Crease Recovery Angle Research Articles

Optimizing the physical properties of elastic-woven fabrics using Grey–Taguchi method

Present work was undertaken to study the effects of yarn, fabric, and machine parameters on crease recovery and pilling performance of woven fabrics containing the elastane yarn. In order to estimate the optimum process conditions and examine the individual effects of the controllable factors separately on a particular response, the experiments were performed according to Taguchi’s experimental design. Also, to optimize the multiple process responses (crease recovery angle and pills number), Grey–Taguchi method was used. The controllable factors considered in this study are weft yarn type, fabric design, weft density, air pressure, and shed closing timing. Considering the SN ratio analysis results, it could be concluded that among the variety of factors selected in the present investigation, only weave pattern and weft density significantly affect the number of pills formed on the elastic-woven fabrics. Also, the parameter weave pattern has a significant effect on crease recovery of the elastic-woven samples.

One pot denim washing and finishing using organo-montmorillonite: introducing nano mineral washing and finishing

In this paper, organo-montmorillonite is introduced as new material for washing of denim garments in a conventional washing machine to produce old-look garments without prior desizing and post-chemical softening. Here, pumice stone replaced with organo-montmorillonite in denim washing to obtain desirable properties. The prepared denim fabrics were washed with different amounts of organo-montmorillonite and various fabric properties, including color changes and color fastness after home laundering and rubbing were investigated using a reflectance spectrophotometer. The fiber surfaces was observed with scanning electron microscopy and air permeability, crease recovery angle, bending strength, abrasion resistance, Fourier transform infrared spectra and thermal properties of samples were also investigated and the results reported. Interestingly, washing of denim garments with organo-montmorillonite produces an old-look soft fabric. Overall, the new washing process on denim is called nano mineral washing/finishing as an easy, economical, simple and quick processing method that enjoys a great deal of advantages.

Investigation into the removal of an easy-care crosslinking agent from cotton and the subsequent regeneration of lyocell-type fibres

Dimethylol dihydroxyethylene urea (DMDHEU)-treated cotton fabrics were treated with alkali or alternatively acid followed by alkali for increasing time periods, and their effectiveness in removing the crosslinking agent was investigated by surface (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) analysis, bulk analysis, crease recovery angle performance and solubility in specific solvents. The cellulose yield after the chemical stripping processes was established and the effect of the acid and alkali treatments on the degree of polymerisation of the resultant cellulose determined. Surface and bulk analyses and solubility tests suggested that alkali alone could not remove the DMDHEU from the crease-resist-treated cotton fabric. However, a sequential acid/alkali treatment effectively removed the easy-care finish from the cotton fabric and produced a commercially viable yield of cellulose.

The preparation of UV-cured superhydrophobic cotton fabric surfaces by electrospinning method

Electrospinning was used for the coating of the polyurethane/silica hybrid solutions on the cotton fabric surface. An ultraviolet curing process was performed on the collector by an ultraviolet lamp positioned inside the electrospinning cabin. In order to investigate the effect of fluorinated, silane-functionalized urethane (inorganic part) content on the water-repellency; five different fluorinated concentrations (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% by weight) were used. The disappearance of isocyanate peaks during the silane-functionalized urethane synthesis was observed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Surface morphology and elemental analysis of the coated cotton fabric surfaces was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis respectively. Water-repellency was evaluated by contact angle measurements. A sample that contained 50% inorganic part showed a contact angle of 154.5°. Samples were thermally characterized by differential scanning calorimetry. Glass transition temperature of the synthesized hybrid polymer increased with increasing inorganic part ratio. Additionally, abrasion resistance and crease recovery angle tests were performed to evaluate the effect of fluorinated part percentage on the mechanical and comfort properties of fabrics.

Antibacterial properties of Aloe vera gel-finished cotton fabric

In this study, cotton fabrics were finished with Aloe vera gel along with 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxlic acid as a crosslinking agent using the pad-dry-cure method. The finished fabrics were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The infrared spectra confirmed that the active ingredients of A. vera gel attached to the hydroxyl groups of cotton fabric via a carboxylic acid cross-linking agent. The antibacterial activity of A. vera-finished fabrics was qualitatively evaluated by the AATCC-147 method and scanning electron microscopy. It was observed that A. vera gel-finished fabric has much less bacterial adhesion. The A. vera gel-finished [concentration ≥3 % (w/v)] cotton fabric inhibited the growth of both gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. The mechanism of cell death by A. vera gel was evaluated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM photographs suggested that the cell death is due to the destruction of the bacterial cell wall. The finished fabric was also evaluated for its performance properties such as tensile strength, crease recovery angle, bending length, etc.

Superhydrophilic surface modification of fabric via coating with nano-TiO2 by UV and alkaline treatment

Increasing the hydrophilicity of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fabric has been an ongoing research goal. In this study, a rapid, environmentally friendly, and highly efficient method for modifying the surface of PET fabric is presented. In a solution of 30g/L nano-TiO2, 50g/L H2O2, and 30g/L NaOH, PET fabric was modified to become superhydrophilic by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation (1000W) for only 30–40min. The water contact angle of the modified PET fabric was decreased to 0°, and the water absorption rate of the modified PET fabric was increased from 85% to 104%. The capillary rise height increased from 0.2cm to 6.2cm, and the spraying rating decreased from 4 to 1. The crease recovery angles of modified PET fabrics were reduced by only 1.2–8.8%. The mechanical and physical properties of the modified PET fabric remained good. Compared to the surface of unmodified PET fabric, scanning electron microscopy showed that the surface of the modified PET fiber was rough and covered by a layer of other materials. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed the materials on the surface of modified PET fibers likely included COOH and OH groups. X-ray diffraction demonstrated the formation of crystalline material. Finally, differential scanning calorimetry thermograms showed that the modification process slightly improved the thermostability of PET fibers.

Non-formaldehyde, crease resistant agent for cotton fabrics based on an organic–inorganic hybrid material

1,2,3,4-Butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) was reacted with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) to a poly(amic)acid (PAA). The molar ratios of BTCA and APTES were 1/1 (B/A-1/1), 1/2 (B/A-1/2), 1/3 (B/A-1/3), and 1/4 (B/A-1/4). The as-prepared precursor solution was applied to cotton substrates. After thermal treatment (180°C) the physical–mechanical properties of the cotton samples were tested by means of dry crease recovery angle and tensile strength. For B/A-1/1 treated fabrics a significant improvement of the crease resistance was observed. FT-IR spectra revealed the formation of an imide group and an ester linkage, indicating the cross-linking of the cellulosic material. SEM images showed a smooth surface. As evidenced by TGA data the thermal stability of the cotton samples was not increased. No hydrophobicity could be observed. For B/A-1/3 and (B/A-1/4) modified cotton samples no crease resistant properties were detected. However, enhanced contact angle values were measured. A reaction mechanism for the formation of the ladder-like polysilsesquioxane and the cross-linking reaction is proposed.

Optimisation of concentration of ingredients for simultaneous dyeing and finishing using response surface methodology

In the present study, simultaneous reactive dyeing and easy care finishing of cotton with a non-formaldehyde and environment-friendly compound (citric acid [CA]) was successfully optimised using a statistical model. An optimised recipe was formulated based on the half factorial central composite design and numerical optimisation solution by Design-Expert 6.0 software. The optimised conditions were investigated for the concentration of CA, catalyst, reactive dye, alkali and urea. Evaluation of the recipe was made with respect to K/S, percent fixation of reactive dye, dry crease recovery angle and tensile strength. The simultaneous dyeing and finishing using theoretical optimised recipe was carried out and performance of the sample was compared with the sample using conventional two-step dyeing and finishing process.

Effect of bio-finishes on designer’s naturally coloured cotton khadi stripe fabrics

The present study involves the eco-friendly naturally coloured cotton DDCC-1 and white cotton yarns which were used to produce pin and medium stripe khadi fabrics and given special bio-finishes viz., enzymatic de-sizing, bio-polishing and silicon softener finish and further tested to know their impact on different structural, performance and durable properties. Multiple linear regressions were used to analyse their influence on one another. It was found that on special finishing, both WC and DDCC-1 yarns became finer and slight increase in cloth count; considerable reduction in bending length; improvement in crease recovery angle and drapability of both the stripe fabrics was observed. Whereas, tensile strength and elongation were reduced; and no considerable change was observed in abrasion and pilling.

Ultrasound for efficient emulsification and uniform coating of an anionic lubricant on cotton

In this paper, a softener of aliphatic acid ester was treated with an ultrasonic bath and coated on cotton. The particle size distribution of the softener in water was evaluated by a particle size analyzer. Physical and surface properties of the fabric after coating with the ultrasonic treated softener were compared with a control sample. Different technical measurements were utilized for this purpose including bending lengths measurement (BLM), friction coefficient measurement (FCM), evaluation of crease recovery angle (CRA), moisture regain measurement (MRM), evaluation of contact angle (CA), reflectance spectroscopy (RS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results showed that ultrasound enhances softener distribution in water and it improves the drapeability, friction behavior, wrinkle recovery and water repellency of cotton due to uniform coating of softener.

Introducing Old-look, Soft Handle, Flame Retardant, and Anti-bacterial Properties to Denim Garments Using Nano Clay

In this paper, nano clay as a novel garment finishing technique termed “nano-washing,” was applied to cotton denim garments and compared with conventional washing involving amylase and cellulase. Color changes of the garment samples were investigated by using a reflectance spectrophotometer and the garment surfaces were observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Air permeability, crease recovery angle, bending strength, abrasion resistance, thermal properties, and antibacterial activity of the treated samples were investigated and reported. It was found that treatment of denim garment with nano clay produced old look garment with soft handle, enhanced thermal and rubbing or washing fastness properties. Overall, this novel nano-washing process on the denim garment was an easy, economical, and simple method with a great deal of advantages.

Cellulase Pretreatment on Mercerized Cotton to Enhance X-Linking, Self-cleaning, and Antibacterial Properties Using Nano TiO2/CA/BTCA: Statistical Approaches

In this study, cellulase pre-treated mercerized cotton (EMC) fabrics were treated with citric acid (CA), butane tetra carboxylic acid (BTCA) and nano TiO2 (NTO) to produce fabric with enhanced cross-linking, self-cleaning, and antibacterial properties. However treatment of EMC fabrics with NTO/CA/BTCA has not been reported. The NTO particles were stabilized on the cotton surface using CA/BTCA cross-linking agents. In order to create optimum dry crease recovery angle (DCRA), self-cleaning based on (ΔE*) and bacteria reduction against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, the appropriate models were obtained based on Design of Expert software. The roles of CA, BTCA and NTO concentrations in cross-linking, self-cleaning, and antibacterial properties of the EMC fabric were investigated using response surface methodology (RSM). Overall, the cellulase pre-treatment of the mercerized cotton fabrics improved the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria, and also enhanced DCRA and self-cleaning properties significantly as compared with control samples. Also, reflectance spectra analyses (200–400 nm) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were employed to confirm the NTO particles on the EMC fabric surface.

Low temperature, acidic, bacterial lipase for scouring of raw cotton fabrics

Bacterial lipase produced by Bacillus licheniformis is used for scouring of cotton fabrics under acidic pH (5.0–6.0) and low temperature (40–50°C) conditions compared to alkali scouring. Process conditions in lipase scouring were optimized using Taguchi method using L9 orthogonal array experimental set-up. Removal of lipid substances shows significant improvement in the drop absorbency values (2–20 s) with weight loss values in the range of 1.90–5.50%. Lipase treatment also results in reduced abrasion resistance, lower crease recovery angle (113–115°), and shows the potential for scouring cotton fabrics, commercially. Results of FTIR also substantiate the removal of waxy substances present in the raw cotton fibres.

Thermal properties of cotton fabric modified with poly (propylene imine) dendrimers

For the first time, thermal stability and flame retardant properties of cotton fabrics modified with poly (propylene imine) dendrimer (PPI-dendrimer) using cross linking agents have been reported. The PPI-dendrimers can be considered as novel nitrogen flame retardant agents, because they contain a large number of nitrogen-containing groups (amine end groups), which may release nitrogen gas or ammonia. In this paper, the effect of the PPI-dendrimers on thermal behavior of cotton fabric is investigated through thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, flammability (in vertical configuration) and limiting oxygen index tests. Indeed, both thermal stability and flame retarancy of the modified fabrics have significantly enhanced. Furthermore, field emission scanning electron microscopy micrographs have been studied in order to evaluate morphology of the cotton samples. Crystallinity and physical properties including crease recovery angle, breaking strength, whiteness index and hygroscopicity of the samples have been also assessed.

Study on Conventional Method of Test and Evaluation of Woven Fabric's Elasticity on Wrinkle Resistance

The traditional woven fabric's shortage of the method of test and evaluation was introduced, and the improvement programs were proposed by experiment. The influence of the objective errors of sample cutting, the inconsistency of the directions of cutting and fabric, the difference of the opposite sides on the test and evaluation was also analyzed. The improvement programs including increasing the sample number and expanding the evaluation index were drawn up and testified by being compared with the actual result. The experiment result confirmed that the veracity of the test result could be improved by cutting accurately and increasing the sample number. It was more reasonable to choose the sum of warp, broad and diagonal crease recovery angles as the assessment index for the woven fabric's elasticity on the wrinkle resistance. For the fabric which has different organization on both sides, the elasticity on the wrinkle resistance of the both sides should be tested separately.

Comparative Analysis of Selected Fluorocarbon-Based Oil and Water-Repellent Finishes on Textiles

Efficacy of selected commercially available fluorocarbon-based finish agents, such as Oleophobol (Huntsman) Fluoroguard SX and Fluoroguard VOX (Britacel Silicones) Nuva HPU (Clariant) TG-581 (Resil) Aquaphobe-SNT (Akkshata), on cotton and polyester fabrics was studied with respect to water and oil repellency. All the finish agents exhibited excellent water- and oil-repellent properties on both kinds of fabrics. The contact angle of water on the finished cotton and polyester fabrics was found to be ≥ 140° Nuva HPU and Oleophobol gave cotton very good protection against rain. Except Aquaphobe SNT, all other finishes imparted excellent oil-repellent property to cotton. In the case of polyester, maximum oil repellency was achieved with Aquaphobe SNT and Fluorogard SX. The finished polyester fabric showed minimal absorption and better resistance to penetration of water as compared to cotton when subject to the Bundesmann water repellency test. There was a slight yellowing of the cotton fabric after the application of Oleophobol finish. There was no effect on the strength of the fabrics. The effect of these finishes on the crease recovery angle and the bending length of cotton was not significant, However, the polyester fabric became slightly stiffer after the application of the finishes. The crease recovery angle of polyester also increased after the application of these finishes. The finished fabrics showed good water repellency up to 15 washes. Oil repellency showed deterioration after only 5 washes and was partially retained up to 15 washes. Both water and oil repellency became negligible after 30 washes.

Effect of dispersing agents on synthesis of nano titanium oxide and its application for antimicrobial property

With the growing demand for comfortable, clean and hygienic textile goods, an urgent need for production of antimicrobial textiles has arisen. In this work, synthesis of nano titanium oxide has been done by sol gel method and the effect of dispersing agents with varying ionic character during synthesis on the particle size of the synthesised nano particles in terms of crystallinity and particle size was studied. It was observed that cationic as well as non-ionic dispersing agents led to reduction in size of the titania particles produced whereas anionic dispersing agent led to increase in the particle size. This method provides a simple method for reduction in size of titanium dioxide particles with a minor modification of a standard process. The synthesized nano titanium dioxide particles were successfully applied onto cotton to obtain Antimicrobial activity. The Durability of the antimicrobial activity was upto 10 washes with the help of Binder. The effect of the application of nano titanium oxide on the physical properties of the substrate, such as tensile strength, bending length, and crease recovery angle has been analysed.

A Combination of Glyoxal and Glycol as an Ecofriendly Crosslinking Agent for Cotton

Textile finishing is the heart of textile processing. It aims to improve aesthetic appeal, dimensional stability, serviceability and alike. The object of resin finishing is to improve crease recovery. Conventional resin pre-condensates are effectively used for this purpose. Most of these resin pre-condensates are not eco friendly due to the presence of free or released formaldehyde. Due to eco awareness and green technology, it has been imperative to use eco-friendly crosslinking agents for resin finishing. Polycarboxylic acids like BTCA, PTA, etc. can be used as eco-friendly crosslinking agents. However, they are costly, and not easily available. Thus, an attempt has been made in the present study to explore the possibility of using a combination of glyoxal and glycol as a crosslinking agent at various concentrations to finish 100% cotton fabric. These treated fabric samples have been cured at various temperatures (1400C, 1500C & 1600C) for periods of 1, 2 and 3 min. Moreover, various formulations have been tested by using various additives, like PE, PEG-200, TEA, DEA, and their combinations, to improve the strength and the whiteness of finished fabrics. Various tests to determine crease recovery, strength, whiteness index, durable press rating, and bending length have been carried out to assess the quality of the finished fabric. Very encouraging results in terms of dry crease recovery angle, bending length, % strength retention and durable press rating have been obtained.

Preparation and characterisation of novel phospholipid cationic liposomes to improve the alkaline hydrolysis and dyeability of polyester fabric

Three novel cationic liposomes were prepared from commercial soybean lecithin (neutral liposome) and stearylamine (cationic liposome) as a catalyst or accelerating agent for the alkaline hydrolysis of polyester fabric. The formation of 1:1, 1:6 and 1:12 cationic liposomes was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, nitrogen content and Fourier Transform-infrared spectroscopy. Factors affecting the alkaline hydrolysis performance of polyester fabric in the presence and absence of cationic liposomes were investigated. Size measurements of the three cationic liposomes showed that the vesicle size was 27.88 nm for the 1:1 cationic liposome, 15.57 nm for 1:6 and 10 nm for 1:12, in comparison with 50 nm for neutral liposome. The results showed that alkaline hydrolysis in the presence of cationic liposomes improves the hydrophilicity and dyeability of polyester fabric and creates more carboxylic groups on the fabric. The silky polyester fabric was characterised by scanning electron microscopy, tensile strength, elongation at break, crease recovery angle and surface roughness to prove the success of the cationic liposomes as accelerating agents in the alkaline hydrolysis process. The results also indicate that the colour strength of hydrolysed polyester fabric in the presence of cationic liposomes dyed with disperse dye was slightly higher than that obtained in the absence of cationic liposomes and with unhydrolysed fabric. Furthermore, the fastness properties of hydrolysed polyester in the absence and presence of cationic liposomes do not vary.

Investigation of drape and crease recovery behaviors of woven fabrics produced from centipede yarns having different parameters

In this research, the effect of centipede yarn production parameters – band yarn count and chain number – on drape and crease recovery behaviors of woven fabrics produced with these yarns were investigated. Polyester centipede yarns were produced on a Crochet machine with three different count (150, 300 and 600 denier) band yarns and three different chain numbers (10, 12 and 14 chain/cm). The centipede yarns were used as filling in the woven fabric construction. Drape coefficients of the fabrics were calculated from the drape measurements and the crease recovery angles of the fabrics were measured in the weft and warp directions. According to the analysis of variance results, it was proved that the drape and crease recovery behaviors of the woven fabrics from centipede yarns were affected by the centipede yarn structural parameters. Drape coefficients and crease recovery angles in weft and warp directions of the fabrics increased with the selection of higher chain numbers and coarser band yarns. Also correlations were determined between centipede yarn bending length, yarn-to-yarn friction and measured physical behaviors of the fabrics. The results of this study could provide researchers with information on how to determine the centipede yarn structural parameters for producing woven fabrics of centipede yarns with desired aesthetics and functionality.