Creation Of Joint Ventures Research Articles

The Sound and Fury of Patent Activity

Patent reform is a hotly contested issue, occupying the attention of Congress, the Supreme Court, and many of the most innovative companies in the world. Most of that dispute centers on patent enforcement, and in particular on the role of non-practicing entities (NPEs) or “patent trolls” – companies that don’t themselves make products but sue those that do. To technology companies, NPEs are a drag on innovation, taxing them tens of billions of dollars every year while achieving no social purpose. To NPEs and their supporters, they are enabling the first inventor to get paid and creating a working market for the transfer of technology. Which is it? In this paper, we present the first full empirical study of the effect of patent licensing demands on the economy. With the help of a National Science Foundation grant and experts in survey design, we sent our survey out to every US-based business with at least one employee and revenue of $1 million or more – over 45,000 companies. Our results provide important insights into the nature and limits of patent licensing demands and their role (or lack thereof) in driving innovation. We find that NPE licensing demands almost never lead to innovation by the target firm. None of the indicia we would expect of real technology transfer were common in patent licensing demands. Moreover, NPE demands were particularly unlikely to be accompanied by the sharing of know-how or employees, the creation of joint ventures, or the development of new products. NPEs do not seem to be a monolithic group. The results for certain types of NPEs were more promising. Federal labs that assert patents are the group most likely to transfer knowledge or drive new products when they license patents. University patent demands are more likely to drive innovation than demands by other sorts of NPEs, but most of them still don’t involve any indicia of technology transfer. We also find that the patent system works differently in different industries. Patent licensing demands almost never result in technology transfer or new innovation in the computer industry, particularly when NPEs are doing the asserting. They are somewhat more likely to be productive in the life sciences, but it is areas like energy that see the most new products resulting from patent assertions. Finally, and perhaps most important in the long run, a significant majority of respondents simply didn’t face patent licensing demands at all. It is true that those companies may be smaller and less innovative than the ones that do face licensing demands. But given the raging debates over the patent system and its role in driving the economy, it is important to recognize that there are large swaths of American business that simply don't deal with patent licensing demands at all.

Assessment of the state of machine-building industry in Ukraine

The object of research is the machine-building industry of Ukraine, which is one of the most important industries of Ukraine. One of the most problematic areas is the reduction in the volume of production and sales of products, the decrease in sales markets due to the crisis state of the country. It is proposed to use diagnostics and monitoring tools to assess the activities of machine-building industry enterprises, which will allow to identify «bottlenecks» in a timely manner. Thanks to the use of diagnostic and monitoring tools, enterprises can continuously analyze the methods used to improve the condition, and conduct observations of the results.The evaluation of the performance of machine-building in the Zaporizhzhia region was carried out. According to the calculated data, it can be said that the engineering industry of the Zaporizhzhia region is gradually gaining momentum in the production and sale of manufactured products. But since 2013, there has been a slight decline in the exports of machine-building products and of Ukraine in general and machine-building enterprises in the Zaporizhzhia region in particular. The prices of the Zaporizhzhia region as one of the ways to improve the state of the machine-building industry is creation of joint ventures with foreign partners and increase investment attractiveness, because there are all conditions for efficient and profitable operation of industrial enterprises.Due to the evaluation of the performance indicators of machine-building in the Zaporizhzhia region, factors that inhibit the development of Ukrainian machine-building enterprises are identified, including the lack of high-tech industries, outdated management methods, low level of innovation and investment attractiveness. To overcome these negative factors and for the successful development of the industry, it is necessary to maintain the competitiveness of products on the global and domestic markets by improving the quality and reliability of the products

Joint Ownership of Undertakings Without Joint Control Minority Shareholdings at a Crossroad in Competition Law

In the context of competition law analysis we may identify some critical issues associated with the potential relevance of anticompetitive coordination arising from shareholdings in certain undertakings which allow the exercise of influence over the behavior of those entities. To some extent, such issues and their effects on competition bear resemblance to the competition law framework of joint ventures (and a host of situations of cooperation between undertakings comparable thereto). More precisely, these cases correspond to situations of acquisition or holding by an undertaking of shareholdings in a third undertaking which, without exceeding the threshold required for the acquisition of control, whether jointly or individually, may, nevertheless, influence the competitive relationships between the concerned undertakings. This type of minority shareholdings, due to the absence of any kind of control -- as this concept has been perceived in EU competition law -- does not lead to the emergence of concentration operations, nor to the creation of joint ventures, as such. Anyhow, its potential impact on the relationship between the involved undertakings may, under certain circumstances, raise issues of distortion of competition, to some extent comparable, as aforementioned, to those associated with certain joint ventures. Furthermore, given this potential for competition law problems, the European Commission, through its DG Competition, has launched a public consultation to deal with an hypothetical ‘enforcement gap’ concerning these minority shareholdings and to find adequate normative solutions for any problems identified in this area. In the wake of the comments received, the Commission has recently presented specific proposals in its White Paper “Towards More Effective EU Merger Control” published in July 2014. The underlying rationale of these proposals concerning minority shareholdings is to widen the scope of EU merger control in order to systematically address potential harm to competition arising from the acquisition of non-controlling minority shareholdings. Conversely, the envisaged review purports to avoid undue burdens to businesses, both by targeting only transactions that are, prima facie, problematic from a competition point of view and by adopting a system for the control of such situations that would be lighter than currently foreseen under the merger regulation for full mergers. However, while this proposal is certainly anchored on understandable concerns in terms of competition law, the procedural framework it contemplates is, to a large extent, debatable, as extensively discussed in the paper.

Special section: Offshoring, immigration and the labour market: a micro-level perspective

Recent years have seen remarkable changes in the nature of trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) flows. A keyword that is often used to summarize the multi-facet aspects of this transformation is ‘‘offshoring’’ which can be broadly defined as firms’ allocation of economic activities to another country, either by obtaining goods and services from unaffiliated foreign companies, or by investing in the creation of joint ventures or foreign affiliates (the latter being identified as ‘‘captive offshoring’’). Indeed, offshoring has stretched national boundaries and broadened firms’ perspective, making business an international issue. As a result, the international involvement of firms has increased over time, and multinational enterprises have become key players in this globalized modern scenario. The

Las empresas extranjeras en la fase de industrialización dirigida por el Estado: estructuras organizativas y estrategias de entrada, Argentina 1944-1972

This article analyzes the local and global factors that shaped direct foreign investment in Argentina. Using information provided by a new database on foreign companies in Argentina (BDEEA-FCAD), an analysis is carried out of the changes in organizational structures and entry strategies of the 100 largest foreign multinationals during the period of state-led industrialization when these companies were attracted by the expansion in industrial demand within a protected economy. The central argument of this article is that Argentina was a host economy that was very open to foreign direct investment (FDI) during the period of state-led industrialization when foreign firms increased their holdings through the acquisition of Argentine companies, the creation of joint ventures, and participation in local companies.

Organizational structure and success of international joint ventures in emerging economies: the case of Spanish–Moroccan SMEs

One of the most common ways in which SMEs internationalize their business is through the creation of joint ventures; nevertheless, many of these fail. To avoid this risk, it is important to identify the factors that favour the continuity of such enterprises. The aim of this paper is to analyse the factors related to organizational structure that determine the success of international joint ventures between SMEs in emerging economies, taking as the particular area of study the question of joint ventures between Spanish and Moroccan firms, located in Morocco. The research hypotheses were tested using a linear regression model applied to a sample of 210 international joint ventures. The results obtained from a structured survey show that, with respect to the success of the partnership, significant factors include the existence of majority ownership by the foreign partner, management by a local CEO and the effort made by each party to adapt to the management style of the other. This research contributes to the knowledge of the main factors related to the organizational structure of joint ventures that influence the level of success achieved. The value provided by this research lies in the breadth of the sample examined, in its focus on a very common type of partnership between SMEs, on which very little has been previously studied, and in the fact that the results obtained are extensible to other realities, such as partnerships between European companies and those from countries with similar characteristics (located in Africa or in countries where an Arab culture prevails).

Management of Sino-Sino Joint Ventures

Since China's implementation of its open-door policy in 1979, the most effective way to obtain a foothold has proved to be to create joint ventures (JV) with a Chinese business partner. The foreign partner provides the transfer of technology, management skills, financing and access to international markets, whilst the Chinese partner contributes a production base with cheap land and labor, contacts with central and local government officials and access to the domestic Chinese market. The Chinese economy has benefited to a large extent from the creation of joint ventures in the past two decades. Hong Kong firms have used China as a production base for many years, usually with great success and to the mutual benefit of both. However, although Hong Kong firms had considerable experiences in running business and manufacturing operations in China, several have suffered substantially from their investment in joint ventures with Chinese partners. This paper evaluates various issues relating to the performance of equity joint ventures in China. The evaluation is based on a case study of four Sino-Hong Kong joint venture manufacturing firms in the electronics industry, and the findings of this paper indicate that there are number of important factors affecting the stability of joint ventures in China. Foreign investors' experiences in other areas may not be applicable to their investment in China because the operation of a joint venture in China is inevitably faced with a variety of problems that the foreign firms may not have encountered before.

A study of shareholder reaction to technology motivated joint ventures and strategic alliances: strategic and financial perspectives

This paper empirically examines the market reaction to the creation of joint ventures and strategic alliances in general, and to technology motivated joint ventures and strategic alliances, within the British manufacturing industry during the 1994–1999 period. More specifically, the study will examine the motivations for inter-firm linkages and partnership choice from both the strategic management and financial management perspectives. Although the empirical results are mixed in terms of the hypotheses tested, they are consistent with the theoretical arguments presented in strategic management literature.

Challenges For Multimode Transport In International Logistics Park:A Case Of Taiwanese Ports

The derived demand of transport depends on the domestic and international trade. The growth of a region is directly dependent on the strength of its external exchanges with other regions. We could consider a bottom-down or a top-up scale of transport system in terms of integrated, co-ordinated, seamless, flexible, reliable and door-to-door service where fragmented transport at the very early stage. Since the revolution of containerisation has passed in the mean time four decades and during age of globalisation it is quite realistic to assume that the transport system of any country is not at the very primitive stage. The growing progression in the use of containers as standardized unit and the creation of joint venture in maritime industry and the trend to Post-Panamax container ships have put pressure on seaports to respond in such intermodalism. The concept of hinterland is becoming obsolete because the use of containers provide the intermodality and so remove monopolistic position of ports in its next influence area. Efficient sea transportation is heavily dependent on the smooth operation of multimode transport. That means that intermodal transfer is a key point to successful shipping operations with their massive transhipment in major seaports. This study will focus on a short-term objective to approach the long-term vision by establishing the port logistics system and global logistics management mode. In this paper, we will discuss about the strategy for the intermodal freight transport system, comparing with the interior and exterior environmental situation for the intermodal development in international logistics park. Final paper will describe strategic planning methodology by adopting AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) method from the comparative point of view with container ports that use those maritime intermodal facilities.

An Institutional Perspective on the Role of Culture in Shaping Strategic Actions by Technology-Focused Entrepreneurial Firms in China

Economic reforms in China over the past 20 years have led to a steady economic transformation that has created many opportunities for entrepreneurial firms. A central focus in this economic development has been to encourage the founding of more technology-related entrepreneurial firms, and the creation of joint ventures between Chinese and foreign firms that employ advanced technologies. However, the interactions between these private high-technology entrepreneurial firms and the Institutional forces In their environment are somewhat different from what occurs in traditional Western high-technology businesses. These differences are due principally to the culture present in the Chinese environment. In turn, these cultural differences lead managers of high-technology entrepreneurial firms to employ tactics not well known in the West in order to successfully navigate China's often hostile institutional environment. This article develops the theoretical understanding of these actions grounded with observations from managers in China.

Recent developments in small‐scale mining

Artisanal mining is to be viewed not only as an issue requiring mining expertise, but also as a socio‐economic issue in the context of poverty, requiring multi‐sectoral attention. This article traces global employment estimates in small‐scale mining, outlining the extent and economic impact of small‐scale mining in selected countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. New approaches and developments are analyzed with special focus on the interrelated roles of government, the private sector, non‐governmental organizations, lending institutions and the local communities. The flow of foreign capital, the creation of joint ventures, and the contribution of women are also discussed, as are strategies that have been implemented as well as recent developments including developments in the areas of health and safety.

Chinese Perceptions of Issues and Obstacles Confronting Joint Ventures

In China one of the most effective means of attracting foreign capital to undertake its four modernizations is through the creation of joint ventures. The Chinese are striving for pragmatic results and emphasize that joint ventures should provide mutual benefits for both parties. Many joint ventures should provide mutual benefits for both parties. Many joint venture participants from the U.S.A. have become disillusioned and are frustrated by obstacles including government bureaucreatic interference, cultural differences, and a lack of managerial know-how by the Chinese. Based on a survey of 182 Chinese businessmen, 100 of whom engaged in joint ventures, it is evident that the CHinese share these concerns. Their perceptions provide guidelines for coping with these obstacles and clearly indicate the importance of quanxi in attaining the goals of joint ventures.