' famous Tomus adArmenios at a Synod in Astisat in 435 A.D. This hypothetical reconstruction would provide a plausible textual and historical context for the creation of Greek-inspired christological neologisms were it not for the serious questions that have long been raised regarding the course of events in Armenia immediately folio-wing the Council of Ephesus, most recently by Nina Garsoian. Among other assertions Garsoian dismisses the alleged Synod of Astisat as fictive, challenging the argumentation made by Winkler in two earlier works. …

Quesnay, le langage et le « langage de la science économique »

abstract : In previous works we have shown the importance of François Quesnay 's (1694-1774) written works in the creation of neologisms to denote the new concepts of economics and the importance of these neologisms for the emergence of this science in the 18th century. In this paper, we try to carry on the analysis of the connection between language and the emergence of a new scientific field, by investigating the problematics of language in Quesnay' s thought. We examine three complementary aspects of this question : Quesnay' s general ideas on language which are expressed in his philosophical works ; the way Quesnay has progressively developed a specialised terminology in his economic works, and, finally, his answers to the numerous criticisms that were levelled at his terminology. We show how the necessity of conveying a new conceptual set has led Quesnay to a specific practice of language in his economics' works, perhaps far removed from his own ideas on language,

Rôle de l'argot dans la variation et l'appropriation : le cas du français au Burkina Faso

Gisèle Prignitz : « Slang as factor of linguistic variation and appropriation : the case of French in Burkina Faso » The aim of this paper is to study the capacity of integration of slang into the common lexicon within an african context. The existence of a lexical continuum being here taken for granted along with the impossibility to strictly distinguish between registers, the following points will be examined : a) a typology of the formation processes of slang terms (« argotic » words) b) a diachronic approach of their use. Slang will eventually prove to be accelerate the creation of neologisms as linguistic grafts. Rather than a symptom of the insufficient knowledge of standard language, slang should be considered as a sign of its actual appropriation and of tis possible evolution towards a regional French.

Problèmes rencontrés dans la conception et la réalisation d'un vocabulaire économique et commercial multilingue

Multilingual dictionaries are often unsatisfactory. The members of ERLA have produced a dictionary of economic and commercial words and phrases intended for advanced students. Examples of the sorts of difficulties met, by the compilers were the question of the creation of neologisms when a term was lacking in one of the languages, arid the choice of the article in an analytical language like English.