Crease Resistance Research Articles

Utilization of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles to improve functionality and mechanical performances of cotton fabric

This study aims to produce high-quality functional cotton fabric through the deposition of nano TiO2. Here nanoparticles are deposited by the pad-dry-cure method with different recipes formulated using an acrylic binder and wax emulsifier together with TiO2 nanoparticles to observe the optimal effect on the final quality. The treated fabric is characterized by SEM, EDS, XRD, and FTIR. To analyze the results, the antimicrobial properties, UV protection, and crease resistance are measured as functional properties. Furthermore, tensile and tearing strength, frictional resistance, bending length, abrasion resistance, and pilling are determined as mechanical properties. The results confirm that the binder significantly affects on nano deposition and improves the mentioned functional characteristics. However, the deposition of nano TiO2 has deteriorated cotton's mechanical properties, and that degradation is intensified by the use of binder. This degradation problem is overcome by using the emulsifier as an auxiliary since the recipe having an emulsifier improves all the mechanical qualities of nano-treated cotton fabric. Particularly, the sample containing a binder and an emulsifier (Nano TiO2-3) ensures up to 97 % UV-ray blockage, 93 % antibacterial activity, and 9 % increase in tensile strength.

On inherent hyperelastic crease

We present analyses of the inherent hyperelastic crease that entails an unstable degenerative singular perturbation field over a uniformly compressed hyperelastic half-space. The analyses reveal asymptotic far-field characteristics of the singular field that bring out admissible incremental elastic deformation mechanisms of the inherent creasing instability typically observed at a compressive strain of ∼0.354 in neo-Hookean solids. The admissible singular perturbation field has an asymptotic leading-order incremental-stress singularity decaying 1/r2 as the distance from the crease tip r→∞. In general, asymptotic incremental-deformation fields of 1/r2 stress singularity can be introduced by surface flaws. We found that the singular field creates a far-field eigenmode of three energy-release angular sectors separated by two energy-elevating sectors of incremental deformation. The far-field eigenmode braces the near-tip energy-release field of the surface flaw against the transition to an unstable self-similar expansion field of creasing. Two asymptotic far-field parameters can characterize the braced-incremental-deformation (bid) and crease fields. One is the Burgers vector of a projected subsurface dislocation of the asymptotically singular far field. The other is a dimensionless shape factor representing the ratio of the subsurface depth of the dislocation to the Burgers vector. Our analyses show that the shape factor gauges the transition from the stable bid field to the unstable inherent crease field at the crease limit point as the compression increases. Two tangential-manifold conservation integrals are revealed to identify the two parameters. At the crease-limit point, matched asymptotes lead to the ratio between the two separate scaling parameters of the asymptotic solutions of the crease-tip folding field and the leading-order far field. To this end, we introduced a novel finite element method (FEM) for simulating the crease field nearly in a hyperelastic half-space with a finite-size simulation domain. Furthermore, we uncovered with the Gent model (1996) that strain-stiffening in hyperelasticity alters the dependence of the shape factor on the compressive strain, raising crease resistance. The new findings in hyperelastic crease mechanisms will help study ruga mechanics of self-organization and design soft-material structures and skin conditions for high crease resistance.

Consumer Features of Shirt Fabrics

Technology should be used to produce shirts with cotton threads in the warp and modal threads in the weft, while also taking the local climate into consideration. High-quality shirt textiles are produced from cotton threads, yarns, and their combinations thanks to contemporary high-speed weaving equipment. F1 (designed fabric, summer version) has the following qualities, according to a comparison of fabric samples made using raw materials F0 (standard fabric) and F1. The absolute values of the breaking load are the same and meet standards. The greater the weaving of the fabric, the greater the elongation at the break. The reason for this is that modal fibers have a larger elongation at break than cotton fibers. The tissue sample F5 showed the maximum elongation at break, while the tissue sample F1 showed the least elongation at break value; the hygroscopicity of absolute values increased by 12% and complies with standards. Due to an increased tissue report, shirt fabric's hygroscopicity increases by 33% for F5 tissue samples; crease resistance absolute values also increase by 35% and meet norms. Because of a higher fabric report, shirt fabric's resistance to wrinkles is 15% lower for F5 fabric samples. Adding extra modal fibers to shirt fabric while maintaining the same final thread count results in a softer, more flexible fabric. The shirt fabric's loss of strength decreases with the amount of modal fibers increases. This is a result of modal fibers' exceptional resilience to light weather; criteria are met and absolute air permeability rises by 25%. Because of the enhanced fabric report, air permeability for developed fabric samples increases by 15% for F5 fabric samples; absolute drapability improves by 5% and satisfies requirements. Due to an increase in fabric report, drapability for F5 fabric samples in the generated fabric samples increases by 13%.

Simultaneously Dyeing and Durable Press Finishing of Cotton Fabric

Cotton is the most widely used cellulosic material in the textile industry, especially for apparel purposes but, has a tendency to wrinkle badly, degrading its aesthetic value and have poor smoothed drying properties. Dyeing and crease resistance finishing process are applied to improve the wrinkle resistance and its aesthetic value respectively. Conventionally, dyeing and durable finishing of cotton is conducted separately by dyeing cotton first, and then finished with a cross-linking agent. However, these traditional processes are time and chemical consume processes. Many researchers have attempted to combine dyeing and easy-care finishing process in to one step. The challenge was difficult to produce fabrics that have deep shades, good Colour fastness and excellent crease recovery performance simultaneously. Hence, the aim of this work was to conduct combined dyeing and easy-care finishing of cotton fabrics with reactive dyes, citric acid and fibroin solution using pad–dry–cure methods. In this work, fibroin is used as an additive to enhance the degree of cross-linking and as a cat ionizing agent to improve the exhaustion of the dye. The parameters were investigated and optimize with respect to colour strength, colour fastness and mechanical properties of the treated fabric. The efficiency of combined dyed and finished fabrics with reactive dye, citric acid and fibroin has been studied. Better colour strength, crease recovery angle, breaking strength, and fastness properties were obtained as compared with conventional process. When the concentration of fibroin increased the K/S values, colour fastness properties, and crease resistance properties were improved.

Effect of heat-set temperature on the crease recovery behavior of cotton fabric dip-coated with shape memory polyurethane

The primary cause for low crease resistance in cotton fabric is the intermolecular hydrogen bonding rearrangement between the cellulose chains and inter yarn slippage. In this study, the crease recovery angle (CRA) of cotton fabric is enhanced by utilizing the shape memory effect of the shape memory polyurethane (SMPU). The SMPU was coated on cotton fabric via a simple dip coating method. The variation in CRA of SMPU coated fabric with temperature and load is monitored. The effect of heat-set temperature and thermomechanical variables - load and temperature on the shape memory performance of SMPU coated fabric is analysed. The results revealed that SMPU coated fabric heat-set at 140 °C displayed maximum shape recovery of 73.8% (at 10 N load and 50 °C programming temperature), which is retained after 10 washing treatments. In contrast, the memory performance deteriorated drastically in 100 °C SMPU/cotton (24% loss in CRA) and uncoated cotton samples (43% loss in CRA). The superior crease recovery is attributed to the molecular interaction between SMPU and cotton, which is affirmed by FTIR and Raman spectroscopic techniques. The shape memory effect of SMPU with concurrent crosslinking to cotton is responsible for the excellent crease recovery of fabric.

Cationisation of Cotton with Natural Source Based Gelatin for Salt-Free Reactive Dyeing of Cationised Cotton

ABSTRACT Cotton fabric was chemically modified with gelatin, extracted from fleshing waste of collagen by thermal hydrolysis process to increase the dyeing capability of reactive dye. Gelatin imparts new functional groups with fabric and develops Ammonia ion in slightly acid conditions to obtain cationized cotton fabric permit salt and alkali-free reactive dyeing with acceptable shade depth. The imparting of gelatin on the cotton fabric was confirmed by FTIR, UV/VIS absorption, and K/S values. The result shows that they have advantage of high dye utilization and better fastness. Color fastness of treated dyed fabric was equal to the untreated dyed fabric and obtained 4/5 washing fastness, 5 rubbing fastnesses, and 4/5 perspiration fastness. The UV/VIS absorption results show 6.4% improvement in exhaustion and K/S results have 7% improvement in fixation and 9.4% in dye utilization to that of untreated dyeing with salt. Cationized fabric not only increased the exhaustion of the dye but also improved the crease resistance angle at 120° due to the formation of cross-linkage between amide group and the carboxylic acid. To obtain the expected results, cationization was done at alkaline media and the optimum parameter was determined, whereas dyeing conducted at slightly acidic media with optimum parameters.

버진 폴리에스터 직물과 재생 폴리에스터 직물의 물리적 특성 및 시촉감 특성 비교

Background/Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of substituting recycled polyester woven fabrics for virgin polyester woven fabrics. To this end, the various physical and visual-tactile properties of virgin and recycled polyester fabrics with similar structural properties were compared. Methods: As physical properties, the tensile strength, elongation, abrasion strength, flex stiffness, and crease resistance of the two types of polyester woven fabrics were measured five times under standard laboratory condition. The subjective visual-tactile assessments were also conducted by 40 male and female subjects with normal color vision using seven-point Likert scales. Results: In terms of tensile strength, elongation, and abrasion strength, virgin polyester woven fabric showed numerically better results than recycled polyester woven fabric, while recycled polyester fabric had higher values in flex stiffness and crease resistance. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the two polyester fabrics in all physical properties. In addition, recycled polyester woven fabric was found to have more positive visual-tactile properties than virgin polyester woven fabric in general. Conclusion/Implications: Since recycled polyester fabric was found to have similar or more positive physical and visual-tactile properties to virgin polyester fabric, it is envisaged that eco-friendly recycled polyester will be a successful alternative to virgin polyester.

One-step Easy-Care and Softening Finishing of Knitted Cotton Fabric

Cotton is a natural fiber which has a tendency to wrinkle due to its perfect absorbancy properties. Nowadays, people prefer to use easy-care fabrics, so a lot of research has been done about this issue since the 1940s. In most researches, carboxymethylation and causticization processes are applied to bleached or semi-bleached cotton fabric, yet in this project dyed cotton fabric is used. Factories are applying resin finishing which is expensive, decreases fabric strength, increases stiffness of fabric so handle affected poorly from this application. Formaldehyde-based chemistries were used for increase wrinkle recovery performance of fabrics before, but formaldehyde is a suspicious carcinogenic chemical very dangerous for human health. Currently, DMDHEU and BTCA are the most well-known crosslinking chemical materials in wrinkle-free finishing, but in this study, cationic silicone softener was used as the crosslinker, and its effect on crease resistance was investigated. In the study, after the dyed cotton fabrics were given anionic character by applying causticization with Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and carboxymethylation processes with Sodium Chloroacetate (SCA), respectively, three different concentrations of cationic silicone were applied with the pad-dry-cure method for the cross-linking process. Then, wrinkle recovery angle (WRA) measurements were performed on crosslinked cotton fabrics in order to understand the interaction between causticization and crosslinking; and determine the better causticization and crosslinking levels that offer highest fabric performance. Experimental results showed that the best WRA results were observed at 10% NaOH, 0.5M SCA. Same SCA and softener concentration with 15% NaOH has adverse effect compared to 5% and 10% NaOH levels.

Coating of ZnO Nanoparticle on Cotton Fabric to Create a Functional Textile with Enhanced Mechanical Properties.

The goal of this research is to develop a functional textile with better mechanical properties. Therefore, nano ZnO is synthesized, characterized, and applied to cotton fabric by mechanical thermo-fixation techniques. The synthesized nanoparticles are characterized by SEM and XRD analysis. The ZnO nanoparticle alone, ZnO nanoparticle with a binder, and ZnO with a binder and wax emulsion are then applied on cotton woven fabrics using three different recipes. The surface morphology of the treated fabric is studied using SEM and EDS. Antimicrobial activity, UV protection property, and crease resistance are all tested for their functional characteristics. In addition, all vital mechanical characteristics are assessed. The results suggest that using only nano ZnO or nano ZnO with a binder enhances functional features while deteriorating mechanical capabilities. Nano ZnO treatment with the third recipe, which includes the addition of an emulsion, on the other hand, significantly enhances mechanical and functional characteristics. Consequently, this study provides information to optimize the confidence of textile researchers and producers in using nano ZnO and understanding its features in key functional fabrics.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles with binder and emulsifier for multifunctional cotton fabric and improvement of mechanical performances

The aim of this study is to produce multifunctional cotton fabric with improved mechanical performance by utilizing the potentiality of ZnO nanoparticles. Synthesized ZnO nanoparticles are immobilized on the cotton fabric with the following recipes: (i) only ZnO nanoparticles, (ii) ZnO nanoparticles with an acrylic binder, and (iii) ZnO nanoparticles with polyethylene wax emulsion and binder. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) and EDS (Dispersive Energy Spectroscopy) are used to investigate the surface morphology. For analysis of functional properties antimicrobial activity, ultraviolet (UV) protection ability, and crease resistance are measured. Several mechanical properties are also investigated. The results show that the treatment with the first and second recipes improves the functional properties but degrades the mechanical properties. In contrast, nano ZnO treatment with the third recipe improves mechanical as well as functional properties. Specifically, the nano deposition by this recipe increases the tensile strength, tearing strength, elongation, abrasion, and pilling resistance. Therefore, the findings in this research will boost up the confidence of textile researchers and manufacturers for the use of nano ZnO and understanding its characteristics in the production of valuable functional textiles.

A Theoretical Study of The Relation between Wrinkle Resistance and Crease Recovery Angle of Apparel Fabrics.(Dept.T)

In this work, a simple apparatus for measuring wrinkle resistance (non orientec crease resistance) of fabrics is constructed. By using a geometrical model of a cylindrical Specimen of fabric, a simple theoretical approach is attempted to relate the wrinkle resistance to the crease recovery angle of fabrics. A wide range of apparel woven fabrics were tested on both the wrinkle resistance apparatus established by the author and the Shirley crease recovery tester. An experimental verification for the theoretical work has been made which gives a good fit.

Representation of The Wrinkle Profile in Carments.(Dept.T)

An apparatus made to measure fabric crease resistance and to study the form (profile) of suit sleeve under different conditions is described. Three regular shapes were assumed for representing the sleeve profile of suit such as sine, zig-zag and trapezoid profiles. It is deduced that the form (profile) of suit sleeve during wear can be expressed mathematically by the equation of a trapezoid profile when the diameter ratio between the arm and the sleeve is within a certain range (0.8). The experimental profile is found to be reasonably close to the theoretical regular profile of trapezoid. The theoretical profile (form) can be predicited the fabric crease resistance, the amplitude of wave and the wave length are known. A projection method is used to calculate the wave amplitude of the different fabrics.

Antibacterial Finishing of Linen Fabrics by Combination with Nano-Aluminum Oxide and Crosslinking Agent

Linen is an important natural fiber in cellulosic structure and different chemical processes can be applied on the linen based textile materials. In this study, a concept constituted of different finishing processes was presented. Crease recovery and meanwhile anti-bacterial properties were carried out simultaneously. For crease recovery; modified glyoxylic resin containing catalyst and for gaining antibacterial efficiency; nano-aluminum oxide were used in combination. Then, the amount of the nano-aluminum oxide in the recipe was analyzed in terms of crease resistance efficiencies, and anti-bacterial efficiencies against two different bacteria E. coli and S. aureus. It was observed that the addition of the nano-aluminum oxide to the recipe of the crease resistant process has a positive effect on the wrinkle recovery performances. Moreover, above the concentration of 103 ppm nano-aluminum oxide in the recipe, the anti-bacterial activity against S. aureus was started to occur. However if the concentration become to 5×104 ppm, both in E. coli and S. aureus bacteria solution a significant bacterial reduction appeared. Moreover the durability of the obtained features was tested and it was observed that the obtained features were durable for the 5 cycle of washings as well.

Prediction of Deformation Processes of Polymeric Materials Taking into Account Plastic Irreversible Deformation

The need to develop new methods for predicting the properties of polymeric materials is also justified by the goal of designing new innovative materials with the required functional properties and increased competitiveness. The classical methods for predicting deformation processes of polymeric materials are based on the numerical solution of integral constitutive equations for polymer viscoelasticity of the Boltzmann-Volterra type, which do not consider corrections for the irreversibility of the plastic component of deformation and therefore can lead to significant prediction errors. To improve the accuracy of predicting the deformation processes of polymer materials it is proposed to introduce a physically justified correction with account for the irreversibility of the plastic component of deformation. The introduction of this correction significantly increases the reliability and accuracy of predicting the functional and operational properties of polymer materials. The article suggests demonstrating the methods for predicting deformation processes with the example of the polyester textile yarn made of polyester fibers. Unlike many other synthetic fibers, the polyester ones have such important properties as structural stability, softness along with high strength, elasticity, resilience, tensile strength, crease and pilling resistance, temperature regulation, shape retention, etc. The polyester fiber has a hollow structure and its single components have the form of spiral springs which give the effect of a springy base when intertwined.

Effect of the coating of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles with binder on the functional and mechanical properties of cotton fabric

In present study the effect of nano ZnO coating on cotton fabric has been investigated and the results are compared with uncoated fabric. ZnO nanoparticles are embedded on the fabric surface by mechanical thermo-fixation technique with an acrylic-based binder and without binder. Synthesized nanoparticles are examined by XRD analysis and found about 65 nm in size. The coated fabric surface is characterized by SEM and EDS which confirms the nano ZnO deposition and distribution on the fabric surface. Antimicrobial activity, Ultra Violate (UV) protection power, and crease resistance are measured to investigate the functional properties. The important mechanical properties such as tensile strength, tearing strength, bending length, and frictional resistance are measured and analyzed. The results show that binder has a significant role on nanoparticle deposition as well as functional and mechanical properties. The coated fabric with binder shows high performance against microorganisms. It provides about 92% bacterial reduction against Staphylococcus aureus and 86% against Escherichia coli. This fabric also shows high UV protection ability by blocking 90% of UV rays. The crease resistance power is also found good for the treated fabric. By comparison of results, it can be found that the binder helps to fix more nanoparticles and hence high improvements of functional properties are achieved. Also, degradation of some mechanical properties can be observed by the application of binder.

Development of free fluorine and formaldehyde oil and water repellent finishes for cotton fabrics through polymerization of bio-based stearic acid with carboxylic acids

This research is an attempt to develop nontoxic and sustainable oil and water repellent which is fluorine and formaldehyde free. For this purpose, stearic acid was polymerized with formaldehyde free cross-linkers, such as maleic acid and acrylic acid. Sodium hypophosphite was used as a catalyst and triethanolamine as an enhancer during the polymerization. Polymerization conditions were optimized such as temperature, time and atmosphere. The prepared recipes were then applied onto the cotton fabrics. The obtained results reveal that the finished cotton fabrics achieves good oil and water repellency, crease resistance, soil resistance, and antimicrobial properties. In addition, the surface of finished cotton fabrics was characterized via SEM, EDX, FTIR, XRD, and TGA.

Determining factors affecting sheet metal plastic wrinkling in response to nonuniform tension using wrinkling limit diagrams

Abstract In thin plate plastic forming, the efficient, accurate prediction and control of wrinkling is a basic requirement. Because there is no clear means of determining the main strain space curve (similar to the fracture forming limit diagram) when establishing the critical wrinkling state, this work used diagonal tensile plate tests to verify a numerical simulation of plastic wrinkling in thin plates. This model included a buckling mode obtained by an eigenvalue buckling analysis as the initial shape defect in a dynamic explicit numerical simulation of the plastic deformation of the test pieces. This permitted calculation of the true instability morphology of the test piece and avoided the difficulty associated with simulating plastic deformation wrinkling morphologies using existing static implicit or dynamic explicit numerical simulation algorithms. The morphology and characteristics of the critical wrinkling limit diagram (WLD) associated with nonuniform tension were investigated. The effect of the specimen thickness and boundary conditions on the WLD in the main strain space were also examined and the effects of various processing parameters on crease resistance were established. Finally, the effectiveness of the WLD established in this work was verified based on using non-contact full-field strain measurements to examine the plastic wrinkling of thin plates. This research provides a means of establishing the critical wrinkling line for various conditions.

Zinc Stannate Nanostructure: Is It a New Class of Material for Multifunctional Cotton Textiles?

This study demonstrates the synthesis of nano-zinc stannate and its application as a novel multifunctional finishing agent on cotton fabric. Nano-zinc stannate has been synthesized by the co-precipitation method, and the nanostructures produced have been characterized to investigate their morphology and microstructure by using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction techniques. The synthesized nano-zinc stannate has been applied on cotton fabric and the multifunctional efficacies of the treated fabric, like UV resistance, antibacterial property, self-cleaning, as well as thermal stability, were analyzed. The as-synthesized zinc stannate-treated cotton fabric showed excellent efficiency in self-cleaning, antibacterial property, and flame-resistant action compared to the annealed nano-zinc stannate-treated cotton fabric. It was observed that the ultraviolet protection factor of the treated (annealed zinc stannate-treated) fabric shoot up more than 45 after treatment, and the same fabric showed more than 90% bacterial resistance against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Concerning thermal kinetics, the as-synthesized zinc stannate-treated fabric registered a 39% reduction in the peak heat release rate compared to the untreated cotton fabric, and it also showed catalyzed pyrolysis action and more amount of char mass (30–40% more compared to the control cotton) formation at higher temperature. The self-cleaning efficacy of the treated fabric has been examined against coffee stain and basic methylene blue dye. The treated fabric exhibited a good efficiency in cleaning of stain due to the free-radical scavenging behavior. Finally, it also has been proved that the integration of these nanostructure did not have any detrimental effect on the important physical properties (tensile strength, flexibility, and crease resistance) of the treated fabric.

Crease Resistance Finishing Optimization of Citric Acid and Fibroin Solution for Cotton Fabrics

ABSTRACT Wrinkling effect in cellulose fiber–made fabrics has a major setback for their use as apparels necessitating the use of crease resistance finish. For a while, formaldehyde-based-finished dimethyl dihydroxy ethylene urea has been used as crease resistance finish. DMDHEU finished fabric will releases formaldehyde during its application, that affects both user’s health and the environment. This research optimized citric acid (CA) and silk fibroin solution as a crease resistance finishing agent. CA was identified as a non-formaldehyde-based cross-linking agent but causes yellowing in cotton fabrics. To steer clear of this, silk fibroin solution was added with CA to increase the crease resistant in avoiding yellowing of the fabric caused by CA. The optimum combination of the processing parameters obtained was 6% silk fibroin solution, 30 g/L of CA, and 6% sodium dihydrogen phosphate, at a finishing bath at pH of 5.5 with curing temperature of 150°C. These optimized finishing parameters achieved a dry crease recovery angle of 252° while obtaining an 84% tensile strength retention, 96% tearing strength retention, and 75 WI (93%) whiteness index.

Crease resistance improvement of hemp biofiber fabric via sol–gel and crosslinking methods

In this study, crease resistance finish with sol–gel method, crosslinking method and commercial crease resistant finish products were applied to hemp biofiber cellulosic fabrics and the effects of these studied methods on hemp fabrics were investigated by physical performance tests and characterization analyses. In addition, chitosan biopolymer was also studied to investigate its effects on performance properties of hemp cellulosic fabrics. It was determined that sol–gel method and crosslinking method could be used to improve crease resistance property of hemp fabrics. Both sol–gel and crosslinking methods exhibited comparable close results to studied commercial crease resistant finish products, but sol–gel method was found to be better than crosslinking method especially when tensile and tear strength values were considered. The crease recovery angle values of these two methods were found to be quite close to the values of commercial products, on the other hand, chitosan biopolymer addition was not observed to be efficient in terms of crease resistance and physical performance properties.