Nadir Creatinine Research Articles

Congenital Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction: Update and Summary of the European Association of Urology and European Society for Paediatric Urology Guidelines.

The literature on congenital lower urinary tract obstruction (CLUTO) is still limited, resulting in a generally low level of evidence. These guidelines aim to provide a practical approach based on a consensus from the European Association of Urology (EAU)/European Society for Paediatric Urology (ESPU) Paediatric Urology Guidelines Panel. The primary aim of this update was to revise and expand the 2024 EAU/ESPU paediatric urology guidelines, focusing on the comprehensive management of CLUTO. A structured literature review was performed for all relevant publications published from the last update until March 21, 2023. Antenatal management should be considered based on ultrasound findings, foetal urine biochemistry, amniotic fluid levels, and chromosomal status. In newborns with a suspected diagnosis of infravesical obstruction, bladder drainage should be performed and antibiotic prophylaxis initiated. Voiding cystography should be conducted as soon as possible in cases where posterior urethral valves (PUVs) are suspected. A serum creatinine nadir of above 0.85mg/dl is associated with a poor prognosis. Despite optimal treatment, 20% of patients will progress to end-stage renal disease. Lifelong monitoring and management of both bladder and renal function are essential. Neonatal circumcision, as an adjunct to antibiotic prophylaxis in PUV patients, significantly reduces the risk of febrile urinary tract infections during the first 2yr of life. This paper is a summary of the updated 2024 EAU/ESPU guidelines, and it provides practical considerations for patients with CLUTO. In this summary and update of the European Association of Urology/European Society for Paediatric Urology guidelines, we provide practical considerations for the management of children with congenital lower urinary tract obstruction.

Predicting chronic kidney disease progression in children with posterior urethral valves

ObjectivePosterior urethral valves (PUV) leads to early chronic kidney disease (CKD) and renal failure in some children, while others may maintain preserved kidney function even into adulthood. Our goal was to assess the association between early imaging features and CKD progression in children with PUVs. We hypothesized that imaging features identified on PRUS and VCUG would be associated with CKD progression and could` be used in conjunction with nadir creatinine to predict future renal function. MethodsFollowing individual institutional research board approvals, we performed a retrospective cohort study at two institutions. Electronic medical records were queried to identify all patients with a history of PUVs treated between 1990 and 2022. Children who presented in the first year of life and had their initial renal bladder ultrasound (RBUS) and voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) performed within the first 90 days of life were included. The primary outcome, CKD progression, was defined as development of ESKD requiring dialysis or renal transplant or a decline in eGFR of greater than 50%. Clinical variables of interest included: findings on initial RBUS (urinoma, cystic dysplasia, solitary kidney), vesicoureteral reflux on initial postnatal VCUG (degree and laterality), and nadir creatinine. Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated from Cox proportional hazards regression for univariate and multivariable regression. ResultsOut of 537 patients with PUVs, 274 met our inclusion criteria. Median follow up was 5.84 years (IQR 2-10.2), and 55 patients (20%) reached our primary outcome. Multivariable analysis showed the presence of any degree of vesicoureteral reflux, HR 3.1 (95% CI 1.62-5.93), and nadir creatinine, HR 5.53 (95% CI 4-7.64), were predictive of CKD progression When nadir creatinine within the first year of life is used as a sole predictor of CKD progression, the area under the receiver-operator curve was 0.89 (95% CI .83-.91). ConclusionsThis study confirms nadir creatinine as a strong predictor for CKD progression and ESKD in patients with PUVs. In our cohort, the presence of any degree or laterality of vesicoureteral reflux, was also a significant predictor for CKD progression.

Nadir Creatinine in Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract (CAKUT): A Single-Center Experience.

Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are the main cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) in children, being the leading cause (50-70%) of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in children and young adults. Our study aimed to assess the natural evolution of various antenatally diagnosed renal malformations and to identify potential prognostic factors to guide the therapeutic management of patients with CAKUT. We conducted a retrospective study on 205 children with CAKUT. For each patient, analyzing their medical records, we established the nadir value of serum creatinine, defined as the lowest creatinine level during the first year of life. We assessed the value of nadir creatinine as a prognostic marker in patients with CAKUT, and using an ROC curve, we also determined a threshold value of nadir creatinine that predicted progression to ESRD. The male-to-female ratio was 2.8 to 1. The mean gestational age at detection was 29.85 weeks (±6.71). A total of 36 patients (17.6%) had impaired renal function, of which 8 (3.9% of the total) progressed to ESRD. The mean nadir creatinine in patients with ESRD was 1.39 mg/dL. A nadir creatinine cut-off of 0.98 mg/dL had high sensitivity and specificity in identifying patients with progression to ESRD, with an AUC of 0.95 and a 95% confidence interval between 0.86 and 1.05 mg/dL. Our results support the value of nadir creatinine in predicting progression to ESRD, consistent with previously published data.

#1216 Comparable outcomes for old, older and very old deceased donors in old kidney transplant recipients

Abstract Background and Aims Old patients (≥ 65 years) make up almost 1/3 of the waiting list for kidney transplantation in the Netherlands, and this proportion continues to rise. These patients have a high waitlist mortality and benefit from early transplantation, even with kidneys from older or ‘marginal’ donors. Transplanting marginal donor kidneys may help to cut the proportion of elderly patients on the waiting list and improve clinical outcomes. More epidemiological support regarding the graft outcomes of old, older and very old donor kidneys is needed to support clinicians in accepting these kidneys. We therefore studied the outcomes of these kidneys in old recipients. Method Retrospective cohort study of all kidney transplant recipients ≥ 65 years with a deceased donor ≥ 65 years in the Netherlands between 2005 and 2022. Discarded kidneys from deceased donors ≥ 65 years in the same time period were included as well. Donors were categorized into old (65-69 years, OD), older (70-74, OD+) and very old (75+, OD++). Results We included 1301 transplantations from donors ≥ 65 years, of which 435 from an OD+ and 90 from an OD++. Median recipient age was 69 years (66 - 72), 67% was male. The transplanted OD+ and OD++ kidneys were more often from DBD donors (OD 42%, OD+ 51.3%, OD++ 70%, P < 0.01) with lower nadir creatinine compared to the OD kidneys (61.0 umol/l [51.0, 74.0] vs. OD+ 59.0 [49.0, 72.0] P = .034, vs OD++ 58.0 [49.0, 64.5] P = .021). Patient survival was similar for recipients of OD, OD+ and OD++ kidneys at one year (91% vs 89% vs 93%, respectively; Plog-rank = 0.3) and at five years (60% vs 60% vs 64%; Plog-rank = 0.2) after transplantation. Additionally, in multivariable Cox regression, donor age category was not associated with recipient mortality risk (Ref = OD. OD+: P = .7; OD++: P = .2). Death-censored graft survival was ≥92% in all groups after 1 year, and did not differ significantly between donor age categories (PGray's = 0.2). Results remained non-significant in multivariate Cox regression (Ref = OD, OD+: P = .942; OD++: p = 0.403). Kidneys offered but not accepted for transplantation (before procurement) had a higher serum nadir creatinine in comparison with transplanted kidneys (68 umol/L [56 - 84] vs 61 umol/L [51 - 78], P < .001), and were more often from DCD donors (79% vs 53%, P < .001). However, donor characteristics of many discarded kidneys resembled that of successfully transplanted kidneys. Conclusion Recipient and graft survival are good and similar for old patients receiving kidneys from old, older and very old deceased donors. These findings may contribute to a wider acceptance of kidneys from these donors.

Appearance of the bladder on initial voiding cystogram in boys with PUV and its relation to pre and postnatal findings.

Bladder profile in boys with Posterior Urethral Valves can be very varied with a spectrum going from high pressure, unstable, hypocompliant small bladders to hypercompliant, large acontractile bladders, with some being near-normal. Our question was whether appearance, specifically of the bladder, on initial VCUG was correlated to prenatal features and whether it could predict early postnatal outcome. We used a prospectively gathered database of boys with prenatally suspected PUV. We analyzed whether the appearance, specifically of the bladder, was related to date of prenatal diagnosis, presence of a megacystis on prenatal ultrasound, presence of vesico-ureteral reflux (VUR), presence of abnormal DMSA scan, nadir creatinine or presence of febrile urinary tract infection (fUTI) during the first two years of life. The database comprised 90 cystograms. 15% of bladders were judged normal/regular, 54 % were small/diverticular and 31% were large/diverticular. Bladder appearance was not associated with presence of prenatal megacystis, abnormal DMSA scan, VUR, nor rate of fUTI. The only significant associations were normal/regular bladder and early prenatal diagnosis (p = 0.04) and normal/regular bladder and elevated nadir creatinine (>75µmol/l) (p = 0.01). We believe that when focusing solely on the appearance of the bladder, excluding information about the urethra and presence of reflux, the cystogram alone is insufficient to inform on future bladder function. This could be used as an argument in favor of performing early urodynamics in this population.

Posterior urethral valves: risk factors of progression to end-stage chronic renal disease after 10 years of follow-up.

To determine risk factors (RF) of progression to end-stage chronic renal disease (ESCRD) and the need for renal replacement therapy (RRT) in patients with posterior urethral valve (PUV). A retrospective case and control study of patients diagnosed with PUV in the 1995-2023 period was carried out. Two study groups were created -RRT vs. no-RRT. Clinical, laboratory, and radiological variables were collected. A bivariate analysis and a binary logistic regression were conducted to detect RFs of the need for RRT. 127 patients were included, 12.% of whom had undergone RRT (n= 20). Mean follow-up was 9.87 years. Mean age at clinical onset was younger in the RRT group (3 months vs. 1.23 years; p= 0.010). Pathological prenatal ultrasonography (p< 0.001), increased Nadir creatinine levels (p< 0.001) and maximum creatinine levels in the first year of life (p< 0.001), and onset with acute renal insufficiency (p= 0.03) were more frequent in the RRT group. Increased creatinine levels in the first week of life (OR: 4.74) and younger age at clinical onset (OR: 1.2) were the only independent RFs to predict the need for RRT. Diagnostic-therapeutic delay and the presence of UTIs during follow-up are not predictive of the risk of final RRT. In PUV children, renal functional reserve at birth is the only ESCRD risk predictor. Early clinical onset implies a higher risk of RRT.

A Rare Case of Pelvic Lipomatososis in a Cadaveric Renal Transplant Recipient

A middle-aged male with end-stage renal disease underwent cadaveric transplantation. Intraoperatively, a large mass was seen in the pelvis surrounding the vessels, native ureter, and bladder. Ultrasound showed echogenic fatty tissue in the pelvis suggestive of pelvic lipomatosis vessels were dissected, layers were separated with a lot of difficulty. The urinary bladder could not be defined. Hence, ureteroureterostomy was done and a DJ stent was placed. The patient had immediate graft function and attained a nadir creatinine of 0.6 mg/dl on postoperative day 6.

External validation and reliability assessment of posterior urethral morphology on initial voiding cystourethrogram as a predictor for infants with posterior urethral valves

The morphology of the bladder and posterior urethra on initial voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) in posterior urethral valve (PUV) has been proposed as a meaningful early metric for short- and long-term kidney outcomes. Here, we seek to externally validate the proposed association and assess the reliability of PUV morphology characteristics. We reviewed our institutional database for patients managed for PUV between 2000 and 2022 and included those treated with primary ablation with at least 1 year of follow-up for kidney function. Each VCUG was evaluated by three independent raters for the height-width ratio of the bladder (HW-B), height-width ratio of the posterior urethra (HW-PU), and posterior-anterior urethral ratio (PA-UR), and trabeculation (none, fine, or coarse). We assessed the reliability in these with intra-class coefficient and Fleiss kappa for continuous and categorical data, respectively. We performed univariate analysis with nadir creatinine and five-year follow-up glomerular filtration rate (GFR). In total, 98 patients met inclusion criteria. The median age at diagnosis and ablation was 10 and 21 days, respectively. Patients with nadir creatinine <0.8mg/dL had higher follow-up GFR (101 vs. 20ml/min/1.73m2, p=0.04), and lower risk of CKD (odds ratio 14.7, p=0.002). The median value for HW-B was 1.4, median HW-PU was 2.1, and median PA-U was 4.7, There was significant inter-class agreement between all three measures of 0.80, 0.51, and 0.70 (p<0.001). The inter-rater agreement for bladder trabeculation was fair (Fleiss K=0.40, p<0.001). There was no statistically significant correlation between HW-B, HW-PU, PU-A with nadir creatinine (p=0.07, 0.33, 0.91) or 5-year GFR (0.27, 0.45, 0.62), respectively. There is significant interest in determining prognostic factors and metrics in PUV. The morphological characteristics on VCUG are reliable and is available information for all boys diagnosed with PUV, resulting in an attractive metric. While we do not demonstrate correlation with kidney outcomes, VCUG features warrant further attention as prognostic factors in PUV. PUV morphology on initial VCUG is a reliable metric of lower urinary tract deformity but is not associated with 5-year kidney outcomes.

Factors to consider during anesthesia in patients undergoing preemptive kidney transplantation: a propensity-score matched analysis

BackgroundInternational guidelines have recommended preemptive kidney transplantation (KT) as the preferred approach, advocating for transplantation before the initiation of dialysis. This approach is advantageous for graft and patient survival by avoiding dialysis-related complications. However, recipients of preemptive KT may undergo anesthesia without the opportunity to optimize volume status or correct metabolic disturbances associated with end-stage renal disease. In these regard, we aimed to investigate the anesthetic events that occur more frequently during preemptive KT compared to nonpreemptive KT.MethodsThis is a single-center retrospective study. Of the 672 patients who underwent Living donor KT (LDKT), 388 of 519 who underwent nonpreemptive KT were matched with 153 of 153 who underwent preemptive KT using propensity score based on preoperative covariates. The primary outcome was intraoperative hypotension defined as area under the threshold (AUT), with a threshold set at a mean arterial blood pressure below 70 mmHg. The secondary outcomes were intraoperative metabolic acidosis estimated by base excess and serum bicarbonate, electrolyte imbalance, the use of inotropes or vasopressors, intraoperative transfusion, immediate graft function evaluated by the nadir creatinine, and re-operation due to bleeding.ResultsAfter propensity score matching, we analyzed 388 and 153 patients in non-preemptive and preemptive groups. The multivariable analysis revealed the AUT of the preemptive group to be significantly greater than that of the nonpreemptive group (mean ± standard deviation, 29.7 ± 61.5 and 14.5 ± 37.7, respectively, P = 0.007). Metabolic acidosis was more severe in the preemptive group compared to the nonpreemptive group. The differences in the nadir creatinine value and times to nadir creatinine were statistically significant, but clinically insignificant.ConclusionIntraoperative hypotension and metabolic acidosis occurred more frequently in the preemptive group during LDKT. These findings highlight the need for anesthesiologists to be prepared and vigilant in managing these events during surgery.

Implementation of a standardized clinical pathway in a dedicated posterior urethral valves clinic: short-term outcomes.

To determine if the implementation of a posterior urethral valves (PUV) clinic and standardized management pathway improves the short-term kidney outcomes of infants with PUV. From 2016-2022, 50 consecutive patients were divided into groups after the implementation of the clinic (APUV, n = 29) and before (BPUV, n = 21) during a comparable timeframe. Assessed data included age at initial visit, timing and type of surgery, frequency of follow-up visits, medications, nadir creatinine, and development of CKD/kidney failure. Data are shown as median with interquartile range (IQR) and odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). APUV had higher rates of prenatal diagnoses (12/29 vs. 1/21; p = 0.0037), earlier initial surgical intervention (8days; IQR 0, 105 vs. 33days; IQR 4, 603; p < 0.0001), and higher rates of primary diversions (10/29 vs. 0/21; p = 0.0028). Standardized management led to earlier initiation of alpha blockers (326days; IQR 6, 860 vs. 991; IQR 149, 1634; p = 0.0019) and anticholinergics(57days; IQR 3, 860 vs. 1283days; IQR 477, 1718; p < 0.0001). Nadir creatinine was reached at earlier ages in APUV (105days; IQR 2, 303 vs. 164days; IQR 21, 447; p = 0.0192 BPUV). One patient progressed to CKD5 in APUV compared to CKD3, CKD5 and one transplant in BPUV. Implementing the PUV clinic with standardized treatment expedited postnatal management and resulted in a higher number of cases detected prenatally, a shift in primary treatment, younger ages at initial treatment, reduced time to nadir creatinine, and timely initiation of supportive medications. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.

V01-01 UTILITY OF 3-D MODELING IN COMPLEX UPPER TRACT RECONSTRUCTION: ROBOTIC-ASSISTED URETEROPELVICOSTOMY OF NATIVE URETER TO TRANSPLANT RENAL PELVIS

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 Apr 2023V01-01 UTILITY OF 3-D MODELING IN COMPLEX UPPER TRACT RECONSTRUCTION: ROBOTIC-ASSISTED URETEROPELVICOSTOMY OF NATIVE URETER TO TRANSPLANT RENAL PELVIS Bridget L. Findlay, Jayson P. Kemble, Elizabeth N. Bearrick, Katherine T. Anderson, and Boyd R. Viers Bridget L. FindlayBridget L. Findlay More articles by this author , Jayson P. KembleJayson P. Kemble More articles by this author , Elizabeth N. BearrickElizabeth N. Bearrick More articles by this author , Katherine T. AndersonKatherine T. Anderson More articles by this author , and Boyd R. ViersBoyd R. Viers More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003221.01AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: 3-D models have been used successfully in oncologic planning, however there are limited data supporting their use and efficacy in complex genitourinary reconstructive cases. Due to complex and variable regional anatomy with transplant vasculature and collecting system, surgical planning requires an individualized approach based on anatomic relationships. Herein, we aim to illustrate the novel utility of 3-D modeling in surgical planning for complex upper tract reconstruction, and to describe an alternative approach to transplant proximal ureteral stricture reconstruction. METHODS: The index patient is a 17-year-old male with a history of bilateral grade 4 vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) who developed end stage renal disease despite ureteroneocystostomies in childhood. He underwent a living-unrelated donor renal transplantation in November 2021, complicated by a focal proximal ureteral stricture. His anatomy was further complicated due to prior ligation of his native distal right ureter and intraperitoneal location of his transplant kidney. Therefore, a 3-D printed anatomical model was created to aid in surgical planning. RESULTS: The 3-D model highlighted a complex trajectory of the proximal transplant ureter and area of stricture directly posterior to the renal hilar vessels. Additionally, the native right ureter ligation was noted distal to the transplant renal pelvis and was not amenable for use in reconstruction. Given these anatomic considerations, the patient underwent an uncomplicated robotic-assisted ureteropelvicostomy between his native left proximal ureter and transplant renal pelvis. Total robotic operative time was 2 hours 17 minutes. He was dismissed on postoperative day (POD) 1 with a creatinine nadir near his post-transplant baseline level at 10-week follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: 3-D printed models have utility in select cases with complex anatomy. These models facilitate accurate regional and spatial anatomy of critical structures to enable effective operative planning. Source of Funding: None © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 209Issue Supplement 4April 2023Page: e79 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Bridget L. Findlay More articles by this author Jayson P. Kemble More articles by this author Elizabeth N. Bearrick More articles by this author Katherine T. Anderson More articles by this author Boyd R. Viers More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Nadir creatinine as a predictor of renal outcomes in PUVs: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Posterior urethral valves (PUVs) represent the most severe pediatric obstructive uropathy, responsible for chronic renal failure in up to 65% of cases and progression to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in about 8%-21% of patients. Unfortunately, renal outcomes have poorly improved over time. The key point is to identify patients at risk; thus, several prenatal and postnatal prognostic factors have been analyzed to improve clinical outcomes. Postnatal nadir creatinine seems to accurately predict long-term renal prognosis, but there is no definitive evidence to support this finding. We performed a systematic review with meta-analysis to analyze the predictive value of nadir creatinine on long-term renal function in infants with PUVs. We conducted this systematic review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. PubMed and Cochrane Library were systematically searched for studies published from January 2008 to June 2022. All the articles were checked independently by two reviewers in two steps. A total of 24 articles were screened, and 13 were included for data extraction. Data from 1,731 patients with PUVs were analyzed, with a mean follow-up of 5.5 years; of these, on average, 37.9% developed chronic kidney disease (CKD) and 13.6% developed ESKD. All the articles evaluated nadir creatinine as a predictor of CKD, most using a level of 1 mg/dL, with statistical significance at the 5% level. The relative risk of developing CKD in patients with creatinine values higher than the nadir cutoff considered was 7.69 (95% CI: 2.35-25.17, I 2 = 92.20%, p < 0.001). Nadir creatinine is the best prognostic factor for long-term renal function in patients affected by PUV. A value above the cutoff of 1 mg/dL should be considered a significant predictor for the risk of CKD and ESKD. Further studies are needed to define different nadir creatinine cutoffs for better stratification of the different CKD stages and for the development of reliable scores, which include the association of several variables.

Utility of 3D Modeling in Complex Upper Tract Reconstruction: Robot-Assisted Ureteropelvicostomy of Native Ureter to Transplant Renal Pelvis

Clinical History: The case is a 17-year-old boy with a history of bilateral grade 4 vesicoureteral reflux and end-stage renal disease who underwent a living-unrelated donor renal transplantation in November 2021. He presented in June 2022 with vague abdominal pain and creatinine 4.3 mg/dL. Physical Examination: Transplant biopsy showed no evidence of acute rejection. Antegrade nephrostogram at the time of nephrostomy tube placement demonstrated hydronephrosis and a focal stricture of the proximal transplant ureter. His anatomy was further complicated because of prior ligation of his native distal right ureter at the time of transplant and intraperitoneal location of his transplant kidney through a peritoneal window. Diagnosis: Focal proximal stricture of transplant ureter. Intervention: Given the complex anatomy, a 3D-printed anatomical model was created to facilitate surgical planning. The 3D model highlighted a complex trajectory of the proximal ureter and strictured segment directly posterior to the transplant hilar vessels. In addition, the transplant kidney was directly overlying the dome of the bladder because of its intraperitoneal location. Given these anatomic considerations, the patient underwent an uncomplicated robot-assisted ureteropelvicostomy between his native left ureter and transplant renal pelvis. Follow-Up/Outcomes: Total robotic operative time was 2 hours 17 minutes. He was dismissed on postoperative day 1 with a creatinine nadir equivalent to his post-transplant baseline at 10-week follow-up. 3D-printed models have utility in select cases with complex anatomy. These models facilitate accurate regional and spatial anatomy of critical structures to enable effective operative planning. No competing financial interests exist. Patient consent statement: Patient consented to the use of nonidentifiable intraoperative photography and video recording for the purpose of medical education and publication in professional journals. Source of 3D model: Mayo clinic 3D Anatomic Modeling Laboratory. Authors have received and archived patient consent for video recording/publication in advance of video recording of procedure. No funding was received for this article. Music: All music was from Pixabay.com, royalty free. Runtime of video: 04 mins 58 secs

Selection of appropriate reference creatinine estimate for acute kidney injury diagnosis in patients with severe trauma.

In patients with severe trauma, the diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) is important because it is a predictive factor for poor prognosis and can affect patient care. The diagnosis and staging of AKI are based on change in serum creatinine (SCr) levels from baseline. However, baseline creatinine levels in patients with traumatic injuries are often unknown, making the diagnosis of AKI in trauma patients difficult. This study aimed to enhance the accuracy of AKI diagnosis in trauma patients by presenting an appropriate reference creatinine estimate (RCE). We reviewed adult patients with severe trauma requiring intensive care unit admission between 2015 and 2019 (n=3,228) at a single regional trauma center in South Korea. AKI was diagnosed based on the current guideline published by the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes organization. AKI was determined using the following RCEs: estimated SCr75-modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD), trauma MDRD (TMDRD), admission creatinine level, and first-day creatinine nadir. We assessed inclusivity, prognostic ability, and incrementality using the different RCEs. The incidence of AKI varied from 15% to 46% according to the RCE used. The receiver operating characteristic curve of TMDRD used to predict mortality and the need for renal replacement therapy (RRT) had the highest value and was statistically significant (0.797, P<0.001; 0.890, P=0.002, respectively). In addition, the use of TMDRD resulted in a mortality prognostic ability and the need for RRT was incremental with AKI stage. In this study, TMDRD was feasible as a RCE, resulting in optimal post-traumatic AKI diagnosis and prognosis.

Assessing the role of upside-down (inverted) renal allografts in pediatric kidney transplantation: a propensity-score matched analysis.

To evaluate the implications of inverted (upside-down) kidney configuration in pediatric renal transplantation employing a comparative analysis with at least 1-year follow-up. Patients who underwent kidney transplantation at our institution between January 2011 and June 2021 were reviewed. Patients who had an inverted renal transplant were propensity-score matched (PSM) in 1:2 ratio with those who had traditional orientation transplant. The outcomes assessed included delayed graft function (DGF), urine leak, lymphocele, rejection, allograft calculus, ureteric stricture, and nadir creatinine. A total of 24 patients with inverted orientation were identified. Following PSM, 41 patients were matched, with exclusions due to incompatible propensity scores. Baseline characteristics were appropriately matched, and no significant differences were noted between the two groups. There were no differences in: delayed graft function (0/24 vs. 3/41, p = 0.290), urine leak (3/24 vs. 2/41, p = 0.350), lymphocele (2/24 vs. 4/41, p = 1.000), rejection (3/24 vs. 5/41, p = 1.000), graft calculus (2/24 vs. 0/41, p = 0.133), and ureteric stricture (0/24 vs. 2/41, p = 0.527). The two cases of renal calculus seen in the inverted transplant group occurred on post-operative day 13 and 1584, both were managed without complications. There was no difference in nadir creatinine (median 34umol/L IQR23-57 vs. 35 umol/L IQR 20-50, p = 0.624) or time to nadir creatinine (8days IQR 6-12 vs. 8days IQR 7-28, p = 0.315). Inverting a renal allograft does not appear to significantly contribute to increased risk of post-operative adverse outcomes. When aiming to achieve the best anatomical placement to secure a comfortable vascular anastomosis, inverting the allograft should be considered.

Analysis of Native Kidney Function Recovery With Renal Scintigraphy Following Simultaneous Liver-Kidney Transplantation.

Patients undergoing simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation (SLK) have impaired native kidney function. The relative contribution of allograft versus native function after SLK is unknown. We sought to characterize the return of native kidney function following SLK. Following SLK, patients underwent technetium-99 m-mercaptoacetyltriglycine renal scintigraphy following serum creatinine nadir. Kidney contributions to estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were determined. Patients with native kidney function at serum creatinine nadir contributing eGFR ≥30 versus <30 mL/min/1.73 m 2 were compared, and multiple linear regression analysis for native eGFR improvement was performed. Thirty-one patients were included in this analysis. Average native kidney contribution to overall kidney function following SLK was 51.1% corresponding to native kidney eGFR of 44.5 mL/min/1.73 m 2 and native kidney function eGFR improvement of 30.3 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ( P < 0.001). Twenty-six of 31 patients had native kidney contribution of eGFR ≥30 mL/min/1.73 m 2 . Hepatorenal syndrome as the sole primary etiology of kidney dysfunction was 100% specific for native kidney eGFR >30 mL/min/1.73 m 2 and predicted native eGFR improvement ( P = 0.03). Substantial improvement in native kidney function follows SLK, and hepatorenal syndrome as the sole primary etiology of kidney dysfunction is predictive of improvement. Whether such patients are suitable for liver transplant followed by surveillance with option for subsequent kidney transplants requires investigation.

Utility of Protocol Biopsy in the Management of Renal Allograft Recipients

Background:Many studies suggest that early rejection episodes and chronic changes in the allograft kidneys were often subclinical without a concomitant rise in the serum creatinine or proteinuria. Early identification of subclinical pathology by doing protocol biopsy and appropriate intervention is likely to improve long-term graft outcomes. However, it is often not done, out of concern about the procedure-related complications.Methods:All patients who underwent live donor kidney transplantation at Aster Medcity from September 2019 to August 2021 with stable graft function were included in the study. Stable graft function is defined as variation in the creatinine values of &lt;25% from the nadir creatinine. Protocol biopsies were taken at 3 months after transplant surgery. Biopsies were done using spring-loaded biopsy guns percutaneously under ultrasound guidance, and patients were observed for 24 h in the hospital for any complication. Biopsies were analyzed by light microscopy and C4d staining and scored based on the Banff classification 2017 update.Results:Seventy patients underwent protocol kidney biopsy at a prespecified time of 3 months. Majority of our patients (74.3%) received a kidney from the first-degree blood relatives, and the rest (25.7%) of the patients received kidneys from spouses. Induction therapy was given in 57% of the patients, and the rest (43%) were transplanted without an induction agent. Of 70 specimens studied, 44 (62.9%) had normal histology and 26 (37.1%) had varying degrees of histological abnormalities. Thirteen (18.6%) had evidence of subclinical rejection, of which 12 (17.2%) showed borderline rejection and 1 (1.4%) had acute T-cell-mediated rejection (acute TCMR). Other histological findings include chronic active TCMR in 1 (1.4%), varying degrees of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy in 5 (7.1%), evidence of BK virus nephropathy in 2 (2.8%), features of tacrolimus toxicity in 2 (2.8%), and acute interstitial nephritis in one patient. None of the patients developed any complication after the procedure. With appropriate treatment interventions, all patients had stable graft functions at 6-month follow-up.Conclusions:Protocol graft biopsy under real-time ultrasound guidance has a very good safety profile and can help the clinician optimize the immunosuppression with more precision, and on a long term, it might prove cost effective to the patient.

The implications when offering percutaneous nephrostomy for the management of malignant obstructive uropathy secondary to urological malignancy: can we be more selective?

Percutaneous nephrostomy (PN) for malignant ureteric obstruction (MUO) is increasingly accessible with high success rates. However, it is not without associated risks and morbidity, impacting quality of life, while not improving overall survival. In two UK hospitals, we investigated the outcomes of undergoing PN for MUO, to inform future patient counselling and selection for this intervention. A retrospective audit of electronic records identified patients that received PN for bladder, and prostate cancer (PCa) between January 2015 and December 2018. Hospital 1 had a 24-h nephrostomy service, while Hospital 2 had a limited service; Group A: recurrent or treatment-resistant PCa, Group B: primary PCa, Group C: Bladder cancer. A total of 261 patients (Hospital 1 = 186, Hospital 2 = 75), had PN insertion. Seventy-eight had prostate or bladder cancer. Group A n = 30, Group B n = 12, Group C n = 36. Median age = 79 [interquartile range (IQR) = 72-86]. Following PN insertion, 12-month mortality was significantly greater in Hospital 1 at 82%, versus 52% in Hospital 2 (p = 0.015). Median survival: Group A: 177 days (IQR = 80-266), Group B: 209 days (IQR = 77-352), Group C: 145 days (IQR = 97-362). There was no significant difference in same-admission mortality, although group A had the greatest same-admission mortality at 17%. A total of 69% of all patients received bilateral nephrostomies. Patients with bilateral versus unilateral PN had no difference in mortality or nadir creatinine. Most patients with malignant obstruction secondary to prostate or bladder cancer lived less than 12 months after PN insertion. When offering PN, careful consideration of disease prognosis should be made, and frank discussion of the implications of a life-long nephrostomy with patients and relatives.

Refluxing Versus Non-Refluxing Uretero-Vesical Anastomosis in Renal Transplant

Background: Urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis are very common in patients with renal transplant. One of mechanism to prevent pyelonephritis is performing a non-refluxing anastomosis of ureter with bladder. Whether this procedure can decrease the rate of urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis is controversial. Objective: To assess the out-come of refluxing versus non-refluxing ureterovesical anastomosis in renal transplant recipients. Study Design: Randomized Control Trial (RCT) Methodology: This RCT was carried out in the Department of Urology and Renal Transplant, Institute of Kidney Diseases Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar from January 2015 to January 2020. A total of 52 patients who underwent live donor renal transplant were equally divided into two groups by block randomization, Group A-refluxing and Group B-non-refluxing ureterovesical anastomosis. Informed written consent was obtained from all patients. Each patient was followed for a period of one year and outcome parameters including frequency of anastomotic leakage, anastomotic stenosis, symptomatic UTI, hematuria and mean nadir creatinine level were recorded. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 using chi-square test for categorical data and T-test for numerical data keeping p-value &lt; 0.05 as significant. Results: The mean age in group A and group B was 36.6 + 6.1 and 35 + 4.7 years respectively (p-value &gt; 0.05). In group A, no patient developed anastomotic stenosis whereas in group B, 2 (7.7 %) patient developed anastomotic stenosis (p-value &gt; 0.05). 1 (3.8 %) patient in group A developed anastomotic leakage while none of the patients in group B developed any leakage (p-value &gt; 0.05). The mean nadir serum creatinine in group A was 1.3 + 0.4 mg/dl and 1.2 + 0.2 mg/dl in group B (p-value &gt; 0.05). 4 (15.4%) of patients in group A and 3 (11.5%) of the patients in group B developed UTI (p-value &gt; 0.05). Practical Implication: The refluxing ureterovesical anastomosis is relatively easier and less time consuming in comparison to the non-refluxing technique, since there is no statistical difference between their outcomes, the refluxing technique can be utilized in adult kidney transplant recipients. Conclusion: We concluded from this study that there is no statistically significant difference in the out-come between refluxing and non-refluxing ureterovesical anastomosis in renal transplant patients of adult age. Keywords: Lich-Gregoire, Renal Transplantation, Refluxing Ureterovesical anastomosis, Urine Leakage, UTI

Renal outcomes of children born with posterior urethral valves at a tertiary center: A 15-year retrospective review.

Posterior urethral valves (PUVs) is a congenital condition in which an obstruction in the urethra prevents drainage of urine from the bladder in males, with up to 60% of children diagnosed developing chronic kidney disease (CKD). The primary aim of this study was to identify novel factors that may predict development of CKD and end-stage real disease (ESRD ) in children with PUVs to potentially address modifiable factors and delay progression. The secondary aim was to compare rates of catheterization and incontinence between our patients and other case series to provide information to parents about long-term bladder outcomes. A single-center, retrospective cohort study was performed of all children referred to our multidisciplinary clinic for PUV diagnosis between 2005 and 2019. Univariable associations of different variables with the composite outcome CKD or ESRD were evaluated. Thirty of 46 patients (65%) developed CKD, with the majority (40%) being stage 2 CKD (n=12). Seven of 30 patients (23%) developed ESRD requiring renal replacement therapy. Fourteen of 26 (30%) required clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) initiation, with a median CIC initiation age of 4.3 years. Creatinine nadir post-valve ablation, oligohydramnios, and initiation of CIC are significant predictors of CKD development. This review reiterates that children born with PUVs have a high morbidity rate, with a high proportion developing CKD. Using a multidisciplinary approach to PUV patient care allows for better family education, early intervention of bladder dysfunction, and possibly better long-term preservation of renal function.